本科毕业论文---中国的对外贸易外文翻译及原文.doc
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1、外文翻译原文Foreign Trade of ChinaMaterial Source: Wanfang Database Author: Hitomi Iizaka1. IntroductionOn December 11, 2001, China officially joined the World Trade Organization(WTO) and became its 143rd member. Chinas presence in the world economy will continue to grow and deepen. The foreign trade sect
2、or plays an important andmultifaceted role in Chinas economic development. At the same time, Chinas expanded role in the world economy is beneficial to all its trading partners. Regions that trade with China benefit from cheaper and more varieties of imported consumer goods, raw materials and interm
3、ediate products. China is also a large and growing export market.While the entry of any major trading nation in the global trading system can create a process of adjustment, the outcome is fundamentally a win-win situation. In this paper we would like to provide a survey of the various institutions,
4、 laws and characteristics of Chinas trade. Among some of the findings, we can highlight thefollowing: In 2001, total trade to gross domestic product (GDP) ratio in China is 44% In 2001, 47% of Chinese trade is processed trade1 In 2001, 51% of Chinese trade is conducted by foreign firms in China2 In
5、2001, 36% of Chinese exports originate from Guangdong province In 2001, 39% of Chinas exports go through Hong Kong to be re-exported elsewhere2. Evolution of Chinas Trade RegimeEqually remarkable are the changes in the commodity composition of Chinas exports and imports. Table 2a shows Chinas annual
6、 export volumes of primary goods and manufactured goods over time. In 1980, primary goods accounted for 50.3% of Chinas exports and manufactured goods accounted for 49.7%. Although the share of primary good declines slightly during the first half of 1980s, it remains at 50.6% in 1985. Since then, ex
7、ports of manufactured goods have grown at a much faster rate than exports of primary goods. As a result, the share of manufactured goods increased to 90.1%, and that of primary good decreased to 9.9% by 2001.Also shown in those tables are five subgroups for manufactured goods and primary goods. Chin
8、as export was highly dependent on its exports of coal, petroleum, and petroleum products until mid-80s. The large export volume of petroleum was also supported by a sharp rise in oil prices during the period. In 1985, the share of mineral fuels is 26.1%. In 1986, the sudden decline in the share of p
9、rimary goods in total exports occurs, which is largely associated with the decline in the export volume of mineral fuels. The price reforms coupled with the declined world petroleum price areattributable to the decline.Domestic agriculture production expanded during the 1980s in response to the high
10、er prices through the price reforms and more opportunities given to the producers to market their products. Although the share of food and live animals in total exports has declined over time, China has become a net exporter of such products since 1984.Turning to the manufactured goods, the large in
11、crease in the share of the manufactured goods in the total exports since mid-80s is largely accounted for by the increase in the export in the textile category and the miscellaneous products category. These two groups include labor-intensive products such as textiles, apparel, footwear, and toys and
12、 sporting goods. During the 1990s, the category that exhibited the most significant surge in exports is machinery and transport equipment. Its share expanded from 9.0% in 1990 to 35.7 % in 2001.3. Chinas Processing Trade and Trade by Foreign Invested FirmsChina established the legal framework for pr
13、ocessing and assembly arrangements in 1979. Since then, China has built up considerable strengths in assembling and processing of industrial parts and components. It covers a wide range of industries such as electric machinery, automobile, aerospace, and shipbuilding. Table 3a and Table 3b demonstra
14、te the amount of processing exports and imports and the importance of stateowned enterprises (SOEs) and foreign-invested enterprises (FIEs) in such forms of trade for 1995-2001. Throughout the period from 1995 to 2001, the shares of these two types of processing exports exceed more than half of Chin
15、as total exports. In 2001,processing exports account for 55.4% of the total exports. As is seen in Table 3a, process & assembling was dominated by SOEs in 1995. However, the trend has been changing. The share of SOEs in process & assembling has been steadily declining over the years from 84% in 1995
16、 to 62% in 2001. The other type of trade, process with imported materials was largely conducted by FIEs and their shares have been gradually increasing from 81% in 1995 to 88% in 2001. In Chinas imports (see Table 3b), processing trade is relatively small compared to exports. After it peaked at 49%
17、in 1997, processed imports decline to 39% in 2001. The decreasing importance of SOEs can be seen in Chinas imports as well. Shares by SOEs decreased from 81% in 1995 to 58% in 2001 for process & assembling, and from 18% to 7% for process with imported materials. The decreased role for SOEs in proces
18、sing trade may reflect the inefficiency in conducting their business. Since 1997, the Chinese government decided to implement the shareholding system and to sell a large number of medium- and small-sized SOEs to the private sector. A number of larger enterprise groups will be established in various
19、industries through mergers, acquisitions, and leasing and contracting. The restructuring of SOEs is intended to increase profits and to improve their competitive edge.4. Chinas Trade by Provinces and RegionsA regional breakdown of exports and imports reveals important characteristics of the foreign
20、trade in China. In 1997, 89.1% of the total exports came from the Eastern region of China (Beijing, Tianjin, Heibei, Lioaning, Guangxi, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Shangdong, Guandong and Hainan). Within the East, the Southeast region accounts for 76.3% of Chinas exports in 1997.4 Guangdong
21、 alone produces 41.6% of the total exports for the same year. Such regional imbalances in exporting activities persist to the present day. In 2001, Guandongs share of the national exports is 36.0%. For the Southeast and the East, the shares are respectively 79.0% and 91.1%.This imbalance of the regi
22、onal growth in foreign trade may partially be attributed to the various geographic-specific and sequential open-door policies China has exercised throughout the last twenty years. The strong growth of the export sector in the coastal area has been supported by the massive use of foreign direct inves
23、tment (FDI). FDI was first attracted by the creation of the Special Economic Zones (SEZ). FDI was concentrated in the provinces of the Southeast coast, namely, Guandong and Fujian. The multinational enterprises that are export-oriented or use advanced technologies are able to enjoy various preferent
24、ial policies in the SEZs, such as reduced or exempted corporate income tax, exemption from import tariffs on imported equipment and raw materials. In 1984, fourteen coastal cities were opened and were granted similar policies as SEZs. Out of those fourteen cities, ten are located in the Southeast co
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