高考英语一轮复习学案专题12状语从句.doc

2013年高考英语一轮复习学案专题12：状语从句

【备考策略】
一、地点状语从句
地点状语从句通常由where, wherever 引导。
Where I live there are plenty of trees.
我住的地方树很多。
Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.
不管我在哪里我都会想到你。

二、方式状语从句
方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引导。
1） as, (just) as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just) as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是"正如…"，"就像"，多用于正式文体，例如：
Always do to the others as you would be done by.
你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。
As water is to fish, so air is to man.
我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。
Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.
正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。
2） as if, as though
两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作"仿佛……似的"，"好像……似的"，例如：
They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.
他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting.
他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.
看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）
说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如：
He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.
他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。
He cleared his throat as if to say something.
他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。
The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.
波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒。

三、原因状语从句
比较：because, since, as和for
1）because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。
I didn't go, because I was afraid.
Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.
2）由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗 号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。
He is absent today, because / for he is ill.
He must be ill, for he is absent today.

四、目的状语从句
表示目的状语的从句可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等词引导，例如：
You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all.
He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it.
Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.

五、结果状语从句
结果状语从句常由so… that 或 such…that引导，掌握这两个句型，首先要了解so 和 such与其后的词的搭配规律。
比较：so和 such
其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用，形成固定搭配。
so foolish such a fool
so nice a flower such a nice flower
so many / few flowers such nice flowers
so much / little money. such rapid progress
so many people such a lot of people
（ so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。）
so…that与such…that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。
The boy is so young that he can't go to school.
He is such a young boy that he can't go to school

六、条件状语从句
连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等。.
if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。
unless = if not.
Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired.
If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk.
典型例题
You will be late ___ you leave immediately.
A. unlessB. untilC. ifD. or
答案A。 句意：除非你立即走，否则你就回迟到的。可转化为 If you dong leave immediately, you will be late.B、D句意不对，or表转折，句子如为 You leave immediately or you will be late.

七、让步状语从句
though, although
注意： 当有though, although时，后面的从句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用
Although it's raining, they are still working in the field.
虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。
He is very old, but he still works very hard.
虽然他很老，但仍然努力地工作。
Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.
伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。 （谚语）
典型例题
1） ___she is young, she knows quite a lot.
A. WhenB. HoweverC. AlthoughD. Unless
答案：C。意为虽然她很年轻，却知道许多。
2)as, though 引导的倒装句
as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。
Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.
= Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.
注意： a.句首名词不能带任何冠词。
b.句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
= Though he tries hard, he never seems…
虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。
3)ever if, even though.即使
We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad.
4) whether…or-不管……都
Whether you believe it or not, it is true.
5)"no matter +疑问词" 或"疑问词+后缀ever"
No matter what happened, he would not mind.
Whatever happened, he would not mind.
替换：no matter what = whatever
no matter who = whoever
no matter when = whenever
no matter where = wherever
no matter which = whichever
no matter how = however
注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。
（错）No matter what you say is of no use now.
（对）Whatever you say is of no use now.
你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句)
（错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given,
（对）Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given.囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。

比较while, when, as
1）as, when 引导短暂性动作的动词。
Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me.
2）当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用when 引导这个从句，不可用as 或 while。
When you have finished your work, you may have a rest.
3）从句表示"随时间推移"连词能用as，不用when 或while。
As the day went on, the weather got worse.
日子一天天过去，天气越变越坏。

比较until和till
此两个连词意义相同。肯定形式表示的意思是"做某事直至某时"，动词必须是延续性的。否定形式表达的意思是"直至某时才做某事"。动词为延续性或非延续性都可以。 正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。
肯定句：
I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜时醒了。
Wait till I call you.等着我叫你。
（在肯定句中可用before代替 Let's get in the wheat before the sun sets.）
否定句：
She didn't arrive until 6 o'clock.
她直到6点才到。
Don't get off the bus until it has stopped.
公共汽车停稳后再下车。
I didn't manage to do it until you had explained how.直到你教我后，我才会做。
1)Until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。
Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened.
直到你告诉我以前，出了什么事我一点也不知道。
2)Until when 疑问句中，until要放在句首。
---Until when are you staying?你呆到什么时候？
--- Until next Monday.呆到下周一。
注意：否定句可用另外两种句式表示。
(1）Not until …在句首，主句用倒装。
Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is.
直到19 世纪初，人类才知道热能是什么。
Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted.
直到我开始工作，我才认识到了我已蹉跎了几多岁月。
(2)It is not until… that…

表示"一…就…"的结构
hardly/scarcely…when/before, no sooner…than和as soon as都可以表示"一…就…"的意思，例：
I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain.
I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.
As soon as I got home, it began to rain.
注意：如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构：
Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.
No sooner had I got home than it began to rain
w.w考点解析
一、时间状语从句：主要由when，whenever，after，before，as，(ever)since，once，as soon as，(not)until，while等连词引导
典型例题：
We had hardly got into the country ______ it began to rain.答案(A)
A. when B. before C. than D. after
1. 比较while, when, as 
1）as, when 引导短暂性动作的动词。
Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me.
2）当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用when 引导这个从句，不可用as 或 while。
When you have finished your work, you may have a rest.
3）从句表示"随时间推移"连词能用as，不用when 或while。
As the day went on, the weather got worse.　日子一天天过去，天气越变越坏。

2. 表示"一…就…"的结构, hardly/scarcely…when /before, no sooner…than　和as soon as都可以表示"一…就…"的意思，
例：I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain.
I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.
As soon as I got home, it began to rain.
注意：如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构：
Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.
No sooner had I got home than it began to rain

3. 比较until和till 
　此两个连词意义相同。肯定形式表示的意思是"做某事直至某时"，动词必须是延续性的。否定形式表达的意思是"直至某时才做某事"。动词为延续性或非延续性都可以。 正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。
肯定句： I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜时醒了。
Wait till I call you.　 等着我叫你。
在肯定句中可用before代替 Let's get in the wheat before the sun sets.）
否定句：She didn't arrive until 6 o'clock.　 她直到6点才到。
Don't get off the bus until it has stopped. 公共汽车停稳后再下车。
I didn't manage to do it until you had explained how.　 直到你教我后，我才会做。
1) Until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。
Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened.　直到你告诉我以前，出了什么事我一点也不知道。　
2) Until when 疑问句中，until要放在句首。
---Until when are you staying?　你呆到什么时候？
--- Until next Monday.　呆到下周一。　
(3) Not until …在句首，主句用倒装。
Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is.直到19 世纪初，人类才知道热能是什么。　　
Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted. 直到我开始工作，我才认识到了我已蹉跎了几多岁月。
(4)　It is not until… that… 表示强调，“直到。。。才。。。”。

二、地点状语从句, 通常由where, wherever 引导。
Where I live there are plenty of trees.　我住的地方树很多。
Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. 不管我在哪里我都会想到你。

三、条件状语从句： 表条件的状语从句主要连接词有if，whether，as long as (只要)，unless, as/so long as, on condition that ，provided(只要) (that)等。
if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句在虚拟语气中阐述。 另外， unless = if not.　
　 Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired. == If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk.
典型例题 :
You will be late ___ you leave immediately.　
A. unless　 B. until　 C. if　　D. or
答案A。 句意：除非你立即走，否则你就回迟到的。可转化为 If you dong leave immediately, you will be late.　B、D句意不对，or表转折，句子如为 You leave immediately or you will be late.

四、原因状语从句： 原因状语从句可由as，because，since及for引导， 比较：because, since, as和for
1）　because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。
　 I didn't go, because I was afraid.
　 Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.
2）　由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。
　 He is absent today, because / for he is ill.
　 He must be ill, for he is absent today.

五、结果状语从句： 结果状语从句常由so… that 或 such…that引导，掌握这两个句型，首先要了解so 和 such与其后的词的搭配规律。
1. 其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用，形成固定搭配。

so foolish　　　　　　 such a fool　　　　
so nice a flower　　　　 such a nice flower　
so many / few flowers　 such nice flowers　　
so much / little money. such rapid progress　
so many people　　　　　 such a lot of people（ so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。） 　
2. so…that与such…that之间的转换
The boy is so young that he can't go to school. ==== He is such a young boy that he can't go to school

六、 目的状语的从句可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等词引导，例如： 　　
You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all. 　　
He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it. 　　
Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.

七、让步状语从句： 让步状语从句通常由(even)though，although，no matter，even if ，however，whatever等词引导
注意：
1 ). 当有though, although时，后面的从句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用
　Although it's raining, they are still working in the field.　 虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。
　He is very old, but he still works very hard.　 虽然他很老，但仍然努力地工作。
　Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.　伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。 （谚语）
典型例题:
___she is young, she knows quite a lot.　
A. When　B. However　 C. Although　 D. Unless 答案：C。意为虽然她很年轻，却知道许多。
2)　as, though 引导的倒装句: as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。 　　
Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.== Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.
注意： a.　句首名词不能带任何冠词。
　　　b.　句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.== = Though he tries hard, he never seems… 　虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。
3)　ever if, even though.　即使　　
We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad.
4) whether…or-　 不管……都
Whether you believe it or not
5)　"no matter +疑问词" 或"疑问词+后缀ever" 表示 “无论。。。”
No matter what happened, he would not mind.=== Whatever happened, he would not mind.
替换：no matter what = whatever　　　　 no matter who = whoever　　　　 no matter when = whenever
　　 no matter where = wherever　　　　 no matter which = whichever　　　　no matter how = however
注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。 　
（错）No matter what you say is of no use now. 　
（对）Whatever you say is of no use now.　　　 你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句)　
（错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given, 　
（对）Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given.　囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。

八、 行为方式状语从句，方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引导。
1） as, (just) as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just) as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是"正如…"，"就像"，多用于正式文体，例如：
　Always do to the others as you would be done by.　你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。
　As water is to fish, so air is to man.　我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。
　Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.　正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。
2） as if, as though　 两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作"仿佛……似的"，"好像……似的"，
例如：They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.　他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting.　他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）
　说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如： 　
He stared at me as if seeing me for first time. 他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。
He cleared his throat as if to say something. 他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。
The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger. 波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒。

五年高考
A组 2012年全国高考题组
1.【2012山东卷32】A number of high buildings have arisen _______ there was nothing a year ago but ruins.
A. when B. where
C. before D. until
【答案】B
【解析】此处是where引导地点状语从句，表示“在……地方”。 句意：很多高楼在一年前还是废墟的地方矗立起来了。
【考点】考查状语从句的连接词。
2.【2012福建卷,30】It is hard for the Greek government to get over the present difficulties_________ gets more financial support from the European Union.
A. if B. unless C. because D. since
【考点】考查从句的连词
【答案】B
【解析】根据句意可知“除非有来自欧洲联盟的更多的经济支持，否则希腊政府很难克服目前的困难”，只能选择unless“除非”才能使句意完整。考查状语从句的连词题事实上非常简单，只要找到句中的关键词，然后从句意上去排除就行了，本题关键词是hard和more financial support。
3.【2012江西卷,31】You can borrow my car you promise not to drive too fast.
A．unless B．even if C．in case D．as lone as
【答案】D
【考点】状语从句
【解析】句意为只要你保证不开得太快，你就可以把我的车借走。A.unless除非，B.even if即使，C.in case以防万一，D.as long as只要。选D。
【2012辽宁卷】30. Leave your key with your neighbor you lock yourself out one day.
A. as long as B. even though C. in case D. as if
【考点】连词用法
【答案】C
【解析】A项意为“只要”；B项意为“尽管”；C项意为“以防”；D项意为“好像”。根据句意：把你的钥匙留给你的邻居，以防你把自己锁在外面了。所以选C项。
4.【2012四川卷,10】 If you happen to get lost in the wild, you’d better stay ______ you are and wait for help.
A. why B. where C. who D. what
【答案】 B
【考点】本题考查地点状语从句。
【解析】where引导的地点状语表明主句动作发生的地点，即：你最好呆在你现在所在的地方。故选B。
5.【2012全国II,11】I had hardly got to the office ______ my wife phoned me to go back home at once.
A. when B. than C. until D. after
【答案】A
【解析】此题较易。只要辨认出固定句型hardly. . .when . . .问题即刻解决。句意：我刚到办公室，我妻子就给我打电话让我立刻回家。
【考点】考查固定句型hardly. . .when . . . 的用法。
6.【2012陕西卷,18】Hot _______the night air was, we slept deeply because we were so tired after the long journey.
A. although B. as C. while D. however
【答案】B
【考点】考查状语从句。
【解析】此处hot是做从句的表语，提前说明从句时倒装，即as引导的让步状语从句中，要将从句中的表语，状语，或动词原形提到as之前，