独立主格结构.doc

英语中的独立主格结构
独立主格结构是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词、副词或介词短语构成的一种独立主格成分。With( without) 的复合结构可看作是独立主格结构的一种形式。
　　一、独立主格结构的特点
　　1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
　　2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。
　　3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
　　The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
　　4） 当表示人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分词，不及物动词用过去分词
　　二、独立主格结构的构成:
　　名词普通格或代词主格 + 现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语。
1．名词（或代词） + 现在分词
现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态。
　　He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.
　　Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class.
　　The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV.
　　注意：现在分词being或having been在独立主格结构中可以省略。
　　The weather（being）fine, we decided to go on an outing.
　　独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略，
　　一是在“There being + 名词”结构中， There being no bus, we had to walk home.
　　二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。 It being Sunday, all the offices are closed.
　　2．名词（或代词） + 不定式（短语） 不定式表示将来的动作。
　　He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food.
　　Many flowers and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.
3．名词（或代词） + 过去分词
　过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作。
　　The girls lay on her back, her hands crossed under her head.
　　The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.
　　He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.
　　4．名词（或代词） + 形容词（短语）
　　形容词（短语）在独立主格结构中说明前面名词或代词的性质、状态
　　The floor wet, we had to stay outside for a while. He turned to me, his eyes sleepy.
　　5．名词（或代词） + 副词
　　副词在独立主格结构中也多是说明名词或代词的状态。
　　The meeting over, we all went home. School over, we all went home.
6．名词（或代词） + 介词短语
　A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. 　He left the office, tears in eyes.
　注意：在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构里，当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何修饰成分。但with 的复合结构不受此限制。例如：The teacher came in, with a book in his hand.
　　三、独立主格结构的作用： 多用作状语
　　1.表示时间
　　His homework done（=After his homework was done）， Mary decided to go shopping.
　　2.表示原因
　　There being no buses（=Because there were no buses），we had to walk home.
　　3.表示条件
　　Weather permitting（=If weather permits），we’ll go to play basketball.
　　4.表示方式或伴随 　He sat at the table, head down.
　　 动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，
　 动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束，
　　 动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。
　　The manager looks worried，many things to be settled.
　　The manager looks relaxed, many things settled.
　　The man lay there, his hands trembling.
　　四、With( without) 的复合结构的构成以及句法功能
　　（一）、with / without +宾语+宾语补足语构成复合结构的几种情况:
　　1. with+名词/代词+形容词
　　He doesn’t like to sleep with the windows open.
　　= He doesn’t like to sleep when the windows are open.
　　注意：在“with+名词/代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中，也可用已形容词化的-ing形式或-ed形式。
　　With his son so disappointing，the old man felt unhappy.
　　With his father well-known, the boy didn’t want to study.
　　2. with+名词/代词+副词
　　The boy was walking, with his father ahead.= The boy was walking and his father was ahead.
　　3. with+名词/代词+介词短语
He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand.
= He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand.
　　4. with+名词/代词+动词过去分词
With his homework done, Peter went out to play.
= When his homework was done, Peter went out to play.
　　5. with+名词/代词+现在分词
　　The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.
　　= The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was.
　　Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window.
　　= When no one was noticing, he slipped through the window.
　6. with+名词/代词+动词不定式
The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do.
　　= The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do.
　　（二）、With (without) 的复合结构的句法功能：定语和状语
　　1. There is a magazine with a modern girl on its cover. (定语)
　　2. He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet.
　　= He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet. (伴随状语)
　　3 The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.
　　=The kid feels excited as there are so many places of interest to visit.（原因状语）
　　4．With the signal given, the train started.
　　= After the signal was given, the train started. （时间状语）
　　五、选择题
　　1. Everything ___ into consideration, they ought to have another chance.
　　A. to take B. taken C. to be taken D. taking
　　2. An expert ___ to help them tomorrow, they are sure to work out the problem.
　　A. will come B, coming C. to come D. having come
　　3. The meeting ___ over, he went to pick up his son directly
　　A. to be B. is C. was D. being
　　4. --- They sat still in the room, ___. --- Why did they do like that?
　　A. drawing the curtains B. with the curtains drawn
　　C. with the curtains drawing D. having the curtains drawn
　　5. The sun ___ , they continued their way.
　　A. has risen B. having risen C. has raised D. having raised
6. The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent ___ at the end
of last March.
　　A. has been launched B. having been launched　C. being launched D. to be launched
　　7. Here are two volumes, the third one ____ next month.
　　A. comes out B. came out C. coming out D. to come out
　　8. With his son___ , the old man felt unhappy.
　　A. to disappoint B. to be disappointing　C. disappointing D. being disappointed
　　9．--- Come on, please give me some ideas about the project.
　　---Sorry. With so much work ___ my mind, I almost break down.
　　A. filled B. filling C. to fill D. being filled
　　10． John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work ___ , he gladly accepted it .
　　A. finished B. finishing C. having finished D. was finished
　　11. __ , I had to ask for two days’ leave.
　　A. Mother being ill B. Mother ill C. As mother was ill D. A, B and C
　　12. With so many books ???___ , I couldn’t go to surf the Internet.
　　A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. read
　　13. The thief stood before the policeman ____ admitting what he had done .
　　A. with his dropping head B. dropping his head　C. raising his head D. with his head down
　　14. Winter ___ , it is time to buy warm clothes .
　　A .has come on B. is coming on C. coming on D. comes on
　　15. The old man lay on his back at the corner of the street, his eyes ___ and his hands ___.
　　A. close, tremble B. closed, trembling C. closing, trembling D. closed, trembled
16. With nothing __ to burn, the fire became weak and finally died out .
A. leaving B. leave C. left D. to leave
　　17. It was a pity that the great writer died ___ his works unfinished .
　　A. for B. with C. of D. from
　　18. I couldn’t do my homework with that noise ___ on.
　　A. to go B. went C. going D. goes
　　19. ___ two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend.
　　A. Because of B. With C. As for D. Besides
　　20. Tom came home, ___ .
A. a dog following him B. a dog followed him　
C. being followed him D. a dog was followed him
　　 独立主格结构——练习
【现学现用】1
1. I send you 100 dollars today, the rest _________ in a year.
A. follows B. followed C. to follow D. being followed
2. All things _________, I think we ought to give the job to George.
A. considered  B. considering C. to consider D. being considered
3. The river _________ in the night, the crossing was impossible.
A. to rise B. rose C. having risen D. being risen
4. More time _________, we should have done the job much better.
A. to give B. give C. being given D. given
5. We shall play the match tomorrow, weather _________.
A. permits B. permitting C. to permit D. permitted
6. The monitor _________ ill, we’d better put the meeting off.
A. being B. to be C. been D. to have been
7. An important lecture _________ given tomorrow, the professor has to stay up late into the night.
A. to be B. being C. been D. to have been
8. He was lying on the grass, his hands _________ under his head.
A. to cross B. crossed C. crossing D. to be crossing
9. Tom _________ late over and over, his boss was very disappointed.
A. having been  B. been C. to be D. to being
10. Other things _________ equal, I would buy the black dress not the white one.
A. being B. to be C. been D. having been
【现学现用】2
1. A new technique _______, the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent.
A)working out B) having worked out
C) having been worked out D)to have been worked out
2. All things _______, the planned trip will have to be called off.
A) considered B) be considered C) considering D) having considered
3. All flights _______ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.
A) had been canceled B) have been canceled
C) were canceled D) having been canceled
4. So many directors _______, the board meeting had to be put off.
A) were absent B) been absent C) had been absent D) being absent
5. All the tasks _______ ahead of time, they decided to go on holiday for a week.
A) been fulfilled B) having been fulfilled C) were fulfilled D) had been fulfilled
6. All flights _____ because of the terrible weather, they had to go there by train.
A) having been canceled　 C) having canceled 　B) had been canceled D) were canceled
7.The speech _______, a lively discussion started.
A) being delivered B) was delivered C) be delivered D) having been delivered
8. Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper _______ it closely.
A)followed B) following C) to follow D)being following
9. _______, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.
A) Other things being equal C) To be equal to other things
B) Were other things equal D) Other things to be equal
10. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _______ on benches，chairs or boxes.A) having seated B) seating C) seated D) having been seated
11. ______ the temperature falling so rapidly, we couldn't go on with the experiment.
A) Since B) For C) As D) With
12. ______ in the United States, St. Louis has now become the 24th largest city.
A) being the fourth biggest city B) It was once the fourth biggest city
C) Once the fourth biggest city D) The fourth biggest city it was
【现学现用】3
1. The meeting____ over, we all left the room.
A. is B. to be C. being D. would be
2. European football is played in 80 countries, it___ the most popular sport in the world. A. making B. makes C. made D. to make
3. ___such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.
A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered
4. The fish____ bad, the children left much of it .
A. tasted, untouched B. tasting, untouched
C. tasting, untouching D. tasted, untouching
5.___ from what you say, he ought to succeed.
A. Judged B. Judging C. When you judged D. Because you judge
6. Everything___ into consideration, they ought to have another chance.
A. to take B. taken C. to be taken D. taking
7.Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our work ______, we didn’taccept the offer.
A.not being finished B.not having finished
C.had not been finished D.was not finished
8.There are various kinds of metals, each ______ its own properties (特性).
A.has B.had C.to have D.having
9.The old man stood under a big tree, ______.
A.a pipe in mouth B.with a pipe in mouth C.pipe in mouth D.pipe in his mouth
10.The production _ steadily, the factory needs an ever-increasing supply of raw material. A.has gone up B.is going up C.having gone up D.being gone up
独立主格结构巩固练习1
1. ______ no bus, we had to walk home.  
A. There was B. There being C. Because there being D.There were
2. ____, I'll go there with you tomorrow afternoon.  
A. Time permits B. If time permitting C. Time permitting D. Time's permitting
3._____, we all went home happily.  
A. Goodbye was said B. Goodbye had been said C. Goodbye said D. When goodbye said  
4. _____, we all went swimming in high spirits.  
A. It being fine weather B. It fine weather
C. It was fine weather D. It being a fine weather  
5. ____, the bus started at once.  
A. The signal was given B. The signal giving
C. The signal given D. When the signal given  
6. She stood there, _____ from her cheeks.  
A.tears' rolling down B.tears rolled down
C.with tears rolled down D.tears rolling down
7. ____on, the leaves are turning green.  
A.When spring coming B.Spring coming   C.Spring came D.Spring being come
8. _____, I had to buy a new one.  
A. My dictionary losing B. My dictionary having been lost
C. My dictionary had been lost D. Because my dictionary lost
9. I used to sleep with the window _____.  
A. opened B. open C. opening D to open
10. ____, the hunter went into the forest.  
A. A gun on shoulder B. A gun was on his shoulder  
C. Gun on shoulder D. A gun being on shoulder
11. ____ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.  
A. As B. For C. With D. Through
12. With a lot of work ____, I have to sit up tonight.  
A. do B. doing C. done D. to do  
13. He stood there silently, his lips_____.  
A. trembling B. trembled C. were trembling D. were trembling  
14. _____, her suggestion is of greater value than yours.  
A. All things considering B. All things considered
C. All things were considered D. With all things were considered
15. ______, we will surely succeed.  
A. The teacher helping us B. The teacher to help us
C. The teacher will help us D. With the teacher helping
独立主格结构巩固练习2
1.The thief stood before the policeman,____ admitting what he had done.
A.with his drooping head B.drooping his head C.raising his head D.with his head down
2.__________ ,he can't go out for a walk as usual.
A.With so much work to do B.With so much work doing
C.With so much work done D.Without so much work to do
3.It's quite strange that the man sleeps with his mouth ______and his eyes _____ .
A.closed;open B.closed;opened C.closing;open D.closing;opening
4.All things __________ ,the plan trip will have to be called off.
A.be considered B.considered C.considering D.having considering

5.__________ ,we have to get down to business right away.
A.As there was no time left B.There is no time left
C.There being no time left D.There to be no time left
6.__________ yesterday,we went out for a walk.
A.As a fine day B.It was a fine day C.It being a fine day D.For it was a fine day
7.The old man stood there,__________ .
A.with back against the wall B.with his back against the wall
C.with back against wall D.his back against wall
参考答案：　BCDBB BDCBA DADCB CBCBA
【现学现用】1【参考答案】1—