CH13Types-of-Inventory(运营管理-英文版).ppt
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1、Types of InventoryTransit stock or pipeline inventoryCycle stockSafety stock(buffer inventory)Anticipation inventoryOthersSmoothing inventoriesHedge inventories12006 Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Operations and Supply Chain Management Bozarth&HandfieldFour Inventory Drivers1.Demand and Capac
2、ity MismatchesSmoothing inventories2.Demand and Process Volume MismatchesCycle stocks3.Demand and Supply UncertaintiesSafety stocks4.Demand and Process Lead-Time MismatchesAnticipation inventories 22006 Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Operations and Supply Chain Management Bozarth&HandfieldInd
3、ependent DemandDemand from outside the organizationUnpredictable usually forecastedDemand for tables.32006 Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Operations and Supply Chain Management Bozarth&HandfieldDependent DemandTied to the production of another itemRelevant mostly to manufacturersOnce we decid
4、e how many tables we want tomake,how many legs do we need?42006 Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Operations and Supply Chain Management Bozarth&HandfieldTwo“Classic”Systems for Independent Demand ItemsPeriodic review systemsContinuous(perpetual)review systemsFixed order quantity(Q)Reorder point
5、(R)52006 Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Operations and Supply Chain Management Bozarth&HandfieldPeriodic Review System(Orders at regular intervals)InventorylevelTime24662006 Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Operations and Supply Chain Management Bozarth&HandfieldContinuous Review System(
6、Orders when inventory drops to R)L-TQRHow is the reorder point R established?InventorylevelTimelead time to get a new order in72006 Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Operations and Supply Chain Management Bozarth&HandfieldComparison of Periodic and Continuous Review SystemsPeriodic ReviewFixed o
7、rder intervalsVariable order sizesConvenient to administerOrders may be combinedInventory position only required at reviewContinuous ReviewVarying order intervalsFixed order sizes(Q)Allows individual review frequenciesPossible quantity discountsLower,less-expensive safety stocks82006 Pearson Prentic
8、e Hall Introduction to Operations and Supply Chain Management Bozarth&HandfieldOrder Quantity Q and Average Inventory LevelAs the order quantity doublesso does the average inventory(=Q/2)Q1Q2Q22Q1292006 Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Operations and Supply Chain Management Bozarth&HandfieldWha
9、t is the“Best”Order Size Q?Determined by:Inventory related costsOrder preparation costs and setup costsInventory carrying costsShortage and customer service costsOther considerationsOut of pocket or opportunity cost?Fixed,variable,or some mix of the two?102006 Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to O
10、perations and Supply Chain Management Bozarth&HandfieldEconomic Order Quantity(EOQ)ModelCost Minimizing“Q”Assumptions:Uniform and known usage rateFixed item costFixed ordering costConstant lead time112006 Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Operations and Supply Chain Management Bozarth&HandfieldW
11、hat are the Total Relevant Annual Inventory Costs?Consider:D=Total demand for the yearS=Cost to place a single orderH=Cost to hold one unit in inventory for a yearQ=Order quantityThen:Total Cost =Annual Holding Cost +Annual Ordering Cost=(Q/2)H+(D/Q)S How do these costs vary as Q varies?Why isnt ite
12、m cost for the year included?122006 Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Operations and Supply Chain Management Bozarth&HandfieldHolding Cost$QHolding cost increasesas Q increases.(Q/2)H132006 Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Operations and Supply Chain Management Bozarth&HandfieldOrdering Cos
13、ts$QOrdering costs per yeardecrease as Q increases(why?)(Q/2)H(D/Q)S142006 Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Operations and Supply Chain Management Bozarth&HandfieldTotal Annual Costs and EOQEOQ at minimum total cost152006 Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Operations and Supply Chain Managem
14、ent Bozarth&HandfieldEOQ SolutionWhen the order quantity=EOQ,the holding and setup costs are the same162006 Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Operations and Supply Chain Management Bozarth&HandfieldSample ProblemsPam runs a mail-order business for gym equipment.Annual demand for the TricoFlexers
15、 is 16,000.The annual holding cost per unit is$2.50 and the cost to place an order is$50.What is the economic order quantity?Using the same holding and ordering costs as above,suppose demand for TricoFlexers doubles to 32,000.Does the EOQ also double?Explain what happens.172006 Pearson Prentice Hall
16、 Introduction to Operations and Supply Chain Management Bozarth&HandfieldEOQ tells us how much to order.but when should we order?Reorder point and safety stock analysisChapter 10,Slide 182006 Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Operations and Supply Chain Management Bozarth&HandfieldSafety Stock W
17、hen both lead time and demand are constant,you know exactly when your reorder point is.QLR192006 Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Operations and Supply Chain Management Bozarth&HandfieldSafety Stock II Under these assumptions:Reorder point=total demand during the lead time between placement of
18、the order and its receipt.ROP=d L,whered=demand per unit time,andL=lead time in the same time units 202006 Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Operations and Supply Chain Management Bozarth&HandfieldSafety Stock III(Uncertainties)But what happens when either demand or lead time varies?QL1RL2212006
19、 Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Operations and Supply Chain Management Bozarth&HandfieldSafety Stock IVWhat causesthis variance?Average demandduring lead time222006 Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Operations and Supply Chain Management Bozarth&HandfieldSafety Stock VAdditional inventory
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