1心的外形和腔内结构.ppt
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1、心脏的应用和功能就剖学课程简介心脏的应用和功能就剖学课程简介学时学时24理论学时数理论学时数21实习学时数实习学时数3学分学分1.5开课教研室及主讲教师开课教研室及主讲教师解剖学系:宋本才、董大翠、刘仁刚、肖海涛、解剖学系:宋本才、董大翠、刘仁刚、肖海涛、主要内容简介主要内容简介心脏内腔结构的应用解剖、瓣膜复合器研究进展及临床应用,心壁构造及其功心脏内腔结构的应用解剖、瓣膜复合器研究进展及临床应用,心壁构造及其功能意义,心传导系、心血管选择性冠状动脉造影解剖基础、心神经支配的新进展、能意义,心传导系、心血管选择性冠状动脉造影解剖基础、心神经支配的新进展、心脏胚胎发生和常见畸形心脏胚胎发生和常见
2、畸形拟使用教材名称:拟使用教材名称:心脏的应用和功能解剖学(自编)心脏的应用和功能解剖学(自编)参考书:参考书:心脏临床解剖学、胸心外科临床解剖学心脏临床解剖学、胸心外科临床解剖学顺序顺序教学内容教学内容时数时数任课教师任课教师理论理论 实习实习理论理论实习实习1心脏的外形和内构的应用解剖心脏的外形和内构的应用解剖3宋本才宋本才2瓣膜复合器研究进展及临床应用瓣膜复合器研究进展及临床应用3宋本才宋本才3心壁构造及其临床意义心壁构造及其临床意义3董大翠董大翠4心脏传导系心脏传导系3肖海涛肖海涛5心脏的血液供应、选择性冠脉造心脏的血液供应、选择性冠脉造影解剖基础影解剖基础3宋本才宋本才6心脏神经支配
3、的新进展心脏神经支配的新进展3刘仁刚刘仁刚7心脏的发生和常见畸形心脏的发生和常见畸形3宋本才宋本才8实习实习3宋本才宋本才External Shape of the Heart&Internal Structures of heart ChambersMax Song(宋本才)宋本才)Department of Anatomy,Tongji Medical Collegeof Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyContents1.Introduction 2.Location,relationship&shape of the heart
4、3.Internal structures of heart chambers4.Septum of the heartIntroduction to Vascular SystemPart 1The vascular system is a closed network of vessels in the body.It is subdivided into the cardiovascular and the lymphatic systems.The cardiovascular system consists of the blood,the heart,and the blood v
5、essels which include the arteries,capillaries and veins.It transports numerous substances to and from cells for their survival and is sometimes called the circulatory system.The lymphatic system is composed of lymphatics,lymphoid tissue and lymphoid organs.It transports a fluid (called lymph)that ha
6、s escaped from blood vessels back to bloodstream at the junction of the jugular and subclavian veins at both sides of the neck.The lymphatic system is an immune and defensive system of the body.Cardiovascular SystemHeartArteries CapillariesVeinsBlood Circulation The flow of blood through the network
7、 of the blood vessels in the body over and over again is called blood circulation.The blood circulation can be divided into two parts:systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation.The systemic(greater)circulation is circulation of blood through which blood flows from left ventricle into the aorta a
8、nd its branches to all parts of the body,and returns to the right atrium via the superior and inferior vena cava.The systemic circuit carries oxygenated blood throughout the body and picks up carbon dioxide from body tissues.In this process,blood changes from arterial blood to venous blood;its color
9、 changes from scarlet to dark red.Blood vessels in the systemic circuit also(1)pick up nutrients from the digestive tract and deliver them to cells throughout the body,and(2)receive nitrogenous wastes from body cells and transport them to the kidneys for elimination in the urine.The pulmonary(lesser
10、)circulation is circulation of blood through which blood flows from the right ventricle into pulmonary trunk and its branches to the lungs,and returns to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins.When blood flows through capillaries in the lungs,it discharges carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen from th
11、e alveoli.So the blood changes back from venous blood to arterial blood,its color changes from dark red to scarlet as well.The arteries and veins of the pulmonary circuit have thinner walls than do systemic vessels of comparable diameter,reflecting the fact that the maximum arterial pressure here is
12、 only one-sixth that in the systemic circuit.In spite of the blood circulation can be divided into the systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation,the systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation are interdependent.The heart connects systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation,and the heart
13、not only provides dynamic to systemic circulation,but also to pulmonary circulation.Functions of Vascular SystemTransportMaintain of internal environmentImmune and DefensiveEndocrineVascular Anastomosis and SignificanceBetween artery and arteryBetween vein and veinBetween artery and vein:For instanc
14、e,existing in tips of fingers,apex of nose and auricleColleteral Anatomosis&Colleteral CirculationPart 2 Location,relationship&shape of the heart1.SizeRoughly equal clenched fist of the same individualmale:300g;female:250gThe size of the heart varies from person to person2.Locationin the thoracic ca
15、vityoccupies middle medastinumEnclosed by pericardium2/3 in left,1/3 in rightThe angle between the cardiac axis and midsagittal plane is 45 degree.Since the heart has rotated slightly to the left during embryonic development,therefore,the atria are posterior and superior to the ventricles,and the ri
16、ght atrium and ventricle are anterior to the left atrium and ventricle and to the right.So:The right atrium forms the right border of the heart.The right ventricle forms most potion of sternocostal surface and small portion of diaphragmatic surface.The left atrium forms the base of the heart and lie
17、s in the back of the heart.The left ventricle forms the left border,apex and most portion of the diaphragmatic surface of the heart.心的位置与体型有关,故正常心按位置分三型:心的位置与体型有关,故正常心按位置分三型:(1)垂位心垂位心 纵径与膈的夹角大于纵径与膈的夹角大于45,左、右心横径比小于左、右心横径比小于2:1。见于瘦长型。见于瘦长型(2)横位心横位心 纵径与膈的夹角小于纵径与膈的夹角小于45,左、右心横径比大于左、右心横径比大于2:1。见于矮胖型。见于矮
18、胖型(3)斜位心斜位心 纵径与膈的夹角等于纵径与膈的夹角等于45,左、右心横径比约为左、右心横径比约为2:1。见于适中型。见于适中型心的位置异常心的位置异常位于胸前壁皮下位于胸前壁皮下位于腹腔位于腹腔3.RelationshipsAnterior-sternum,26 cartilagesPosterior-58 thoracic vertebraeInferior-DiaphragmSuperior-great blood vesselsLateralpleural cavity,lungs心和心包的心和心包的前方前方大部分被左、右肺前缘及胸膜腔遮掩,仅在下部有一三角形大部分被左、右肺前缘及
19、胸膜腔遮掩,仅在下部有一三角形区域不被肺及胸膜腔遮掩,心及心包在此三角区与胸骨体下部及左侧第区域不被肺及胸膜腔遮掩,心及心包在此三角区与胸骨体下部及左侧第4、5肋肋软骨相邻,此区成为软骨相邻,此区成为心包裸区心包裸区,为心内注射的入路。故心内注射时可选择胸骨,为心内注射的入路。故心内注射时可选择胸骨左缘第四肋间隙进针,而不会伤及肺和胸膜。心和心包前面的上部可有部分胸左缘第四肋间隙进针,而不会伤及肺和胸膜。心和心包前面的上部可有部分胸腺残余(见前图)。腺残余(见前图)。Posteriorly,there are the thoracic aorta,esophagus,bronchi,thora
20、cic duct,azygos vein,vagus nerves,posterior mediastinal lymph nodes between the heart and vertebral column.Laterally,the phrenic Nerve and pericardiacophrenic vessels descend betweenthe pericardium and mediastinal pleura.Superiorly,great blood vessels leave and enter the heart.The pumonary trunk ari
21、ses from the right ventricle.Its inferior part is enclosed by the pericardium.The ascending aorta arises from the leftventricle and is also enclosed by the pericardium.The spacebetween the bifurcation of pulmonary trunk and aortic arch is the aortic window.The superior vena cavaenters the right atri
22、um,its inferior part is within the pericardial cavity.Inferiorly,the fibrous pericardium is fused with the diaphragm.The diaphragm separates the heart from the left lobe of live and stomach.4.External Shape The heart is anteroposterior a little flattened pyramidal in shape.Therefore,it is generally
23、described as having an apex,a base,Two surfaces,three borders and four groves.Apexformed by left ventricle point to the left,forward,downward9 cmBasePosterior part of the heartFormed by left,right atria and one part of the left ventricleface to the right,dorsalward,upwardBase High posterior wall(str
24、aight posterior wall)Sternocostal Surface anterior wallformed by right atrium,ventricle and left ventricleSurfaces(2)Sternocostal Surface Diaphragmatic Surface inferior wallformed by left ventricles(most portion)and right ventricle(small portion)Diaphragm surface Right Border-formed by right atrium,
25、verticalInferior Border formed by left and right ventricles,sharp,horizontalLeft Border-formed by left ventricle and atrium,rounded,obliqueBorders(3)左缘左缘右缘右缘下缘下缘左缘左缘下缘下缘右缘右缘1.Coronary groove(冠状沟冠状沟)-separate atria and ventricle2.Anterior interventricular groove(前室间沟前室间沟)-separate left and right vent
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