小学最全英语语法汇总.doc

小学最全英语语法汇总
一、时态
1．一般现在时
（1）表示经常发生的动作或事情，通常用 “usually通常, often常常, every…每…, sometimes有时，always总是,”等词。
（2）基本结构：

I / You / We / They
He / She / It
肯定句
动词原形
动词第三人称单数形式
否定句
don’t + 动原
doesn’t + 动原
一般疑问句(Yes/No)
Do… ? Yes, I do.
Does…(动词原形)…?No,she doesn’t.
特殊疑问句
What do …?
How does she…(动词原形)…?
(3) 动词第三人称单数形式（同名词单数变成复数方法相同）
1
一般情况
+s
如：walk-walks
2.
辅音字母+y结尾
去y +ies
fly-flies
3.
结尾是 s, x， sh, ch
+es
watch-watches
4.
特殊的
do-does ,have-has, go-goes
2．现在进行时,
（1）表示正在发生的动作，通常用“now现在, look看，linsen听”.
（2）基本形式： be + 动词ing
eg: I am(not) doing my homework.
You/We/They are(not) reading.
He/She/It is(not) eating.
What are you doing?
Is he reading?
（3）动词的现在分词形式（动词+ing）
一般情况
+ing
walk—walking
结尾是不发音的 e
-e + ing
come—coming
重读闭音节
双写最后一个字母+ing
run-running
swim-swimming
3. 一般过去时
（1） 表示过去已经发生的事情,通常用 “last …上一个…, just now刚才, a moment ago刚才， yesterday昨天”等词。
（2） be 动词的过去式: am/is—was are—were
（3）过去式基本结构
肯定句（Positive）
动词过去式
I went shopping last night.
否定句(Negative)
Didn’t + 动词原形
I didn’t go shopping last night.
一般疑问句(Yes/No)
Did …+ 动词原形…?
Did you go shopping last night?
特殊疑问句(wh-)
What did…+ 动词原形…?
What did you do last night?
（4）词过去式的变化：
规则动词的变化：
一般动词
+ed
planted,watered,climbed
以不发音的e结尾
+d
liked
辅音字母加y结尾
-y+ ied
study—studied, cry- cried
重读闭音节单词，末尾只有一个辅音字母
双写最后一个字母+ed
stop –stopped
plan - planned
不规则动词的变化：
原形
过去式
原形
过去式
原形
过去式
原形
过去式
sweep
swept
teach
taught
have
had
go
went
keep
kept
think
thought
do
did
find
found
sleep
slept
buy
bought
eat
ate
say
said
feel
felt
drink
drank
is/am
was
take
took
read
read
give
gave
are
were
mean
meant
put
put
sing
sang
drive
drove
meet
met
cut
cut
begin
began
speak
spoke
make
made
let
let
ring
rang
write
wrote
see
saw
fly
flew
run
ran
ride
rode
come
came
draw
drew
sit
sat
hear
heard
tell
told
grow
grew
learn
learned/ learnt
get
got
know
knew
4．一般将来时
一般将来时表示将来打算做的事或将要发生的事情。常常与tomorrow, next Sunday等时间状语连用。
结构：be going to +动词原形或will +动词原形
例如：I’m going to visit my grandpa next week.
二、人称代词
主格
I
we
you
he
she
it
they
宾格
me
us
you
him
her
it
them
形容词性物主代词
my
our
your
his
her
its
their
名词性物主代词
mine
ours
yours
his
hers
its
theris
（注：介词，动词后面跟宾格。后面没有名词时用名词性物主代词。）
三、可数名词的复数形式
1.一般名词： + s a book –books
2.辅音字母加y结尾： - y+ ies a story—stories
3.以s, x，sh, ch ，结尾： + es a glass—glasses；a watch-watches
4.以f或fe结尾： - f 或fe 变为 ves a knife –knives a shelf-shelves
5.特殊的名词复数
man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice
child-children
foot-feet,.tooth-teeth
fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese
四、不可数名词(没有复数形式)
bread, rice, water, juice，milk，tea，coffee
五、缩略形式
I’m = I am you’re = you are she’s = she is he’s = he is /he has(got)
it’s = it is who’s =who is can’t =can not isn’t=is not didn’t=did not weren’t=were not wasn’t=was not let’s=let us I’ll=I will
六、a. an .the的用法
1.单词的第一读音是辅音读音：a book, a peach， a “U”
单词的第一个读音是元音读音：an egg， an hour， an “F”
2.the要注意的：球类前面不加the，乐器前面要加the，序数词前面要加the。
七、介词
1．表示方位：on, in ,in front of, between, next to, near, beside, at, behind.，under
2．表示时间：
（1）at : 几点前面用at如：at six o’clock, 没有day的节日前用at如 ：at Christmas, 固定词组 at the weekends ，at night
（2）on: 星期前用on 如：on Monday ，日期前用on 如：on the 15th of July 带有Day的节日前用on 如： on National Day
（3）in: 早晨，中午，晚上前用in：in the morning ，in the afternoon ，in the evening ，月份前用in ，如in December ，季节前用in ，如 winter
八、基数词变成序数词的方法
1. 直接在基数词词尾加上th。如：seventh第七，tenth 第十，thirteenth 第十三， 2.以y结尾的基数词，变y为i，再加上eth。如：twentieth 第二十。
3.不规则的。如：first 第一, second 第二， third 第三，fifth 第五， eighth 第八，ninth 第九，twelfth 第十二。
4.有两个或以上单词组成的基数词只改最后一个单词如twenty-first 第二十一。
九、some /any的用法
1.肯定句中用some：I have some toys in my bedroom.
2.问句和否定句中用ang：Do you have any brothers or sisters?
He hasn’t got any pencils in his pencil-case.
3.询问想要什么时用some：Would you like some juice?
Can I have some stamps?
十、 there be结构
1.肯定句（有…）： There is +单数或不可数名词
There are +复数
注：遵循就近原则，看靠there be最近的
2.一般疑问句（有…吗？）:Is there …? Yes, there is./ No, there isn’t.
Are there…? Yes, there are. /No, there aren’t.
3.否定句（没有）： There isn’t …. There aren’t….
4.there be句型与have(has) 的区别：there be 表示在某地有某物（或人）；have(has) 表示某人拥有某物。
十一、祈使句
Sit down please
Don’t sit down, please.
Let’s go to the park.
（注：祈使句中动词用原形）
十二、(情态)动词can, may, must, should, will 后面直接用动词原形。
1. I / He / She / They can sing. May I come in? I must go now.
2. You should be quiet in the library.
3. You’ll be good friends.
十三、形容词和副词的比较级
一、形容词的比较级
1、两个事物或人的比较用比较级，比较级后面一般带有单词than。比较级前面可以用more, a little 来修饰表示程度。。
2．形容词加er的规则：
⑴一般在词尾加er ；
⑵以字母e 结尾，加r ；
⑶以一个元音字母和一个辅音字母结尾，应双写末尾的辅音字母，再加er ；
⑷以“辅音字母+y”结尾，先把y变i，再加er 。
3．不规则形容词比较级：
good-better, beautiful-more beautiful
二、副词的比较级
1．形容词与副词的区别 (有be用形，有形用be；有动用副，有副用动)
⑴在句子中形容词一般处于名词之前或be动词之后
⑵副词在句子中最常见的是处于实义动词之后
2．副词比较级的变化规则基本与形容词比较级相同 (不规则变化：well-better, far-farther)
十四、特殊疑问句

What
(问什么事,什么物或什么工作)
What are you doing？
I’m reading.
What is that?
It’s a book.
Ｗhat is she?(What’s her job?)
She’s a nurse.
What colour(问颜色)
What colour is your coat?　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
It’s red.
What time（时间）
What time is it?
What’s the time?
It’s seven.
when
(什么时候)
When do you get up?
I get up at six thirty.
When is your birthday?
It’s on the 21st of December.
Which（哪一个）
Which is your watch, the yellow one or the white one?
The yellow is mine.
Who（谁）
Who is the man with a big nose?
He’s my uncle.
Whose（谁的）
Whose bag is it?
Whose is this bag?
It’s his bag.
Where（哪里）
Where is my ball pen?
It’s under the book.
Why（为什么）
Why do you like summer?
I like summer because…
How many （多少）
How many books are there in the school bag?
There are four books in the school bag.
How old （几岁）
How old is the young man?
He’s nineteen.
How much（多少钱）
How much is the toy bear?
It’s eleven yuan.
How （怎么样）
How do you go to school everyday?
I go to school by car.

  一、名词复数的规则变化
名词复数的规则变化
构 成 法
例   词
A. 在一般情况下，词尾加-s
book – books   bed -- beds
B. 以s，x，ch，sh结尾的词，词尾加-es
bus – buses    box -- boxes
dish – dishes   watch -- watches
C. 以f 或fe 结尾的词，先将f 或fe 改成v，再加-es
knife -- knives
wife -- wives
D. 以o结尾的单词，有生命的物质加-es，无生命的物质加-s
tomato -- tomatoes
photo -- photos
E. 以辅音字母加y结尾，先y将改i，再加上-es
family – families   city -- cities
二、现在进行时构成
现在进行时构成（ing形式）
构 成 法
例   词
A. 一般加-ing
work – working    study -- studying
B. 以e 结尾的词去e后加-ing
live – living     write -- writing
C. 动词为单音节：以单一元音字母+单一辅音字母结尾，辅音字母双写，再加ing；动词为双音节或者多音节：最后一个音节为重读音节，以单一元音字母+单一辅音字母结尾，辅音字母双写，再加 ing
stop -- stopping
run -- running
swim -- swimming
begin -- beginning

三、一般现在时
一般现在时（单三形式）
构 成 法
例   词
A. 一般动词在词尾加-s
help – helps   make -- makes
B. 以s, x , ch，sh，结尾的动词在词尾加-es
fix – fixes  teach – teaches 
wash -- washes
C. 以o 结尾的动词在词尾加-es
go – goes   do -- does
D. 以辅音字母加y 结尾的动词，先y变为i，再加-es
fly -- flies
study – studies    carry -- carries
E. 不规则变化
have -- has
四、一般过去时
一般过去时（-ed形式）
构 成 法
例   词
A. 一般动词在词尾加-ed
cook -- cooked
play -- played
B. 以e结尾的动词在词尾加-d
live -- lived
C. 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，先y变为i，再加-ed
fly -- flied
study -- studied
D. 末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词，双写该辅音字母加-ed
stop -- stopped
plan -- planned
E. 不规则变化
swim -- swam
have -- had
F. be 动词变化
am -- was
is -- was
are -- were
五、形容词比较级
形容词比较级（er形式）
构 成 法
例   词
A. 一般直接加-er
long -- longer
B. 如果以-e结尾，直接加-r
nice -- nicer
C. 闭音节词如末尾只有一个辅音字母须双写这个字母，再加-er
big -- bigger
D. 以辅音字母加-y结尾的词，变y为i，再加-er
heavy -- heavier
小学阶段没有强调比较级的不规则变化

一、一般疑问句
1. --- Did you read books? 你读书了吗？
--- Yes, I did.是的，我读过了。/ No, I didn't. 不，我没有读过。
2. --- Is she quiet? 她文静吗？
--- No, she isn't. She's very active. 不，她不。她很活跃。
--- Is she strict? 她严格吗？
--- Yes, she is, but she's very kind. 是的，她是，但是她很和蔼。
3. --- Is this a teacher's desk? 这是一张讲台桌吗？/ Is it cold? 冷吗？/ Is her birthday in June? 她的生日在六月吗？/ Is this your T-shirt? 这是你的T恤衫吗？
--- Yes, it is. 是的。/ No, it isn't. (No, it's not.) 不，不是的。
4. --- Can you make the bed? 你会铺床吗？/ Can you use a computer? 你会使用电脑吗？
--- Yes, I can. 是的，我会。/ No, I can't. 不，我不会。
5. --- Are they ducks? 它们是鸭子吗？/ Are they eating the honey? 它们吃蜂蜜吗？
--- Yes, they are. 是的，它们是。/ No, they aren't. 不，它们不是。
6. --- Is there a forest in the park? 公园里有一个森林吗？/ Is there a river? 那里有条河吗？
--- Yes, there is. 是的，那里有。/ No, there aren't. 不，那里没有。
7. --- Are there any pandas in the mountains? 山里有一些熊猫吗？/ Are there any fish in the rivers? 河里有一些鱼吗？
--- Yes, there are. 是的，那里有。/ No, there aren't. 不，那里没有。
8. --- Are you eating lunch? 你（们）正在吃午餐吗？
--- Yes, I am. (Yes, we are.) 是的，我正在吃。（是的，我们正在吃。）/ No, I am not. (No, we aren't.) 不，我没有在吃。（不，我们没有在吃。）
9. --- Is he playing chess? 他正在下棋吗？
--- Yes, he is. 是的，他是。/ No, he isn't. 不，他没有。
10. --- Is she counting insects? 她正在数昆虫吗？
--- Yes, she is. 是的，她是。/ No, she isn't. 不，她没有。
11. --- Does she / he teach English? 她（他）教英语吗？
--- Yes, she / he does. 是的，她（他）是。/ No, she / he doesn't. 不，她（他）不是。
二、谈论时间
1. --- What time is it? 几点钟？
--- It's two o'clock. 两点钟。/ It's 9: 45. It's time for math class. 九点四十五。是上数学课的时间了。
2. --- What day is it today? 今天星期几？
--- It's Wednesday. 星期三。
3. --- When do you eat dinner? 你几点吃晚餐？
--- I eat dinner at 7: 00 in the evening. 我晚上7点钟吃晚餐。
4. --- When do you get up? 你几点起床？
--- I usually get up at 12: 00 noon. 我一般中午12点钟起床。
5. --- When is your birthday? 你的生日是什么时候？
--- It's in May. 在五月。/ My birthday is in June. 我的生日在六月。/ Uncle Bill's birthday is in June, too. 比尔叔叔的生日也在六月。
6. --- What's the date? 几月几日？ --- June 9th. 六月九日。
三、谈论颜色
1. --- What colour is it? 什么颜色？ --- It's white. 白色。
四、谈论地点
1. --- Where are you going this afternoon? 下午你打算去哪？
--- I'm going to the bookstore. 我打算去书店。
2. --- Where did you go on your holiday? 假期你去了哪？
--- I went to Xinjiang. 我去了新疆。
3. --- Where does she work? 她在哪工作？
--- She works in a hospital. 她在医院工作。
4. --- Where does the rain come from? 雨从哪来？
--- It comes from the clouds. 它从云里来。
5. --- Where is the cinema, please? 请问电影院在哪？
--- It's next to the hospital. 在医院旁边。/ Turn left at the cinema, then go straight. It's on the left. 在电影那左转，然后直走。它在你的左边。
6. There are two bedrooms, a kitchen, a bathroom and a living room. 那有两个卧室，一个厨房，一个卫生间和一个客厅。
There is a mirror, a bed and a big closet. 那有一面镜子，一张床和一个大衣柜。
The closet is near the table. 衣柜在桌子的附近。
Many clothes are in the closet.  很多的衣服在衣柜里。
The trash bin is behind the door. 垃圾桶在门后。
五、谈论价格
1. --- How much is it? 这个多少钱？
--- It's ten yuan. 十元。
2. --- How much are they? 它们多少钱？
--- They're three yuan. 它们三元。
六、谈论数量
1. --- How many horses are there? 那有多少匹马？
--- Twelve. 十二匹。
七、谈论人物
1. --- Who's your English teacher? 你的英语老师是谁？
--- Mr Carter. 卡特先生。
2. --- What's he like? 他长什么样？
--- He's tall and strong. 他又高又强壮。
3. How old are you? 你几岁？
八、谈论喜好
1. --- What's your favourite fruit? 你最喜欢的水果是什么？
--- I like apples. They're sweet.  我喜欢苹果。它们很甜。/ I like fruit. But I don't like grapes. They're sour. 我喜欢水果。但我不喜欢葡萄。它们很酸。
2. --- Which season do you like best? 你最喜欢哪个季节？
--- I like winter best. 我最喜欢冬天。/ Summer is good, but fall is my favourite season.  夏天很好，但秋天是我最喜欢的季节。
3. --- Why do you like summer? 你为什么喜欢夏天？
--- Because I can swim in the lake. 因为我可以在湖里游泳。
--- Why do you like winter? 你为什么喜欢冬天？
--- Because I can sleep a long time. 因为我可以睡很长的时间。
4. --- What's your hobby? 你的爱好是什么？
--- I like collecting stamps. 我喜欢收集邮票。/ He likes collecting stamps, too. 他也喜欢收集邮票。
九、谈论事情
1. This is my computer. 这是我的电脑。 That is your computer. 那是你的电脑。
2. Let's play football. 让我们踢足球吧。
3. This is Zhang Peng. 这是张鹏。
4. --- What did you do last weekend? 你上个周末做了什么？
--- I played football. 我踢了足球。
5. --- What are you going to buy? 你打算去买什么？
--- I am going to buy a comic book. 我打算去买一本漫画书。
6. --- What are you going to do on the weekend? 周末你打算去做什么？
--- I'm going to visit my grandparents this weekend. 这个周末我打算去拜访我的祖父母。
7. --- What are they doing? 他们在做什么？
--- They're swimming. 他们在游泳。/ They are climbing trees. 他们在爬树。
8. --- What is it doing? 它在做什么？ --- It's eating bananas.它正在吃香蕉。
9. --- What is she doing? 她在做什么？ --- She's jumping.她在跳。
10. --- What are you doing? 你正在做什么？
--- I'm doing the dishes. 我正在洗碗。 / I'm reading a book. 我正在读书。
11. Grandpa is writing a letter. 爷爷正在写信。
Brother is doing homework. 兄弟正在做作业。
Mom is cooking dinner in the kitchen. 妈妈正厨房里烧饭。
He's writing an e-mail in the study. 他正在书房里写一封电子邮件。
12. --- What do you do on the weekend? 你周末做什么？
--- Usually I watch TV and go shopping. 一般我看电视和去购物。/ Sometimes I visit my grandparents. 有时候我去拜访我的祖父母。/ I often play football. 我经常去踢足球。/ Sometimes I go hiking. 有时候我去远足。
13. --- What do you have on Thursdays? 星期四你们有什么课？
--- We have English, math and science on Thursdays. 星期四我们有英语，数学和科学课。
14. --- What do you do on Saturdays? 星期六你做什么？
--- I watch TV on Saturdays. 星期六我看电视。
15. --- What about you? 你呢？ --- I do my homework, too. 我也做我的家庭作业。
16. --- What do you have for lunch on Mondays? 星期一你中餐吃什么？
--- We have tomatoes, tofu and fish. 我们吃西红柿，豆腐和鱼。
17. --- What can you do? 你能做什么？
--- I can sweep the floor. 我会扫地。 / I can cook the meals. 我会做饭。 / I can water the flowers. 我会浇花。
十、谈论方式
1. --- How do you go to school, Sarah? 萨拉，你怎么去学校？
--- Usually I go to school on foot. 一般我走路去学校。/ Sometimes I go by bike. 有时候我骑自行车。
2. --- How can I get to Zhongshan Park? 我怎么去中山公园？
--- You can go by the No. 15 bus. 你可以坐15路公共汽车。
3. --- How did you go there? 你怎么去那？
--- I went by train. 我坐火车去。
4. --- How do you do that? 你怎么做那件事？
--- First, I .... Then I .... 首先，我……。然后我……。
5. What should you do then? 然后你怎么做？
6. --- How does she go to work? 她怎么去工作？
--- She goes to work by bus. 她坐公共汽车去工作。
十一、谈论心情，身体状况
1. How are you, Liu Yun?  刘云，你怎么样？You look so happy. 你看起来很开心。
2. How are you, Sarah? 萨拉，你怎么样？You look sad today. 今天你看起来很伤心。
3. --- What's the matter? 怎么了？
--- My throat is sore. My nose hurts. 我的喉咙痛。我的鼻子痛。
十二、谈论体重、身高
1. --- How heavy are you? 你多少重？ --- I'm 48 kg. 我48公斤。
--- I'm thinner than you, and shorter. 我比你瘦和矮。
2. --- How tall are you? 你多高？ --- I'm 164 cm tall. 我164厘米高。
--- You're shorter than me. 你比我矮。/ You're 4 cm taller than me. 你比我高四厘米。
十三、谈论职业
1. --- What does your mother do? 你妈妈做什么的？
--- She is a TV reporter. 她是一个电视台记者。
十四、谈论天气
1. It's warm today. 今天很暖和。 2. It's cool. 今天很凉爽。
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