初中时间状语从句语法及练习).doc

状语从句
什么是状语：
句子中修饰动词、形容词等的句子成分叫状语，用来从地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较、方式和伴随状况等方面修饰说明谓语。
e.g. He speaks English very well.（副词作状语）
e.g. He is playing under the tree.（介词短语作状语）
e.g. I come specially to see you.（不定式作状语）
e.g. If I am not busy tomorrow,I will play football with you.（从句作状语）
e.g. Having had a quarrel with his wife,he left home in a bad temper.（分词作状语）
状语从句：
状语从句就是在复合句里起状语作用的从句，可以表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、让步、比较、方式、条件等。引导状语从句的连词叫做从属连词。状语从句的位置可以在句首，也可以在句末。放在句首时，从句后面常用逗号与主句隔开；放在句末时，从句前面往往不用逗号。
If it’s fine tomorrow, I will go with you.
I will go with you if it’s fine tomorrow.
状语从句分类： 1、时间状语从句
2、地点状语从句
3、原因状语从句
4、目的状语从句
5、结果状语从句
6、条件状语从句
7、让步状语从句
8、比较状语从句
9、方式状语从句
时间状语从句
从属连词： when, while, as, before, after, till/until, since, whenever, as soon as（一……就）……
时态：主将从现，主情从现，主祈从现
一、When/while/as（当…时候）
区别：主句动作与从句动作发生的时间（同时/之前/之后）；从句动词（延续性/瞬时性）
1）When:
when引导时间状语从句时表示“当……的时候”，when既可以指时间段也可指时间点，从句中既可用延续性动词又可用瞬间性动词，且动作既可和主句的动作同时发生又可在主句的动作之前或之后发生。且when引导的时间状语从句中一般用一般现在时表将来（主将从现）。
e.g. I will call you when I get there.
e.g. When I came home my wife was cooking dinner.
e.g. I will go home when the rain stops.
e.g. When I got to the airport，the guests had left.
A）如果when引导的时间状语从句的主语与主句主语相同，而从句的谓语又是be动词时，那么从句中的主语和be可以省略;
e.g. When (you are) in trouble, ask her for help.
B）当when引导的时间状语从句的主语与主句主语相同时，往往还可以省略从句的主语并用“when+分词”的形式替代该状语从句。
e.g. When I came into the room (=When coming into the room), I found him lying there asleep.
2）While
while引导时间状语从句时表示“当……的时候”，它强调主句的动作与从句的动作同时持续地进行，用于这一用法时while引导的时间状语从句和主句中的谓语动词必须是延续性动词，或者强调主句的动作发生在从句动作的进行过程中，此时主句中的谓语动词通常是非延续性动词。记住，从句中始终是延续性动词，且从句多用进行时态。（while还可以表示对比，译成“然而”，放在句首可以表示“虽然”）
e.g. I met her while I was at school.
e.g. While I was sleeping, the UFO arrived.
e.g. We were doing our homework while it was raining outside.
e.g. Study while you study; play while you play.
3）As
as引导时间状语从句时表示①“当……时”（只引导瞬间性动词，两个动作是紧密联系的，一前一后进行），②“一边……一边……”，侧重表示两个动作同时发生(包括一个主语同时进行两个动作)，③“随着”，一种动作随着另一种动作的变化而变化从句中只能接延续动词。
e.g. He jumps as he goes along.
e.g. As the wind rose the noise increased.
【When, while , as 辨析】
三者均可以表示“当……时候”，如果主句表示的是短暂性动作，而从句表示的是延续性动作（主短从延），三者可以通用。
I met Mr Li as / when / while I was walking along the street.
（1） While意为“在……期间”，从句的谓语必须是延续性动词。
The plane had left when we got to the airport.
（2） 表示带有规律性的“每当”，或者主从句动作有先后时，都只能用when.
When winter comes, it becomes cold.
（3） 表示“随着”时间的推移，主从句的内容是两种变化的情况，只能用as.
As the day went on, the weather got worse.
（4）强调主句动作延续到从句所指的整个时间，只能用while.
【巩固练习】
1）I had just stepped out of the bathroom and was busily drying myself with a towel ____ I heard the steps.
A. while B. when C. since D. after
2）He was about halfway through his meal ____ a familiar voice came to his ears.
A. why B. where C. when D. while
3）We were swimming in the lake ____ suddenly the storm started.
A. when B. while C. until D. before
4）— I’m going to the post office.
— ____ you’re there, can you get me some stamps?
A. As B. While C. Because D. If
5）I ____ along the street looking for a place to park when the accident ____.
A. went; was occurring B. went; occurred
C. was going; occurred D. was going; had occurred
答案BCABC
二、Before/after
before引导时间状语从句时表示主句的动作发生在从句动作之前,常翻译为在“……之前”，“……才……”或“……就……”。
e.g. See me before you leave.
e.g. Before they drive any of the buses, they will have to pass a special test.
after引导时间状语从句时表示主句的动作发生在从句动作之后
e.g. I saw them after I arrived.
e.g. I found his pen after he has left.
【巩固练习】
He was told that it would be at least three more months ____ he could recover and return to work.
A. when B. before C. since D. that
It was some time ____ we realized the truth.
A. when B. until C. since D. before

三、Till/until/not……until
1、肯定句：till和 until这两个词作连词和介词时的意义和用法相同，一般可以换用(放在句首时通常用until的形式，till在口语中更为常见)。主句的谓语动词必须是持续性的，表示 “到……为止”， “直到……才(开始)”。
e.g. Walk till you come to a white house.
e.g. We didn’t discuss the problem until he came back.
2、否定句：Not ……until，主句的谓语动词则为短暂性的，表示“直到……才”，若主句谓语动词为延续性动词，根据上下文可表示“没有到……”
He didn’t wait until/ till I returned.他没有等到我回来。
not until的三种用法：
1） 用在句中的基本用法
e.g. He did not appear until the concert ended.
2）与that搭配的强调结构
e.g. It was not until the concert ended that he appeared.
3）用于句首的倒装结构主句倒装
e.g. Not until the concert ended did he appeared.
【巩固练习】
1）It is difficult for us to learn a lesson in life ____ we’ve actually had that lesson.
A. until B. after C. since D. when
2）A good storyteller must be able to hold his listeners’ curiosity ____ he reaches the end of the story.
A. when B. unless C. after D. until
3）I don’t really work here; I ____ until the new secretary arrives.
A. just help out B. have just helped out C. am just helping out D. will just help out

四、Since
Since引导的时间状语从句表示“自从……以来”，需注意以下两
1） 引导时间状语从句时，一般指的是“从过去的某一时间点以来”的概念，表示动作从过去一直持续到现在。从句用一般过去时，主句用完成时。
e.g. I have never seen him again since he left here.
e.g. They have been friends ever since they were in school.
2） 若表示到过去某一时间前的情况，则主句用过去时，从句用过去完成时。
通搭配为it was+时间段+since 过去完成时或it is+时间段+since过去时
e.g. It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.
e.g. It was three years since we had been there.
3）延续性动词相反翻译，瞬间性动词正常翻译
It is three years since I smoked a cigar. 我不抽烟三年了。
It is three years since I left there. 我离开那里已经三年了。
【巩固练习】
1）They ____ friends since they met in Shanghai.
A. have made B. have become C. have been D. have turned
2）— What was the party like?
— Wonderful. It’s been 2 years ____ I enjoyed myself so much.
A. after B. before C. when D. since

五、 “一……就……”as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the minute, the instant, no sooner ……than……，hardly/ scarcely……when……和once
1） as soon as
①表示对将来事情进行推测（用一般现在时表示将来）
②对过去事情进行陈述，表示两个动作同时进行或一前一后
2） no sooner……than……和hardly……when……
因为没有表达一种条件性，只能对过去事情进行陈述
①时态方面：主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时
②倒装同时满足三点：否定词提前、主倒从不倒、部分倒装（be、助、情提到主语之前）。
I had hardly got home when it began to rain.
Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.
我一到家天就下起雨来。
【课后练习】

英语时间状语从句讲解与练习
（一）when, while 和 as 引导时间状语从句的用法
　　一、when 的用法
　　如果只从现象来看，when 从句用的最多的是一般过去时，而主句的时态没有限制,根据具体情况而定。
　　1. When he was a child he was always trying out new ideas.
　　　 他小时候就常常试验一些新的设想。
　　2. When she came into my room, I was just reading a book. 她走进我房间时，我正在看书。
　　3. Were you writing when the teacher came in? 老师进来的时候，你在写信吗？
　　4. Sorry, I was out when you called me. 对不起，你打电话来的时候我出去了。
　　5. He was on the point of leaving when someone knocked at the door.
　　　 他正要走，这时有人敲门。
　　6. I thought of it just when you opened your mouth. 就在你要说话的时候，我也想到了。
　　7. I had hardly[scarcely] closed my eyes when someone knocked at the door.
　　　 我刚一闭上眼，就有人在敲门了。
　　根据以上的例句，我们可以总结出一点：when 从句的A事件，相当于另一个事件B发生的时间点。也就是说，when 从句的重点不在动作本身发生的状态，而只是把它作为一个时间点，所以when 多数情况下用的是一般过去时，则不用正在进行时。因为如果用正在进行时，它表示的就是一段时间而不是一个时间点了。根据这一点，有的文章补充说：when 从句的动词大多是瞬时动词。这种说法也可以参照。
　　实际上，when 从句也可以有其它的时态，但几乎也不用进行时，因为它也只是作为一个时间参照点。例如：
　　1. When I got to the airport, the guests had left. 当我赶到飞机场时，客人们已经离开了。
　　2. When he had finished his homework, he took a short rest.
　　　 当他完成作业后，他休息了一会儿。
　　3. Why do you want a new job when you have got such a good one already?
　　　 你已经找到如此好的工作，为何还想再找新的？
　　4. You shall borrow the book when I have finished reading it.
　　　 在我读完这本书后，你可以借阅。
　　5. When the manager comes here for a visit next week, I’ll talk with him about this.
　　　 下周，经理来这参观时，我会和他谈谈此事。
二、while 的用法
　　相比于when 来说，while 从句的侧重点就不一样了。while 从句的侧重点在于描述动作正在发生的状态，它的意思是：当while 事件正在发生的时候，另一件事如何如何。所以，while 从句一般用的是正在进行时。而另一件事的状态没有硬性的要求，根据具体情况而定。例如：
　　1. While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV.
　　　 当妻子正在看报纸的时候，我正在看电视。
　　2. While Jim was mending his bike, Lin Tao came to see him.
　　　 正当吉姆修自行车时，林涛来看他。
　　3. While they were talking, the bell rang. 正在他们谈话的时候，上课铃响了。
　　4. You can’t do your homework while you’re watching TV.
　　　 你不能一边看电视一边做家庭作业。
　　5. While John was sitting biting his nails, I was working out a plan to get us home.
　　　 约翰坐在那里咬指甲时，我正在制定一个回家的计划。
　　从时间的角度来看，while 表示的是一段时间，是一个过程。这是while 的侧重点。因此，如果含有“一段时间”的含义的时候，就可以用while。
　　6. Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。
　　这句话中，是说趁着铁是热的这段时间，赶紧打铁。如果换成 when 意思就变了，相当于说铁只热了一下，打一下，然后铁就冷了。这显然不符合文意。
　　再例：
　　—I'm going to the post office.
　　—While you're there, can you get me some stamps?
三、as 的用法
　　as 从句表示的也是一件事情正在发生，另一件事也正在进行当中。但与 while 从句不同的是，as 从句用的一般不用正在进行时，而只是一般过去时。as 从句一般可以翻译成“边……边……”。例如：
　　1. As my mother sang those old songs, tears ran down her cheeks.
　　　 当我妈妈唱起那些老歌时，眼泪顺着她的脸颊流了下来。
　　2. The students took notes as they listened. 学生们边听课边做笔记。
　　3. As we talked on, he got more and more excited. 我们继续往下谈的时候，他越来越兴奋。
　　4. The little girls sang as they went. 小姑娘们一边走，一边唱。
　　5. Just as he caught the ball, there was a tearing sound.
　　　 当他抓住球的时候，有一种撕裂的声音。
　　as 表达的事件，往往只是主句动作发生的背景或条件时，as 只是一个次要的时间说明，不像while 从句有强调 while 动作本身的意思。因此，as 常常翻译成“随着……”之意。
　　例如：
　　1. As the time went on，the weather got worse. 随着时间的推移，气候更加糟糕。
　　2. The atmosphere gets thinner and thinner as the height increases.
　　　 随着高度的增加，大气越来越稀薄。
　　3. As years go by，China is getting stronger and richer.
　　　 随着时间一年一年过去，中国变得越来越富强了。
　　少数情况下，如果强调动作正在发生，as 从句也可以用正在进行时。这只能算是特例了。
　　1. The sad mother sat on the roadside, shouting as she was crying.
　　　 伤心的妈妈坐在路边，边哭边叫喊。
　　2. As we were going out, it began to snow. 正当我们出门时，雪开始下起来。
　　3. He came in as I was going to bed. 我正要上床睡觉，他进来了。
四、when, while, as 的互换
　　如果从句动作和主句动作同时发生，并且从句动作为延续性动词时，when，while，as 可以互换使用。
　　1. When /While /As we were dancing, a stranger came in.
　　　 当我们跳舞时，一位陌生人走了进来。 [dance 为延续性动词]
　　2. When /While /As she was making a phone call, I was writing a letter.
　　　 当她在打电话时，我正在写信。 [make为延续性动词]
　　3. While/When/ As I was walking down the street, I noticed a police car in front of the
　　　 bank.
　　　 我顺着马路往前走时，发现银行门前停着一辆警车。
五、比较while, when, as
　　1）as, when 引导短暂性动作的动词。
　　　 例如：Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me.
　　　 　　　我刹车后，有一个人向我走来。
　　2）当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用when 引导这个从句，不可用as 或 while。
　　　 例如：When you have finished your work, you may have a rest.
　　　 　　　干完活后，你可以休息一下。
　　3）从句表示“随时间推移”连词能用as，不用when 或while。
　　　 例如： As the day went on, the weather got worse.　日子一天天过去，天气越变越坏。
（二）before和after引导的时间状语从句
1． Before是主句动作发生在从句的前面。注意before引导的从句不再用否定式的谓语，并且当before引导的从句位于主句之后，有时译成“就，才”。还要注意主句和从句之间的时间关系。当主句用将来时，从句总是用现在时；如果before引导的从句谓语用的是过去时，则主句动词多用过去完成时，这样以便体现动作发生的先后。
2． After表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后。主句和从句的动作的时间关系正好与before引导的从句相反。例如：
It will be four days before they come back. 他们要过四天才能回来。
Einstein almost knocked me down before he saw me.爱因斯坦几乎把我撞倒才看到我。
My father had left for Canada just before the letter arrived.我父亲恰好在信到之前去加拿大了。
They had not been married four months before they were divorced. 他们结婚还不到四个月就离婚了。
After you think it over, please let me know what you decide.你仔细考虑过以后，告诉我你是怎样决定的。
After we had finished the work, we went home.完成工作之后，我们回家了。（从句用过去完成时，主句用一般过去时）
（三）比较until和till 的用法
　　此两个连词意义相同。肯定形式表示的意思是“做某事直至某时”，动词必须是延续性的。否定形式表达的意思是“直至某时才做某事”。动词为延续性或非延续性都可以。正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。
　　肯定句：I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜时醒了。
　　　　　　Wait till I call you. 等着我叫你。
　　（在肯定句中可用before代替。例如：Let's get in the wheat before the sun sets.）
　　否定句：She didn't arrive until 6 o'clock. 她直到6点才到。
　　　　　　Don't get off the bus until it has stopped. 公共汽车停稳后再下车。
　　　　　　I didn't manage to do it until you had explained how. 直到你教我后，我才会做。
　　区别：1）until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。
　　例如：Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened.
　　　　　直到你告诉我以前，出了什么事我一点也不知道。
　　3）until when 疑问句中，until要放在句首。例如：
　 　　---Until when are you staying?　你呆到什么时候？
　 　　--- Until next Monday.　呆到下周一。　
　 　　注意：否定句可用另外两种句式表示。
　　4）Not until…在句首，主句用倒装。
　 　　例如：Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is.
　 　　　　　直到19 世纪初，人类才知道热为何物。
　 　　　　　Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted.
　 　　　　　直到工作，才认识到我已蹉跎了许多岁月。
　　5）It is not until… that….
　 　　例如：It was not until I began to work that I realized how much time I had wasted.
（四）巧辨before和until
在日常英语教学中，我们遇到学生问这样的一些问题：
　　1.He will spend six hours at his desk____he finishes his composition.
　　　A.before　　　　　B.until　　　　　C.after　　　　　D.when
　　2.The bike hit the tree____I could get off.
　　　A.when　　　　　　B.before　　　　 C.while　　　　　D.until
　　3.I knocked at the door for more than five minutes____Mrs white answered it.
　　　A.until　　　　　 B.when　　　　　 C.after　　　　　D.before
　　4.It was____yesterday____be____the secret.
　　　A.not until；that；knew　　　　　　B.until；when；knew
　　　C.not before；that；found　　　　　D.before；that；didn't find
　　怎样才能清楚地解释其选择的原因，这就涉及到until与before的区别问题。
　　实际上，只要我们把握住两者使用时本身的含义及主句动词是终止性的，还是延续性的，肯定式，还是否定式两大点，就能容易地解决这类问题。现详细阐明如下：
　　一、在下列情况下，两者可互换用，但含义略有不同。before表示“在……之前”的意思，强　　调时间先后关系；而until表示“直到……才”的意思，主句是肯定句则表示主句动作的终　　　止时间；主句是否定句则强调主句动作的起始时间。
　　　1.主句为否定式终止性谓语动词。常见的动词是open,start,leave,arrive,finish,
　　stop等。例如：
　　　　(1)The noise of the street didn't stop until/before it was midnight.
　　　　(2)The children won't come back until/before it is dark.
　　　　(3)I didn't leave the lovely boy until/before his mother came home.
　　　2.主句为肯定式、延续性谓语词，这类动词用stand,stay,talk,be,wait等。例如：
　　　　(1)He lived with his parents until/before he graduated from school.
　　　　(2)I will wait until/before he comes to my help.
　　　　(3)I shall stay heer until/before you come back.
　　二、在下列情况下，用before不用until。
　　　1.主句这肯定式、终止性谓语动词，只用before。例：
　　　　(1)He fell asleep before I could take off his clothes.
　　　　(2)We arrived there before it atarted to rain.
　　　　(3)The holiday came to the end befor I knew it.
　　　　(4)He almost knocked me down before he saw me.
　　　2.主句谓语动词强调动词的迟缓性，只用before，常伴有时间段状语或时间段暗示。例：
　　　　(1)It was quite some time before he found the elephant at all.
　　　　(2)We had walked a long way before we found some water.
　　　　(3)We had sailed for two days before we saw the land.
　　　　(4)The fire lasted about four hours before the firefighters could
　　　　　 countrol it.
　　　　(5)It was midnight before my brother came home.
　　　　(6)It was three months before they met again.
　　　3.如果强调从句谓语动作未发生，就发生主句谓语动作，只用before。常译为“未及”，“不”或“不等……就”。例：
　　　　(1)We can leave early in the morning before it gets too hot.
　　　　(2)I must write it down before I forget it.
　　　　(3)We do want to buy something now before prices go up.
　　　4.表“与其说……倒不如”，“与其……毋宁……”只用before。例：
　　　　(1)I would give up my job before I'd agree to be dismissed.
　　　　(2)He will die of hunger before he will steal.
　　　5.在某些特定句型中用before。例如：
　　　　(1)It was not long before the whole country rose up.
　　　　(2)It will probably not be long before they understand each other.
　　三、下列情况一般区别用until。
　　　1.主句是持续性谓语动词时，肯定、否定都可以，但意义完全不同。肯定表动作终止，而否定表动作开始。例如：
　　　　(1)We discussed the problem until/before he came back.我们一直讨论到他回
　　　　　来。
　　　　(2)We didn't discuss the problem until he came back.我们一直等到他回来后才讨论问题。
　　　2.not…until句型尽管在某些情况下可与before互换用，但在强调句中一般仍用until。
　　　　例如：