沪教牛津版八年级下期中语法复习.doc

一、动词不定式
动词不定式的基本结构为“to do sth”（有时可以省略to）,在句中除了不能充当谓语外其他成分都可以充当，如主语、表语、宾语、状语、宾语补足语、定语等，这学期我们主要学习动词不定式作宾语、宾语补足语和目的状语。
1.作宾语
需要用动词不定式做宾语的动词有：
want, hope, wish, like ,begin,start, forget, remember, need, ask, learn, decide, would like, try, offer, plan, refuse, agree, help等。
Remember to post the letter.
I hope to stay with you
拓展：
（1）当作宾语的不定式后跟有宾语补足语时，通常需要形式宾语it代替不定式，并将真正的宾语（不定式）置于宾语补足语之后，其结构为：主语+谓语+it+宾语补足语+动词不定式。
I find it difficult to learn Japanese well.
（2）当两个或两个以上的不定式连用时，后面的不定式往往省略to.
He began to read and write after dinner.
（3）动词不定式可以和疑问词who(m), which, what, when, how, where(why除外)等连用，构成动词不定式短语，在句中作主语、宾语或表语等。
How to control the water pollution is a big problem.
The trouble is whom to invite.
（4）”疑问词+动词不定式（短语）”作宾语时，相当于一个宾语从句
I don’t know what to do next time.= I don’t know what I should do next time.

2.作宾语补足语
动词不定式作宾语补足语时，放在宾语的后面，表示宾语是什么或者怎么样。其后接带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词（短语）有：
ask, tell, like, love, hate, would like, order, teach, want, wish, advise等。
The doctor advised him to take a good rest.
We asked him to sing a pop song at the party.
拓展：
（1）动词不定式作宾语补足语时，在使役动词和感官动词后面需要省略to，常见的此类动词有：
have, let, make, feel, hear, notice, see, watch.
The boss made the workers work over 10 hours a day in the past.
I saw Li Lei fall down from his bike,
（2）help接动词不定式作宾语补足语时，不定式符号可以省略也可以不省略。
He often comes to help us (to) do some farming work.

3.作目的状语
动词不定式表目的时，可放在句子的前面，也可以放在句子的末尾，但在句子前面时，动词不定式常用逗号与句子隔开，而在句子末尾时一般不用逗号隔开。
He goes there to enjoy the fresh air.

练习
1. The children decide _______ their school yard this Friday afternoon.
A.clean B.to clean C.cleaning D.cleaned
2. He lost his key. It made him ______ in the cold to wait for his wife’s return.
A.to stay B.stayed C.stays D.stay
3. How kind you are! You always do what you can _______ me.
A.help B.helping C.to help D.helps
4. It was time for class. Mr King asked all the children________ down quietly.
A.sit B.sat C.to sit D.sitting
5. ______ a book in the library, you should enter a key word into the computer first.
A.To find B.Find C.To write D. Write
6.---Which dress do you like best, Madam?
---Sorry, I can’t decide ________ now.
A.to buy which one B.buy which one C.which one to buy D.which I should buy it
7. Try to sing more English songs, and you will find it interesting ______ a foreign language.
A.learning B.learns C.learn D.to learn
8. ---I will go ho Harbin for my summer vacation. What about you?
---I haven’t decided where _______.
A.go B.went C.going D.to go
9.--- Why don’t you go out to play, Rose?
---Because I have much homework _______.
A.do B.does C.doing D.to do

二、动名词
Communicating is more than just speaking.交流不仅仅是说话
Debbie enjoys smiling and always looks friendly.黛比喜欢微笑并且看上去总是很友好
I’m looking forward to going to Beijing.我正盼望着去北京。

动名词是由“动词原形+ing”构成，它在句中可作多种成分。
变化规则
一般在词尾加ing。 buy-buying wait-waiting rain-raining
以不发音的e结尾的动词，去掉e再加ing。 use-using ride-riding
以重读闭音节结尾，双写最后一个辅音字母再加ing。 begin-beginning cut-cutting
少数以ie结尾的动词，变ie为y，再加ing。 die-dying lie-lying tie-tying
以oe,ee,ye结尾的动词，直接在词尾加ing。 see-seeing flee-fleeing

用法
1.作主语 常位于句首，此时位于动词应使用第三人称单数形式。
Swimming in the sea is her favourite sport.
2.作表语 用于表示主语是什么。
My favourite hobby is collecting stamps.
3.作动词和介词的宾语
I practice speaking English everyday.
After finishing his homework, he went to bed.
4.作定语 动名词可以用于所修饰的名词前表示该事物的用途，也可以使用“for+动名词”形式位于所修饰的名词前。
a swimming pool=a pool of for swimming.
1.The retired couple enjoy_________ photos. They always go out with their cameras.
A.take B.took C.to take D.taking
2. ---Thanks very much for ___________（invite）me to your birthday party.
3.______ the competition brought her more than just fame.
A. Win B. Winning C. Won D. Winner
4.Watching TV too much _______ good for your eyes.
A.is B.isn’t C.are D.aren’t
5.---Would you mind_______ the window?
--- Not at all.
A.opening B.open C.to open D.opens
6.What about______ the guitar?
A.practising playing B.practise to play C.practise playing D.practising to play
7.They left the room without _____ a word.
A.say B.to say C.saying D.says

三、被动语态
1.No nets are required for this type of fishing.这种捕鱼方式不需要网。
2.Cormorant fishing was once practised in lots of places in South-East China...
曾经中国东南部很多地方从事鸬鹚捕鱼业......
3.A music show will be held in the school hall at 4p.m. on Tuesday, 4 May.
5月4日星期二下午4点，将在学校大厅举行音乐表演。
说明：句1是一般现在时的被动语态，句2是一般过去时的被动语态，句3是一般将来时的被动语态。

英语的语态有主动和被动两种：主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
1. 基本构成
be+过去分词
Football is played all over the world. 足球风靡世界。
Is it made of bamboo? 它是用竹子做的吗？

2. 基本变法
We Visited that factory last summer 主动语态
主语 谓语 宾语 其余部分

That factory was visited by us last summer 被动语态
主语 谓语 宾语 其余部分
宾语提前做主语，主语变为介词by的宾语，谓语变为be+过去分词，时态根据主动语态来确定。

3.常见的几种被动语态
一般现在时 am/is/are(not)+过去分词 English isn’t spoken by people here.
一般过去时 was/were(not)+过去分词 This book was written by Lu Xun.
一般将来时 will/shal(not)l+be+过去分词 Lei Feng will be remembered by us forever,
现在进行时 am/is/are(not) being+过去分词 Many trees are being cut down now
现在完成时 have/has(not) been+过去分词 Man-made satellites have been sent up in to space.
含情态动词 can/may/must(not) be+过去分词 All the exercises must be finished before 4p.m.

4.省去by的几个条件
(1) 不知道、没必要或不想说出动作的执行者。
Rice is grown well there.
(2) 强调说明动作的承受者
I was sent to teach them English.
(3) 汉语中有“据说、大家说”等
It is said that one day he climbed to the top of a house.

5.各种时态的被动语态
(1) 一般现在时的被动语态
am/is/are+过去分词
I am often given gifts by Tom.
The things on show are all made in China.
Is the room cleaned everyday?
(2) 一般过去时的被动语态
was/were+过去分词
Jim was asked to go there.
The visitors were stopped from leaving the top of the mountain by the heavy snow.
(3)一般将来时的被动语态
will be+过去分词或者am/is/are+过去分词
Lots of trees will be planted on the hill next year.
The children won’t be allowed to go out at night.
Is the bridge going to be built by the workers next year?

6.特殊情况：复合宾语的被动语态
感官动词和使役动词在主动句中，其后的动词不定式不带to，但变被动句时必须加上to.
主动：The boss made her work for 10 hours a day.
被动：she was made to work for 10 hours a day.

练习：
1. ---Didn’t you see the sigh “No Parking!” on the right?
---Sorry, I didn’t. But now I know parking _______ here.
A.wasn’t allowed B.isn’t allowed C.won’t allow D.doesn’t allow

2.Annie _____ to the party. She had a wonderful time with us.
A.invites B.is invited C.was invited D.has invited
3.---A new park _______ in our hometown next year.
----Really? Our hometown must be more beautiful.
A.will build B.will be built C.is built
4.---Excuse me, I’m looking for Be the Best of Yourself.
----Sorry. The book you ask for is ______ out.
A.is selling out C.is sold C.was selling D.will be sold
5. Each year quite a lot of food ______ around the world. It’s really time for us to do something.
A.was wasted B.is wasted C.wasted D.will be wasted
6.Flowers _____ along the road last year.
A.plant B.planted C.are planted D.were planted
7. It is said a new museum _______ in our city next year.
A.builds B.is building C.will be built D.was built
8.---Does she like singing English songs?
---Yes, she_____ to sing English songs in her room.
A.often does B.is often heard C.often hears D.often heard
9. Teenagers ______ allowed o drive.
A.should not be B.should be not C.not should be
10. Waste paper shouldn’t ______ everywhere. It’s our duty to keep our city clean.
A.be thrown B.throw C.is thrown D.are thrown
11. Paper money ______ for over a thousand years.
A.used B.has used C.has be used D.has been used
12. Parents should allow their children to choose their own clothes.
Children should _______ _______ to choose their own clothes by their parents.
13. We should not allow the students to stay up until twelve o’clock.
The students _______ ________ ________ to stay up until twelve o’clock.
14. The English homework must be handed in by the weekend.（改为一般疑问句）
_______ the English homework _______ _______ _______ by the weekend?

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