非谓语的用法总结.doc

非谓语动词的用法总结
李靖
非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）不是真正意义上的谓语动词，在句中都不能单独作谓语。但都具有动词的某些特点，可以有自己的宾语或状语，构成非谓语动词短语。不定式表目的，表将来；动名词表主动，表进行；过去分词表被动，表完成。
一．作主语( 动名词、不定式、过去分词前面加being, 动名词做主语谓语动词用单数)
1）不定式、动名词都可做主语，但是动名词做主语多指抽象的概念性的动作，可以是多次的经常的行为；不定式多表示具体的动作，尤其是某一次的动作。如：
Playing with fire is dangerous. 玩火危险。（泛指玩火）
To play with fire will be dangerous. 玩火会发生危险。
2）用动名词做主语的句型:
It’s no use/no good/pleasure doing sth 做.......没有用处/好处/乐趣
It’s a waste of time doing sth 做.... 浪费时间
It is worth doing sth 值得做某事
It is no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收
It is worth making an appointment before you go. 去之前预约一下是值得的。
3）不定式做主语的句型.
It is + adj +for sb to do sth.
比较：表示人的品质时只能用of sb 如considerate/kind/nice/foolish/stupid/rude/cruel /wise/clever/brave/selfish/crazy/good/careful/careless/impolite/right/wrong等单词出现时。
It is silly of you to say so.
It is important for us to learn English well.
It is a must/ a necessity for us to have a good command of the English language.
4) “Wh- + to 不定式”可做主语。如：
When to leave hasn’t been decided yet.什么时候动身还没定呢。
Whether to drive or take the train is still a problem.是自驾车还是乘火车仍是一个问题。
5） 一般情况下，不定式和动名词作主语，谓语动词一般用单数形式。如：
Seeing is believing.= To see is to believe 眼见为实。
. Planting flowers needs constant watering.
但and连接的多个动名词作主语，谓语动词大多用复数（如果前后动名词的语义一致，谓语一般用单数）。如：Lying and stealing are immoral. 说谎与盗窃是不道德的。
6) 动名词前面可以加上形容词性物主代词构成动名词的复合结构。如：
----- What made him angry?
------ Mary’s /My/His/Her /Their/ The boy’s/ The president’s being late（made him angry.
7）过去分词不能单独做主语，前面必须加上being，构成动名词，做主语。如：
Being exposed to the sun is harmful to the skin.
Being examined twice a year , whether it is a car, a bus or a truck, is the rule that every driver must obey in this city.
经典练习：
1. It’s important for the figures_________ (update) regularly.
2. No matter how bright a talker you are, there are times when it’s better ______(remain) silent.
3. It’s really stupid of you _______ （tell）him the news yesterday so it has been disturbing him all the time.
4. ___________(understand)your own needs and styles of communication is as important as learning to convey your affection and emotions.
5. __________(worry) about your grades doesn’t help.
6. The engine just won’t start. Something seems _____ (go) wrong with it.
参考答案：1. to update 2. to remain 3. to have told 4. understanding 5. worrying 6.to go
改错题：一个句子最多有一处错误
1. It’s standard practice for a company like this one employ a security officer.
2. Hear how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure.
3. Know basic first-aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.
4. Do well in an interview will be an important part of getting a place at university.
5.He told us whether have a picnic was still under discussion.
6.How prevent them from swimming in this river is a problem.
参考答案：1. 在employ前加to 2. Hear 改为Hearing 3. Know 改为 Knowing
4. Do 改为Doing 5. have 前加to 6. prevent 前加to.
二.作定语
1）作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面需要有相应的介词，如：
The Browns have a comfortable house to live in
2) 用不定式作定语的几种情况：
a. 不定式表将来如：The car to be bought is for his sister.
b. 用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any，the only 等限定的中心词，且与中心词为逻辑上的主动关系, 如：
He was the best man to do the job.
She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.
c. 有些名词的同根词常跟不定式，因而它们也常跟不定式做定语，常见的有：promise, plan, attempt, offer, decision, refusal, failure, ability, chance, warning, anxiety, eagerness, willingness, readiness等
I don’t trust his promise to come for a visit.
He said he had no plan to go there.
He made an attempt to stand up.
Birds’singing is sometimes a warning to other birds to stay away.
3) 前置定语：V+ing 可以表示正在进行，也可以表示特征；过去分词表示已经完成或状态请区别下面短语：
the boiling/ boiled water. 正沸腾的水(表正在进行)/白开水（表完成）
a good-looking flower. 一朵好看的花儿（表特征）
the developing countries/ the developed countries 发展中国家/发达国家
the falling leaves / the fallen leaves正在下落的叶子/落叶
the remaining money/ the money left 剩下的钱
注意：英语中有些表示感觉的动词，其现在分词形式表示“令人感到…..的”，过去分词形式表示“感到….的”如：
an exciting voice 一个令人兴奋的声音 an excited voice 一个兴奋的声音
a puzzling expression 一个令人困惑的表情 a puzzled expression 一个困惑的表情
4）区别下列后置定语的用法：
to be done 表示被动、将来；
done 表示被动、完成；
being done 表示被动、正在进行；
v+ing 表示主动；
动词的系表结构直接去掉动词be;
如果是不及物动词或者是感官系动词sound/taste/ feel/ smell/ look 和变化系动词就只有用V+ing形式。
Have you read the novel written by Dickens?
Listen! The song being sung is very popular with students.
The question to be discussed at tomorrow’s meeting is a very important one.
The food tasting delicious sells well.
注意：不定式在后置定语中只表示将来，不表目的；having dong 或者having been done 一般用在状语中，不可以做后置定语，过去分词本身就表被动和完成。
请完成下面的练习
1.There are many people ______ (wait) outside the hall.
2.There are many problems ______ ( remain) to be solved.
3.The flowers _______ (smell) sweet attract a lot of people.
4.There are many people _______ (invite) to the party.
5.The film, ______ (set) in the 19th century, won the medal.
6.The meeting_________(hold) now is of great importance.
7.The meeting_________(hold) yesterday was of great importance.
8.The meeting ________ (hold) tomorrow is of great importance.
9.He is always the first_______ (come) and the last _______ (leave).
10.He is the only person ________(know) the truth.
11.He was the best ______ (do) the job.
13. A great number of students _________(question) said they were forced to practice the piano.
14. John has really got the job because he showed me the official letter _____(offer) it to him.
15. After completing and signing it, please return the form to us in the envelope ______ (provide)
16. Birds’singing is sometimes a warning to other birds ______(stay) away.
17. The room is empty except for a bookshelf_____（stand）in one corner.
18. Laura was away in Paris for over a week. When she got home, there was a pile of mail______(wait) for her.
19. They might just have a place _____ (leave) on the writing course—why don’t you give it a try?
20. In some languages, 100 words make up half of all words ____(use) in daily conversations.
21. Volunteering gives you a chance _______ (change) lives, including your own.
参考答案：1.waiting 2.remaining3. smelling 4.invited 5. set 6.being held 7.held 8. to be held 9. to come 10. to leave 11.to know 12.to do 13. questioned 14. offering 15. provided 16. to stay 17. standing 18. waiting 19. left 20. used 21. to leave 22. to change
三.作表语(不定式/动名词/过去分词都可以做表语)
1.动名词作表语表示抽象的概念性的动作，可以是多次的经常性的行为；不定式多表示具体的动作，尤其是某一次的动作 例如：比较下列区别
His favorite sport is swimming. (泛指游泳)
Your task today is to wash the curtains.(指一次具体的工作)
2 .excited/disappointed/frightened/pleased/satisfied/interested/puzzled/tired 感到…
exciting/disappointing/frightening/pleasing/satisfying/interesting/puzzling/tiring令人….
He is moved by the moving movie.
The film is moving.
It is a pleasant trip.（pleasant 做前置定语）
The trip is pleasing.（pleasing 做 表语）
3. 注意下列表达方式：My bag is missing/ lost/ gone. I find my bag missing/lost/gone.
4. remain 的表语
1) remain to be done 仍需去做/有待于…
One problem remians to be solved.
It remians to be seen whether the operation was successful.
2) remain做“仍然是”讲时，可用名词，adj，介词，现在分词或者过去分词作表语
He remained stuck (滞留)abroad
Peter became a manager, but Jack remained a worker.
Whatever achievements you’ve made, you should remain modest. 无论你取得多么大的成就，你都该保持谦虚。
He had to remain in hospital until he was better. 他不得不一直住院直到身体好些。
This solid stone，square tower had remained standing for one thousand years.
The guests came in, but she remained sitting/seated at the desk reading.客人们都来了，但她还坐在写字台旁读书。
As before, he remained unmoved. 他和以往一样无动于衷。
注意：1）用作不及物动词，意思是“剩下；剩余；遗留”，此时不能用进行时态，也没有被动语态。
After the fire, very little remained of his house. 火灾过后，他的家所剩无几。
2)remaining是形容词,意为“剩余的”,常作前置定语；而left则只能作后置定语。例如：
There are still some apples left. 还剩余一些苹果。
I bought a gift for her with the remaining money. 我用剩余的钱给她买了一件礼物。
3) remain作名词时表示“剩余物”,一般用其复数形式。例如：
The archeologists found some remains of the Song Dynasty.考古学家发现了一些宋
代遗迹。
5. 1)主语+ seem +(to be )+表语，表语多为名词或形容词
Tom seems (to be ) a very clever boy. 汤姆看上去是一个非常聪明的男孩。
The man over there seems to be a new teacher. 那边的那个人看上去像一个新老
2) 主语+ seem to do sth
be doing sth
have done sth
Mrs. Green doesn’t seem (或seems not ) to like the idea. 格林夫人似乎不太喜欢这个主意。
The children seemed to be eating something in the room. 孩子们好像正在房间里吃东西呢。
The young man seemed to have changed much. 这个年轻人看起来变化很大。
6. 当不定式用作表语时，其中的 to 原则上是不能省略的。如：
His aim is to do two years’ work in one. 他的目标是一年干两年的工作。
但有一种例外，那就是当主语部分有动词do的某种形式时，用作表语的不定式可以省略to。如：
What you first do is (to) mix the egg with flour. 你先得把鸡蛋和面粉和好。
All I did was (to) touch the window, and it broke. 我只不过碰了一下窗户，玻璃就碎了
经典练习
1. My worry is your _______ (rely) too much on your parents.
2. Please remain ______ (seat); the winner of the prize will be announced soon.
3. For those with family members far away, the personal computer and the phone are important in staying________( connect)
答案：1.relying 2.seated 3.connected 四.作宾语(不定式和动名词都可以作宾语)
1.只能用动名词作宾语的动词和短语
考虑、建议和原谅，承认、推迟没得想像
避免、继续练，否认完成停感谢
不禁止介意准逃亡
consider（考虑）;advise/suggest/propose/recommend(建议); excuse/pardon(原谅)；admit/acknowledge(承认)；delay/postpone/put off(推迟); imagine/fancy(想像)；avoid（避免）；practise（练习）;deny(否认);finish(完成); appreciate/acknowledge(感谢); forbid (禁止); mind(介意); escape(逃脱)；
此外，这些动词也跟动名词：miss（错过）；enjoy（享受）；risk (冒险)；tolerate/bear/stand/put up with(容忍)；quit（停止）advocate（提倡）；resist （抵制）understand（理解）；allow/permit(允许)
短语：
feel like doing sth（喜欢做某事; give up doing (放弃做某事); keep doing(不停的做某事); be busy doing sth; can’t help doing sth（情不自禁）; be worth doing sth (值得做某事)；
have difficulty/trouble doing sth(做...有困难/麻烦); have a hard/good time doing sth做.... 很开心/不开心; have fun doing sth 做.... 很开心 succeed in doing sth 成功做某事
句型：
It is no use/good /pleasure doing sth做.......没有用处/好处/乐趣
There is no point in doing sth= There is no need to do sth 没必要做某事
It’s a waste of time doing sth 做.... 浪费时间
It is worthwhile doing/ to do sth = be worthy to be done= be worthy of being done= be worth doing sth值得做某事
2. 只能用不定式作宾语的动词
决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装
主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮
decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish, refuse, manage, care, pretend, offer, promise, choose, plan, agree, ask/beg, help,(afford, strive, happen, wait, threaten口诀之外的单词)
She pretended not to see me when I passed by.
We agreed to meet here but so far she hasn’t turned up yet.
3. forget，go on，mean，regret，remember，stop，try等动词或词组可带动名词或不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别。
forget to do sth _________________ forget doing sth ______________________
go on to do sth __________________go on doing sth ______________________
mean to do sth____________________ mean doing sth___________________
regret to say/tell/inform/announce__________________________________
regret doing sth/having done________________________________________
remember to do sth_________________ remember doing sth________________
stop to do sth______________________ stop doing sth____________________
try to do sth______________________ try doing sth_________________________
can’t help (to) do sth __________________ can’t help doing sth __________________
can’t help but do sth =can’t but do sth ___________________
sb used to do sth ___________________ sb be used to doing sth ____________________
sth be used to do sth ________________________
be afraid to do sth不敢做某事 be afraid of doing sth担心发生某事
be sure to do sth一定会.....be sure of doing sth确信会.....
Let’s go on studying Lesson 6. （让我们继续学第六课。说明前面已学了一部分。）
Let’s go on to study Lesson 6. （让我们接着学第六课。说明前面已学了第五课。）
I remember doing the exercise. （我记得做过练习。）
I must remember to do it. （我必须记着做这事。）
I tried not to go there. （我设法不去那里。）
I tried doing it again. （我试着又干了一次。）
Stop speaking. （不要讲话。）
He stopped to talk. （他停下来讲话。）
I mean to come early today. （我打算今天早些来。）
Missing the train means waiting for another hour.（误了这趟火车意味着再等一个小时）
4.在allow，advise，forbid，permit等动词后直接跟动名词形式作宾语，如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语：
allow /advise/forbid/permit sb to do sth
allow/advise/forbid/permit doing sth
We don’t allow smoking here.
We don’t allow students to smoke.
动词need，require，want作“需要”解，其后必须用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语表示事情需要做，这时，动名词的主动式表示被动意义。be worth后必须用动名词的主动形式来表示被动意义。
Sth need/ want/require doing / to be done …需要….
Sth be worth doing …值得….
deserve to be done/ doing …..值得….
The window needs/requires/wants cleaning/to be cleaned.
Her method is worth trying.
These proposals deserve considering/ to be considered. 这些建议应该被考虑。
5.to为介词的短语
devote oneself/ one’s time to (把...贡献给...)；look forward to (期望)；pay attention to (注意)； attach importance to (重视)； be used/accustomed to (习惯于做某事)；when it comes to (当谈到做某事) ; get down to(着手)；prefer doing sth to doing sth（喜欢...而不喜欢; turn to doing sth(转向)；thanks to (多亏); lead to (导致)；the key to doing sth (做某事的关键)；object to/be opposed to (反对)；contribute to (有助于)；be addicted to doing sth (沉湎于；对...上瘾)；make contributions to (对...做出贡献) ；due to（由于）；apply oneself to (致力于) ；stick to（坚持）；come close to （接近于）等后的动词也必须用动名词形式，例如：
I look forward to hearing from you soon.
6.不定式做动词（词组）tell, show, understand, explain, teach, learn, advise, discuss, ask, decide, wonder, find out 等的宾语时，前面常常带引导词how, what, whether, where, when, who等，但是why后加不带to的不定式。
He showed us how to do the work= He showed us how we should do the work.
I don’t know what to do= I don’t know what I should do.
We must decide whether to stay or go= We must decide whether we’ll stay or go.
Can you tell me why do it?
7.在love，hate，prefer，like等动词后用动名词或不定式无多大区别。有时用动名词作宾语时，指一般情况，而跟不定式作宾语时指某一具体行为。
I love swimming. I love to swim today.
8.start，begin，continue在书面语中多后接动名词，在口语中多后接不定式。
It started to snow. He is beginning to cook dinner. I began to understand what he meant.
典型例题
1. David threatened _____(report) his neighbor to the police if the damages were not paid.
2. He chose _______(keep) silent when asked why.
3. He volunteered _________(help) the victims in the earthquake.
4. Whenever you are in trouble, don’t hesitate _______(ask) me for help.
5. As a result of the serious flood, two-thirds of the buildings in the area need ______(repair).
6. —Can I smoke here?
—Sorry. We don’t allow ______(smoke) here.
7. I hear they’ve promoted Tom, but he didn’t mention ______(promote) when we talked on the phone.
8. Bill suggested _______(hold) a meeting on what to do for the Shanghai Expo during the vacation.
9. I really appreciate _______(have) time to holiday with you on this nice island.
10. I can hardly imagine her _______(marry) such a men as Lee.
11. It’s quite hot today. Do you feel like ________(go) for a swim?
12. The film star wears sunglass. Therefore, he can go shopping without ______(recognize).
13. —They are quiet, aren’t they?
—Yes, they are accustomed to not talk at meals.
14. How can I afford to f