非谓语动词考点研究分析.doc

非谓语动词考点分析
一． 非谓语动词的基本特征：
非谓语动词有动名词，不定式，分词（现在分词和过去分词）三种，不能单独作谓语。非谓语动词的特点有：
1. 保留动词的特性，可以有自己的宾语，状语；
典型例题: Don't forget ____ ___ the window before leaving the room.答案(B)
A. to have closed B. to close C. having closed D. closing

2. 有时态语态意义的变化；

非谓语动词

时态意义

语态意义
不定式
将来
主动to do 被动 to be done
-ing分词
进行
主动doing 被动 being done
-ed分词
完成
被动
A bridge being built now 进行被动---正在修建的桥
A bridge to be built next year 将来被动----明年修建的桥
A bridge built two years ago 完成被动----两年前修建的桥
典型例题: I'd love ________ to your party last Friday if not because of unexpected guests.答案(D)
A. to go B. going C. having gone D. to have gone
典型例题: They will do something to make sure that people will not worry about having their cars _______ again.答案(D)
A. steal B. to steal C. stealing D. stolen

3. 还有非动词的特征，相当于名词和形容词；
Seeing is believing. 百闻不如一见。
典型例题:_______ tired after a day's work ,she fell into bed and went straight to sleep.答案(B)
A. Felt B. Feeling C. Being felt D. To feel

4. 非谓语动词的否定式均在前面加not。
Not having been there before, he got lost soon.
典型例题: Alice regretted __ ___ to John's birthday party last Sunday.答案(A)
A. not going B. not to go C. not having been going D. not to be going
典型例题: She apologized for __________ to attend the birthday party.答案(B)
A. her being not able B. her not being able C. her not to be able D. her to be not able

5. 非谓语动词作定语时的位置问题：
不定式作后置定语，（2）动名词作前置定语，（3）一般情况下单个分词作前置定语， 分词短语作后置定语。例如：
I have an important meeting to attend.
This is a sleeping car.
Our country is a developing country.
The car ran along the road covered with snow.

二． 关于不定式的时态和语态
1. 时态\语态　　　 主动　　　　　被动
一般式　　　　　 to do　　　　　　to be done
进行式　　　　　 to be doing　　
完成式　　　　　 to have done　　 to have been done
完成进行式　　　 to have been doing　　

1) 现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。
He seems to know this.
I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again.　我希望再见到你。

2) 完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
　I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.
　He seems to have caught a cold.

3) 进行时： 表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。
　He seems to be eating something.

4) 完成进行时：
　She is known to have been working on the problem for many years.

2. 动词不定式考点
1) 作主语：不定式作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而将作主语的不定式放在句子后部。例如：
It is good to help others.帮助他人是件好事。
It is exciting to surf the Internet.上网是件令人兴奋的事。
典型例题: It is not easy _______ the answer to this problem.答案(A)
A. to figure out B. figuring out C. figure out D. being figured out
典型例题: It seems very difficult ___ ____.答案(C)
A. to stop the child to cry B. restraining the child to cry C. to keep the child from crying D. holding the child's crying

2) 作宾语：
典型例题: I don't know _______ to deal with such matter.答案(B)
A. what B. how C. which D. /
典型例题: I've worked with foreign experts before, so I know what ________ in my new job.答案(B)
A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects

3) 作定语：
典型例题: I'm going to the supermarket this afternoon. Do you have anything ________ ? 答案(B)
　　A. to be buying B. to buy C. for buying D. bought

4) 作状语：
典型例题: Helen had to shout _______ above the sound of the music.答案(D)
A. making herself hear B. to make herself hear C. making herself heard D. to make herself heard
典型例题: Send him to the baker's ______ the bread.答案(A)
A. to buy B. in order he buy C. for to buy D. for buying
5) 作主语补足语或宾语补足语：
典型例题: Jimmy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _________.答案(A)
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to
典型例题: None of them tells us ________, so we need your help.答案(C)
A. how should we do B. what should we do C. how to do it D. what to do it
典型例题: Alex is said ________ abroad, but I don't know what country he studied in.答案(A)
A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying

6) 是否保留不定式符号"to"以及特殊语言结构中的不定式形式：
(1) 在make; let; have; see; hear; watch; notice; feel 等使役动词和感觉动词后面的复合宾语中，不定式都不带to，但用在被动式中不定式前面都要加to。例如：
They made him stand still. = He was made to stand still.
典型例题: Henry is often seen ________ English aloud every morning in the classroom.答案(D)
A. read B. reads C. being read D. to read
(2)在had better; had best; would rather; cannot but; do nothing but 等结构后面不加to。例如：
You’d better hurry up.
I cannot but keep quite..
典型例题: Sandy could do nothing but ______ to his teacher that he was wrong.答案(A)
A. admit B. admitted C. admitting D. to admit
典型例题: In fact, Peter would rather have left for San Francisco than ________ in New York.答案(B)
A. to stay B. stayed C. staying D. having stayed

三．动名词的考点
1. 动名词作主语
Fighting broke out between the South and the North.南方与北方开战了。
2. 动名词作宾语
动名词和动词不定式都可在句子中作主语和宾语。其区别主要是：动名词表达泛指或抽象的多次性行为；而动词不定式则往往表达具体的或一次性的动作。 在某些动词后只能用动名词作宾语，而不能用动词不定式。有这类用法的动词及短语动词常见的有admit, appreciate, avoid, consider(考虑), delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, finish, imagine, include, mind, miss, practice, resist, risk, suggest, can't help(禁不住), feel like, give up等。例如：
Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?
典型例题: During the future examinations you should avoid ________ such mistakes.答案(C)
A. make B. to make C. making D. made
典型例题: He enjoyed visiting his old friends and ______ about old times.答案(A)
A. talking B. talked C. talk D. to talk
典型例题: I spent half an hour __ ___ this difficult math problem.答案(D)
A. to work out B. work out C. worked out D. working out

3. 动名词作表语
Her job is washing，cleaning and taking care of the children.

4. 动名词的复合结构
名词所有格或形容词性物主代词后加动名词，即构成动名词复合结构。动名词复合结构在句中作主语时，其名词或代词一般用属格；但当动名词复合结构在句中作宾语时，其名词或代词也可用名词通格或代词宾格形式。例如：
典型例题: She apologized for ________ to take part in the party. 答案(D)
A. her being not able B. her to be not able C. her not to be able D. her not being able

四． 关于分词
1. 分词作定语：
　1) 分词前置　
　We can see the rising sun. 我们可以看到东升的旭日
　He is a retired worker.　 他是位退休的工人
　2) 分词后置 (i分词词组；ii 个别分词如given, left； iii 修饰不定代词 something等)
　There was a girl sitting there.　有个女孩坐在那里
　This is the question given.　　 这是所给的问题
　There is nothing interesting.　 没有有趣的东西

　3) 过去分词作定语 ：与其修饰的词是被动关系，相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
　Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.
　Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa.
典型例题
1) The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.　
A. have written　 B. to be written　 C. being written　 D. written
答案D. 书与写作是被动关系，应用过去分词做定语表被动，相当于定语从句 which is written
2）What's the language ____ in Germany?　
A. speaking　　B. spoken　　 C. be spoken　　D. to speak
答案B. 主语language与谓语动词之间有被动的含义。
spoken是动词speak的过去分词形式，在句中作定语，修饰主语language, spoken 与 language有被动关系。该句可以理解为：What's the language (which is) spoken in Germany?

2 分词作状语
现在分词的一般式表示该动作在与谓语动作同时发生或在谓语动作之后发生，完成式则表示该动作发生在谓语动作之前，在句中只能作状语表示时间和原因。如：
　　Standing on top of the hill, you can see as far as the seaside. (分词动作与谓语动作同时发生)
　　The fish can eat a person in two minutes, leaving only bones. (分词动作在谓语动作之后发生)
　　Having finished his homework, the boy went out to play football. (分词动作在谓语动作之前发生)

现在分词在句中作状语时可表示时间、原因、条件、伴随和结果等。通常可以改为相应的从句或并列句。如：
As I didn't receive any letter from him, I gave him a call.
===Not having received any letter from him, I gave him a call.　 由于没有收到他的信，我给他打了电话。
If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.
===Given more attention，the trees could have grown better. 　假如多给些照顾，那些树会长得更好。
Walking along the street, he met his old friend. (时间)
　　→When he was walking along the street, he met his old friend.
Not having received his reply, she decided to write a second letter.(原因)
　　→Because she hadn't received his reply, she decided to write a second letter.
Seeing from the top of the hill, you will find the city more beautiful.(条件)
　　→If you see it from the top of the hill, you will find the city more beautiful.
All the students sat in the classroom, waiting for their new English teacher. (伴随)
　　→All the students sat in the classroom, and they were waiting for their new English teacher.
My parents went to the park yesterday, leaving me alone at home. (结果)
　　→My parents went to the park yesterday, and they left me alone at home.

典型例题
　1）_____ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.
A. Followed　 B. Followed by　 C. Being followed　 D. Having been followed
　答案B. Napoleon 与follow 之间有被动的含义。being followed除表达被动之外，还有动作正在进行之意。 followed by（被…跟随）。本题可改为：　With some officials following, Napoleon inspected his army.

　2）There was a terrible noise ___ the sudden burst of light.　
A. followed　 B. following　 C. to be followed　 D. being followed
　答案B. 由于声音在闪电后，因此为声跟随着光，声音为跟随的发出者，为主动。用现在分词。

　3）_______, liquids can be changed into gases.
A. Heating　 B. To be heated　 C. Heated　 D. Heat
　答案C. 本题要选一分词作为状语。现在分词表主动，正在进行的；过去分词表被动的，已经完成的。对于液体来说是加热的受动者，是被动的，因而选C。它相当于一个状语从句 When it is heated，…
　 注意： 选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是主句的主语发出，分词就选用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。

(Being ) used for a long time, the book looks old.
　 由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。
Using the book, I find it useful.
　 在使用的过程中，　我发现这本书很有用。

五． With的复合结构
表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构，即：
　　with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语
举例: He stood there, his hand raised.
　 = He stood there, with his hand raise.

典型例题
1) The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back.
A. being tied　 B. having tied　　C. to be tied　　D. tied　　
　　答案D. with +名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选D.　　
2) Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.
　A permitted　 B permitting　 C permits　 D for permitting
　 答案B. 本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号，且we 小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是独立结构， 其结构为：名词+分词。 由于permit在这里翻译为'天气允许'，表主动，应用现在分词，故选B。
　 如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉，再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。

跟踪练习：
1. The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if _______ whether he was going in the right direction.答案(D)
A. seeing B. having seen C. to have seen D. to see
2. There are ten waiting-rooms at the station, ________ in all 5,000 people.答案(D)
A. sat B. sitting C. seated D. seating
3. According to a recent U.S. survey, children spent up to 25 hours a week ________ TV.答案(C)
A. to watch B. to watching C. watching D. watch
4. I certainly tried to explain his ideas but I am still at a loss _________ his points.答案(D)
A. and see B. for seeing C. to see D. seeing
5. While ______ your imagination, you should be alone and completely undisturbed .答案(A)
A. exercising B. exercises C. to exercise D. exercised
6. Do you feel like _______ today?答案(B)
A. having something special eaten B. having something special to eat
C. to have something special eaten D. to have something special to eat
7. ________ by the look on his face, he didn't catch what I really meant.答案(B)
A. Judging B. Judged C. Judge D. To judge
8. The retired man is used to _____ his two dogs early in the morning.答案(B)
A. exercise B. exercising C. exercised D. exercises
9. We welcome our teachers ______ at the gate of our school.答案(A)
A. with flowers in our hands B. carry flowers in our hands
C. flowers in our hands D. we carry flowers in our hands
10. The parents, _ ____ poor, could not buy a present for their only child.答案(C)
A. are B. were C. being D. been
11. Although punctual himself, the professor was quite used ________ late for his lecture.答案(B)
A. to have students B. to students' being C. for students to be D. for students being
12. We watched the plane _________ behind the clouds.答案(D)
A. is disappearing B. disappeared C. being disappeared D. disappearing
13. Every organism produces waste products no longer useful to itself and which ___ to accumulate would in fact be harmful.答案(D)
A. if they allowed B. if were allowed C. if was allows D. if allowed
14. The speaker found it hard to make himself ________.答案(D)
A. to understand B. understanding C. to be understood D. understood
15. We left the meeting, there obviously ________ no point in staying.答案(B)
A. were B. being C. to be D. having
16.__ from heart trouble for years, Professor White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes.答案(C)
A. Suffered　　 B. Suffering C. Having suffered 　 D. Being suffered
17. He missed ________ the lecture given by Tom.答案(B)
A. to have attended B. attending C. to attend D. attendance
18. Every new thought or idea has to ________ when we already know.答案(C)
A. be connect with B. be connected C. be connected to D. be connecting to
19. Would you mind ______ earlier next time?答案(C)
A. to come B. have come C. coming D. would come
20.______, Newton was thinking and thinking.答案(D)
A. He lied under the apple tree B. Laying under the apple tree
C. He laid under the apple tree D. Lying under the apple tree
21. Do you know ________ in English?答案(B)
A. how say it B. how to say it C. how saying it D. how to saying it
22.______, they immediately left the house.答案(B)
A. Being heard the noise B. Hearing the noise C. They heard the noise D. They were hearing the noise
23. Samuel Clemens, ___ ___ as Mark Twain, was one of the most famous American writers.答案(C)
A. to know B. to be known C. known D. knowing
24._______ his letter, a campaign against "white pollution" has been under taken in his hometown.答案(C)
A. Judge by B. Judges from C. Judging from D. Judge from
25.________ their works will give us a much better feel for the sharp differences between the two scholars of thought.答案(C)
A. To have reviewed B. Having received C. Reviewing D. Being reviewed
26. The traveler, ________ inexperienced, doesn't know how to plan a trip.答案(B)
A. to be B. being C. is D. as being
27. The headmaster came to the classroom and asked ________ what had happened.答案(A)
A. his students to tell him B. being told C. telling him D. to tell
28._________, the woman screamed on the phone to report it to the police.答案(C)
A. Her lit