优秀教师用阅读理解四大题型专讲专练.doc

阅读理解题型专讲专练
【细节理解题】
做细节理解题时，大多数学生易出现的问题就是阅读速度太慢，缺乏一定的快速阅读技巧，考生要培养自己快速获取信息的能力。解答此类试题时，不必通篇细看原文，而应采取“带着问题找答案”的方法，先从问题中抓住关键性词语，然后以此为线索，运用略读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句，仔细品味，对照比较，确定答案。除了运用扫读法外，还可以兼用排除法，将“无此细节”和“与此细节相反”的选项排除。要快速地辨认和记忆事实或细节，就需要恰当地使用查阅的方法及技巧。查阅是在读者对材料有所熟悉的情况下进行的，它的特点是带着问题去寻求答案，它往往与略读综合使用。
〖第一招〗
直接细节理解题答案与原文挂钩，在文中可直接找到答案，但往往与原文中的语句并非一模一样，而是用不同的词语或句型结构表达相同的意思。间接细节理解题需要通过有关词语和句子的转换，利用主要事实、图表、图形来获取信息，然后利用因果、类比、时间、空间等关系将零碎的细节经过一系列加工、整理，方能做出正确的判断，此类试题在高考中占大多数。其常见命题方式有：
1、特殊疑问句形式。以what, who, when, where, which, how much / many 等引出的问题；
2、是非题。通常以true / false, not true / false 提问以及以according to the text 开头；
3、填空题。通常涉及与主题有关的事实和细节；
4、就文中数字、排序、识图等提问。
〖第二招〗
略读材料，大概了解全文，掌握其中心或主旨。
〖第三招〗
按文章的体裁，如记叙文、说明文和议论文等及作者写作的组织模式和有关的信息词，如for example, first, second 等预测应该到何处寻求自己所需要的事实。段落的组织形式常见的有时间型段落、空间型段落、列举型段落、例证型段落、程序型段落和对比型段落等。如时间型段落和空间型段落要凭借表达时间和空间的信息词按时间和空间的组织形式进行查读，寻找有关细节。
〖第四招〗
将精力放在寻找你所需要的细节上，快速通篇跳读，眼睛自左至右，自上而下呈Z型扫读，直到找到含细节句子时，就要放慢速度，仔细核对、比较内容，直至找到答案。
〖第五招〗
了解细节题干扰选项的特点也能有助于提高答题的正确率。一般情况下，干扰项有以下五个特点：①是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容；②符合常识，但不是文内容；③与原句的内容极为相似，只是在程度上有些变动；④在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反；⑤部分正确，部分错误。值得一提的是，有时原文中的信息可能只是一个短语甚至一个单词，因此需要我们阅读中格外仔细才能捕捉到真正有用的信息。
【试题分析】
1、直接信息理解题细节的直接辨认不要求读者对客观的事实作出解释或判断，只要求从阅读材料中直接获取信息。同时还要求读者记住重要的细节，在必要的时候（做判断、推论或结论的时候）能准确而迅速地将他们回忆起来。解此类题要求考生快速抓住关键信息，直接得出答案。有时需要词句意的转换理解，将获得的信息用同义或近义的形式复述出来。NMET设计了许多这样的同义转换理解题，具体的要求是为阅读材料中某些词汇、短语及句型找到正确的释义。
例如： The World Trade Organization (WTO), founded on January 1, 1995, aims to encourage international trade to flow as possible, making sure that trade agreements are respected and that any disputes can be settled.
In the five years since its founding, the WTO has become well known as one of the world’s most powerful economic organizations, taking its place alongside the World Bank and International Money Fund.
The system of global rules for international trade, however, dates back half a century to 1948 when the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade was formed after World War II.
As time went by, is became clear that the GATT had two major drawbacks-the limited areas of trade it covered, and the lack of an effective system to settle disputes.
After seven years of trade talks ending in 1994, the so-called Uruguay Round finally give birth to the WTO, complete with an effective system to settle disputes and new rules covering trade in services and intellectual property.
Even after seven years of talks and 22, 500 pages of agreements, there were still problems, especially the difficulty to deal with areas of agriculture and services, which the member nations agreed to revise in 2000, The WTO, with its head office in Geneva, has 135 members with 30 more waiting to join.
总述：本文主要介绍了世贸组织的演变过程，即由最初的关贸总协定，到后来的乌拉圭回合谈判，到1995年1月1日成立的世贸组织，其演变经历了大半个世纪，使其成为世界上最大的国际经济组织。
45. From the passage we know that the GATT stopped working ________.
A. soon after World War II ended B. a little more than 50 years after World War II
C. just in the year 1994 D. seven years before the Uruguay Round talk
46. Compared with the GATT, the WTO _______.
A. didn’t pay enough attention to services and intellectual property
B. got its members to sign the agreements more easily
C. has got to many areas of international trade to deal with to work effectively
D. can do better to settle disputes in more areas of international trade
47. In the new century the WTO will ________.
A. take the place of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund
B. have more members and settle more problems
C. make complete new rules in every area of international trade
D. have new rules covering trade in services and intellectual property
本文后的这三个题都是细节理解题。其中45题，由文第五段中，After seven years of trade talks ending in 1994, the so-called Uruguay Round finally give birth to the WTO…作为原句，因此先C。 46题仍由文第五段原句…complete with an effective system to settle disputes and new rules covering trade in services and intellectual property。可以看出选D。 47题问的是“在新世纪，世贸组织将如何？”由文中第六段最后一句The WTO, with its head office in Geneva, has 135 members with 30 more waiting to join.可知选B。
【猜测词义题】
〖第一招〗利用上下文语境线索
上下文线索猜测词义
任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有关。利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析而推测词义，是阅读过程中的一大关键，也是高考的热点。
如：
If he thinks he can invite me out, he is all wet. I don’t like to be with him.
A. drunk B. sweating C. happy D. mistaken
根据I don’t like to be with him我们感受到说话人的语气。我不愿意跟他在一起，那么，他要邀请我出去是不可能的 他就大错特错了。因此答案D。
练习：
（1）A deaf and dump guy went into a hardware store to ask for some nails.
（2）The climate of the west coast is the most moderate in Canada, summers are cool and fairly dry and winters are mild, cloudy and wet. Even in mid-winter, the temperature is usually above freezing.
（3）All the houses in the city collapsed during the earthquake.
（4）For people who live within a stone’s throw from the office to be late to work is unforgivable.
（5）The conflagration was so fierce that with just a few second one could see towering flames where the house had stood and the smoke which filled the sky could be seen for miles and miles.
答案：（1）五金店（2）温和的（3）坍塌（4）一步之遥（5）大火灾
(6). Charlotte’s tale was inspired by the girls’ coin collection. “We’ve collected foreign coins for years-since our families went on holiday to Tenerife,” she explains. “That was before the Euro, so we put pesetas in.”
The underlined wore “pesetas” in Paragraph 2 is a kind of _______.
A. story B. collection C. inspiration D. foreign coin
分析：本题正确答案为D。由原文中的Euro（欧元，欧洲统一货币）可推知该词是一种在欧元发行前使用的钱币。
(7). In 1963 a schoolboy called Andrew Wiles reading in his school library came across the world’s greatest mathematical 17th century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecole Polytechnique.
Which of the following best explains the meaning of the word “baffle” as it is used in the text?
A. To encourage people to raise questions.
B. To cause difficulty in understanding.
C. To provide a person with an explanation.
D. To limit people’s imagination.
分析：本题正确答案为B。 从短文中对Fermat’s Last Theorem一书的介绍中有the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds一句，句中两个并列的谓语动词baffled 和beaten ,意义相同，加强语气，从beat的本意就可以猜测出baffled 为“使（某人）困惑，难倒”。
(8). Today when many tend to worry more about their own happiness, Houng’s deeds remind us of what we usually neglect: love and care for others. Without these, none of us could survive. Houng turned down donations from others. He said he felt encouraged by kind offers, but he could depend on his own work.
42. The underlined word “donation” in Paragraph 3 probably means ______.
A. invitation to give a speech B. something, especially given to help others
C. questions asked by interviewers D. chances to be a hero
分析：由本段可以看出：洪家里很穷，但他拒绝别人对他的“donation”，他说他很感谢人们好心的馈赠，但他能够靠打工的钱来养活自己和妹妹，由此可以判断出donation和后文的offer，是近义词，也是馈赠之意。因此选B。
〖第二招〗利用定义和解释性线索
根据定义或解释猜测词义
阅读文章中的有些生词尤其是新闻报导及科普类文章中的生词，往往在其后有对该词进行解释说明性的短语或句子，如to be, that is , mean, stand for, namely, to refer to, to mean ,in other words等，有时也以同位语、定语从句的形式出现，或用破折号、括号来表示。
1. 直接定义：如果生词是句子或段落所解释的定义，理解句子或段落本身就是推断词义。 如： In slang the term jam constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation.
根据上下文的定义可知jam一词在俚语中的意思是 “困境”。 定义句的谓语动词多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, refer to, be called, be known as, define, represent等。
2. 同位语：构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号、引号和括号等。需要注意的是：同位语前还常有or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, say, i．e. 等副词或短语出现。
3. 定语从句：定语从句有时起着解释和说明的作用，据此我们可以推断出所修饰词的含义。如： The herdsman,_who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.
定语从句中 looks after sheep 就表明了 herdsman 的词义为“牧羊人”。
(2010年四川师大附中高三模拟题)
You should never put a cotton swab or other object into the ear canal. But you can use a swab or cloth to clean the outer part of the ear. The experts agree with the old saying that you should never put anything smaller than your elbow in your ear.
(　　)What does a “swab” mostly probably mean?
A. something soft, small and used in clinics
B. something hard, long and used at home
C. something thin, wet and like an elbow
D. something safe, big and like a toy
【答案及解析】A　根据But you can use a swab or cloth to clean the outer part of the ear. 可判断or后面的名词cloth与swab是同位关系，据此可以判断swab是一种用来清洗耳朵等部位的棉制或布制的医药用品，即“棉签”。

如：
Some ships carried cargo such as coal, oil and military supplies(军用物资),while others carried only passengers.
分析：such as后所列举物品均为“货物”，由此推断cargo的意思相同，和后面的passengers形成对比。
练习
(1)Yet, shopkeepers may have to spend extra hours to deal with problems, such as shoplifter, who always take away things from the shop without paying for them.
（2）The best football, basketball and tennis players can become professional that means they will have a career in sports and will get money when they play.
（3）Kleptomania is an illness of the mind that gives a person the desire to steal.
（4）The word “lefty” means a person who uses his or her left hand for writing, eating and other jobs.
（5）Doctors recommended that everyone exercise every day, particular those who spend many hours doing sedentary activities like reading, typing or sewing.
（6）A person who has the SARS （非典型肺炎）may have symptoms like coughing and a high temperature.
（7）(2011·湖南卷C篇)
…The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephant and the African forest elephant have been distinct species for several million years. The divergence of the two species took place around the time of the divergence of Asian elephants and woolly mammoths. This result amazed all the scientists.
67. The underlined word “divergence” in paragraph 4 means “______”.
A. evolution B. exhibition C. separation D. examination
答案：(1)商店里偷东西的人（2）职业的（3）盗窃癖（4）左撇子“的”（5）久坐的（6）症状（7）思路点拨：C　文中divergence of the two species指代前文the African Savanna elephant and the African forest elephant have been distinct species, divergence与distinct同义替换，对应选项C。
(7)1. The elder learn to master the Internet and to overcome what Lansdale calls the maladies of the institutionalized: loneliness, helplessness, boredom, and lose of memory.
分析：根据句意，maladies of the institutionalized应和后面的解释意思相同，综合后面的内容可得知其意为：“（老年）综合症”。
(8). Some ships carried cargo such as coal, oil and military supplies (军用物资),while others carried only passengers.
分析：such as 后所列举物品均属“货物”，由此推断cargo的意思与之相同，和后句中的passengers形成对比。
(9). Scientists grow large quantities of common mould (霉菌)so that they can get penicillin from it in order to make antibiotics, that is , substances that kill germs.
分析：从that is 后的解释可看出antibiotics 是一种能杀死细菌的物质（抗生素）。
(10). Marine biology, the study of oceanic plants and animals and their relation, has furthered the efficient development of fisheries.
分析：从marine biology 后的同位语可知，marine biology是一门研究海洋动植物及其关系的学科。
(11). －Yet, shopkeepers may have to spend extra hours to deal with problems, such as shoplifter, who always take away things from the shop without paying for them.
分析：从后面的定语从句解释可看出，shoplifter为在“商店里偷东西的人”。
〖第三招〗利用因果关系
在句子或段落中，若两个事物、现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推知生词词义。如： Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.
根据原因状语从句的内容，我们可以推断出生词autocratic指“独断专行的”。

因果关系的语境，通常由because, so ,therefore, so that, so / such… that… 等连词体现。
1. Answer the following questions by using the information taken from a dictionary page.
jazz: 1. n. a type of music that originated in New Orleans and is characterized by rhythmic beats. 2. n. popular dance music influenced by jazz. 3. n. slang. Empty talk. 4. adj. of or like jazz; a jazz band, jazz records.
What does the word “jazz” mean in the following sentence?
Don’t give me that jazz, for I am a practical person.
A. Rhythmic beats. B. A type of music.
C. A kind of dance. D. Meaningless talk.
分析：本题正确答案为D。从后面的原因for I am a practical person可知，说话的人说自己是一个讲究实际的人，因此，他或她让对方不要说空话。
2. The biggest power failure happened yesterday. All of our ice cream and frozen foods melted.
分析：melted “溶化”。既然停电，必然造成冰激凌和冷冻食品的“溶化”。
3. He ran downstairs through the smoke-filled house to push and pull at Karen and Todd until they sat up. Then he helped each other out of the house to the safety of the garden. There, his sister and brother, taking short and quick breaths and coughing, collapsed on the lawn.
分析：collapsed“瘫倒”。经过一番艰难脱险之后，他们呼吸短促，咳嗽不断，最终“瘫倒”在草坪上。
〖第四招〗利用反义词或反义关系
有的文章作者为了增强表达效果，会用一对反义词揭示事物的不同点，形成鲜明的对比，这时只要把握其中的一词，就不难推出另一词的含义，这种句子多见unlike, although, but, yet, while, on the contrary, on the other hand, for one thing, for another, intead of, rather than等信息词。如： Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother, in contrast, is quite humble and modest.
该例中supercilious对许多人来说可能是个生词，但是句中短语in contrast(相对照的，相对比的)提示我们supercilious和后面词组humble and modest(谦卑又谦虚)是对比关系。分析出这种关系后，我们便能猜出supercilious意为“目空一切的，傲慢的”。
再如：
One idea about business is that it can be treated as a game of perfect information. Quite the reverse, business polite, life itself is games which we must normally play with very imperfect information.
A. Quite right. B. Time enough. C. Most unlike. D. Just the opposite.
分析：由前句中perfect information到后面imperfect information这一组对比关系的词，我们可以推断应为“对比、相反”的意思。如
1. Most of us agreed; however, Gary dissented.
2. He is homely, not at all as handsome as his brother.
答案 1。 不同意 2。 不英俊
3. “Unlike vitamin C, leadership skills can’t be easily swallowed down. They must be carefully cultivated.”
The underlined word “cultivated”(Paragraph 1) roughly means ________.
A. encouraged B. compared C. examined D. developed
分析：本题正确答案为D。 从上句的对比可知，领导能力不是swallowed down,而是慢慢培养的。
4． One idea about business is that it can be treated as a game of perfect information. Quite the reverse , business polite, life itself is games which we must normally play with very imperfect information.
Which of the following can be used in place of “quite the reverse”?
A. Quite right. B. Time enough. C. Most unlikely D. Just the opposite.
分析：由前句中perfect information到后imperfect information这一组对比关系的词，我们不难推断应表示“对比、相反”的意思，因此答案应选D。
5. Thousands of people got stuck in lifts. But no one panicked, We passed the time telling stories.
分析：被困在电梯中，应该是“慌张”，“不安”。But引出转折，“我们讲故事消磨时间”，因此panicked应为“慌张、惊恐”之意。
6. Unlike the Unite States where many different nationalities make up the population, Japan’s population is quite homogeneous.
分析：文unlike表明日本和美国在人口组成方面不同，由此可见，homogeneous与many different nationalities 意义相反，即of the same nationality,“单一民族的”。
〖第五招〗利用同义线索和同等关系
同义词替换可以为我们推测词义提供明显的语境线索。一些常见的引出同义词的标志性词语有similarly, like, just as, also, as well等。如： Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.
该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk与生词loquacious之间为类比关系。以此可以推断出loquacious词义为“健谈的”。同等关系是指一个词、一组词或短语在句中作同一成分，而且他们的词义属一范畴。只要我们认识其中一个或几个词或短语，即可确定同等关系中生词的词性，作用和大概意思。在句子或段落中，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境推断生词词义。如： Although he o