纳米微囊砂轮磨削工件表面自润滑层的形成.pdf
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1、wheel J.China Surface024,37(1):254-266.Citation format:GUANJiju,XU,YANGLanyu,etal.Formationofself-lubricatingg layer on workpiece surface ground by nano-encapsulated grindingZhengya.引用格式:关集俱,徐正亚,杨兰玉,等纳米微囊砂轮磨削工件表面自润滑层的形成 .中国表面工程,2 0 2 4,37(1):2 54-2 6 6.2024Feb.CHINASURFACHENGINEERING2024年2 月No.1Vol.
2、37国面中表第37 卷第1期程doi:10.11933/j.issn.1007-9289.20230214002纳米微囊砂轮磨削工件表面自润滑层的形成关集俱1徐正亚1杨兰玉1夏雨?许雪峰2(1.常熟理工学院机械工程学院苏州215500;2.浙江工业大学特种装备制造与先进加工技术教育部重点实验室杭州310014)摘要:在磨削时磨削液难以有效渗入磨削区域起冷却润滑作用。提出利用润滑剂油酸(OA)填充碳纳米管(CNTs)制备CNTsOA纳米微囊,并以其为填充剂制备树脂砂轮,磨削时随着纳米微囊的破裂,油酸可释放到磨削区形成自润滑层起润滑作用,从而提高砂轮的磨削性能。首先,制备纳米微囊并对其进行表征,分
3、析微囊在砂轮中的存在形式,考察微囊的填充对其力学性能的影响;其次,研究砂轮磨削GCr15钢时纳米微囊的含量和磨削速度对磨削力、磨削温度、磨削比和表面粗糙度的影响,分析磨削过程中纳米微囊释放润滑剂油酸并产生自润滑作用的机制。结果表明,纳米微囊具有较好的热稳定性,能够抵抗树脂砂轮的固化温度并保护其中的油酸,当微囊的填充量小于16%时,砂轮的力学性能可以满足使用需求。与普通砂轮比,纳米微囊砂轮磨削时的磨削力可减小40%,磨削温度降低45%,工件表面粗糙度减少15%,磨削比可提高30%。磨削过程中,砂轮中的纳米微囊可将其空腔中的润滑剂油酸不断被释放到磨削界面上形成自润滑层,使砂轮具有了较好的自润滑作用
4、,从而提高了其磨削性能。研究成果可为解决磨削过程的润滑问题提供一种可行的技术路线。关键词:碳纳米管;油酸;纳米微囊;砂轮;自润滑;磨削性能中图分类号:TH162Formation of Self-lubricating Layer on Workpiece Surface Ground byNano-encapsulated Grinding WheelGUAN Jiju XU ZhengyaYANG LanyuIXIA Yu2XU Xuefeng2(1.College of Mechanical Engineering,Changshu Institute of Technology,Soo
5、chow 215500,China;2.Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Manufacturing Technology ofMinistry of Education,Zhejiang University of Technology,Hangzhou 310014,China)Abstract:Among the many machining methods available,grinding is one of the most important and is primarily used for th
6、e finalprocessing of different machine parts.The grinding wheel rotates at a high speed,which creates an airflow barrier around the grindingarea,preventing the grinding fluid from effectively cooling and lubricating the area during grinding.This leads to grinding burns andother surface quality probl
7、ems of the workpiece and affects machining efficiency.To address this problem,this study proposes fillingthe cavity of carbon nanotubes(CNTs)with an oleic acid(OA)lubricant,which is used as a filler in resin-bonded grinding wheels.Using this nano-capsule as a filler could help improve the strength o
8、f the grinding wheel owing to the high strength and thermalstability of the CNTs.The most important benefit of this method is the release of oleic acid into the grinding area when thenano-capsules rupture,and the self-lubricating layer formed can directly lubricate the grinding area,thereby improvin
9、g theperformance of the grinding wheel.First,nano-capsules are prepared by widely used wet chemical methods and then characterized byThermogravimetric Analysis(TG),Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy(FTIR),and Transmission Electron Microscopy(TEM)基金项目:国家自然科学基金(518 0 5345,52 2 7 546 8)。Fund:Natio
10、nal Natural Science Foundation of China(51805345,52275468).收稿日期:2 0 2 3-0 2-14;修改日期:2 0 2 3-0 5-2 5;接受日期:2 0 2 3-0 9-0 6;上线日期:2 0 2 3-12-15。Received February 14,2023;Revised May 25,2023;Accepted in revised form September 9,2023;Available online December 15,2023.255关集俱,等:纳米微囊砂轮磨削工自润滑层的形成第1期to evaluat
11、e the material stability,surface functional groups,and morphology.In addition,we evaluate the presence of nano-capsules inthe grinding wheel and the effect of the nano-capsule filling on the tensile strength and hardness of the grinding wheel.Finally,theeffects of the nano-capsule content and grindi
12、ng speed on the grinding force,grinding temperature,grinding ratio,and workpiecesurface roughness during the grinding of GCr15 steel are studied.The release of OA in the grinding wheel during the grinding processis studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)a
13、nalysis of the workpiece surface,basedon which the formation mechanism of the self-lubricating film is further clarified.A mechanism for the lubrication effect of theself-lubricating film is also proposed.The nano-capsules were successfully prepared by wet chemical methods;they were found tohave a f
14、lling rate of approximately 20%and were thermally stable.During the curing process,the nano-capsules could resist thecuring temperature of the resin and effectively protect the oleic acid.According to the tensile test,the nano-capsules increased thestrength of the grinding wheel by approximately 25%
15、when the filling amount was approximately 8%.Further filling of thenano-capsules reduced the tensile strength of the grinding wheel,and the hardness of the grinding wheel continued to decrease with anincrease in the nano-capsule content.Moreover,the mechanical properties of the grinding wheel satisf
16、ied the requirements of itsintended use when the nano-capsule filling content was less than 16%.Compared with ordinary resin grinding wheels,the grindingforce of the nano-capsule filled grinding wheels can be reduced by 40%,the grinding temperature can be reduced by 45%,the surfaceroughness value ca
17、n be reduced by 15%,and the grinding ratio can be increased by 30%.The nano-capsules embedded in the grindingwheel continuously released OA within its cavity onto the grinding interface during the surface grinding process,forming a compositeself-lubricating layer.Because of this lubricating layer,th
18、e grinding wheel achieved better lubrication performance,which in turn improvesthe grinding performance of the wheel.The research presented in this paper provides a viable technical solution for grinding lubricationproblems,which is beneficial for improving the grinding efficiency and surface qualit
19、y of workpieces.The grinding wheel developed in thisstudy has significant potential for application in green machining conditions where a large amount of grinding fluid is not allowed.Keywords:carbon nanotubes;oleic acid;nano-capsules;grinding wheel;self-lubricating;grinding performance0前言磨削通常是各类精密零
20、件的终加工工艺。磨削时,砂轮高速旋转在磨削区形成气流屏障,阻挡了磨削液的有效渗入,使得磨削区得不到有效的冷却润滑,从而导致工件出现各种表面质量问题。为解决此问题,目前除了采用高压喷射法、空气挡板辅助截断气流法-3 等手段强化磨削区供液外,也有学者开发自润滑型砂轮,使砂轮在磨削过程中自主释放润滑剂,达到增强润滑的效果。例如:日本学者SHAJI 等 4 以石墨为填充剂制备了一种树脂砂轮,磨削过程中石墨被释放到磨削区起到良好的润滑作用。李伟、滕霖等 5-6 开发的浸渗砂轮将液体润滑剂、固体润滑剂等渗入磨具气孔中,使其加工时在磨粒表面形成润滑膜,但液体润滑剂易堵塞磨具气孔,且在较高的磨削温度作用下易被
21、融化、甩出,影响其润滑性,因此砂轮浸渗技术不能将润滑剂较好的保存在磨具中,如将润滑剂直接作为填充剂与磨具一起固化,则润滑剂可能会在固化过程中失效。日本学者山口崇等 7 将含有润滑剂的微型微囊(52 0 m)固化到砂轮内部,如图1所示。该砂轮在磨削时伴随着胶囊的破损,润滑剂可直接进入磨削区起润滑作用,但微米级微囊的尺寸较大,砂轮高速旋转时微囊内的润滑剂被甩出,导致后续磨削仍得不到充分润滑。许雪峰等 8 提出以纳米级的-环糊精液体润滑剂的分子胶囊为填料制备一种自润滑树脂砂轮,磨削过程中胶囊破裂,可均匀释放出润滑剂发挥作用,但这种胶囊的填充对磨具强度影响大,砂轮高速旋转时存在破裂风险。Abrasiv
22、esResinMicrocapsules图1内部固结微型微囊的磨具Fig.1Abrasive tool with internallyconsolidated microcapsules256面中表2024年国程为了解决上述浸渗砂轮和微囊砂轮存在的问题,本文提出将各种润滑剂填充进碳纳米管(CNTs)的空腔内制备纳米微囊,并以微囊为填料研制一种具有自润滑性能的纳米微囊砂轮。这种纳米微囊砂轮的优点在于:一方面,磨削过程中纳米微囊可更均匀释放出润滑剂发挥润滑作用,另一方面,纳米微囊可以增强砂轮的强度使其达到更高的磨削速度。CNTs是片状石墨卷曲而成的纳米管,其两端为半球形的富勒烯“端盖”,内部则是中
23、空结构 9。CNTs具有较好的导热性能、力学性能和润滑性能,可在摩擦区域发挥类似“微轴承”的润滑作用10-1。CNTs内腔的直径为10 50 nm,在合适条件下,其他客体分子可以被填入CNTs内腔中,从而形成一种纳米微囊,以改善CNTs本身的摩擦性能、电磁性能等 12 。本文以所制备的CNTsOA 纳米微囊为树脂砂轮的填料,研究这种砂轮磨削GCr15时的自润滑性能,分析了磨削时纳米微囊释放OA的并产生自润滑作用的机制,为这种新型砂轮在磨削各种精密零部件加工中的应用奠定了理论基础。1试验部分1.1砂轮制备及性能多壁碳纳米管由上海阿拉丁公司提供,纯度95.5%、空腔内径约15nm,油酸(分子式C1
24、8H34O2,分析纯)购自国药集团化学试剂公司。市售CNTs的长径比大,且端口封闭,不利于填充,需先对CNTs进行酸化、短化处理 13。酸处理时,将50 g的CNTs投入1.5mL的40%的浓硝酸中,将混合物装入三口烧瓶后,在8 0 下加热回流8 h,同时施加磁力搅拌,转速为50 0 r/min;对混合物进行真空抽滤,所得滤饼在8 5下烘干后球磨10 h,得预处理CNTs。制备纳米微囊时,先将2 0 g的油酸溶解到1.0mL的酒精中,再投入40 g预处理的CNTs,将二者充分混合后装在球形瓶中抽真空至-0.2 MPa,在7 0 的温度下将混合物超声振动5h,超声结束后再对混合物进行抽滤,抽滤时
25、用酒精反复清洗滤饼以清洗尚未被填充的油酸分子。最后,将滤饼置于烘箱中,在8 0 温度下烘干8 h,并经过超微球磨粉碎后制得CNTsOA纳米微囊。利用FEITECNAIG20透射电镜(TEM)观测样品结构,观测时加速电压2 0 0 kV,利用STA449热分析仪对CNTs和纳米微囊进行热重分析,温升范围2 0 800,温升速率2 0 /min。制备微囊砂轮时,先将质量分数为15%的酚醛树脂粉、0 2 0%的普通CNTs或微囊、8 5%6 5%的2 2 0#白刚玉按比例机械搅拌均匀(填料质量分数按2%递增,配方见表1)后放入球磨机中球磨6 h,搅拌时添加适量糠醇作为润湿剂;再将原料分别装入八字型腔
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