大学毕业论文-—从奈达的等值理论看商务英语词典的翻译.doc

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上海海事大学
SHANGHAI MARITIME UNIVERSITY
硕士学位论文
MASTER DISSERTATION

论文题目： 从奈达的等值理论看商务英语词典的翻译
学位专业： 外国语言学及应用语言学

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2、论文的观念是否有新意？设计是否有创意？
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3、论文（设计说明书）所体现的整体水平
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2、是否完成指定的论文（设计）任务（包括装订及附件）？
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二、论文（设计）水平
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2、论文的观念是否有新意？设计是否有创意？
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3、论文（设计说明书）所体现的整体水平
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2、是否完成指定的论文（设计）任务（包括装订及附件）？
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2、论文的观念是否有新意？设计是否有创意？
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On Translation of Business English Dictionaries from Perspective of Nida’s Theory of Equivalence

By
Wang Minglong
Under the Supervision of
Professor Weng Fengxiang

A Thesis Submitted to the College of Foreign Language of
Shanghai Maritime University
in Partial Fulfillment of
the Requirements for the MA Degree

Shanghai Maritime University
May, 2009

论文独创性声明

本论文是我个人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。论文中除了特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，不包含其他人或其他机构已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。其他同志对本研究的启发和所做出的贡献均已在论文中作了明确的声明并表示了谢意。

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3

摘 要
英汉、汉英贸易词典属于专业双语词典，旨在满足读者在对外经贸活动中语言与知识方面的需求。随着世界经济一体化进程的不断加快和我国“入世”，中外读者对于作为世界贸易活动中的工作语言英语和汉语的双语辞书—英汉、汉英贸易词典的需求日益迫切，对其翻译质量的要求也不断提高。
一本优秀的商务词典不仅仅要有准确的释义和一定的例证，它一定也是一部商务英语翻译的典范，能为潜在的读者提供足够的商务英语信息，帮助他们准确无误地掌握商务词汇的意义，适时传达词汇的语用信息，语法信息，从而有利于读者使之恰当地运用于商务活动之中。对双语词典的翻译的研究由来已久，可目前对英汉商务英语词典的研究可谓凤毛麟角。首先，不少学者认为，英汉商务英语词典隶属双语词典，与双语词典的翻译研究相比其本身不具备研究价值，也就是说如果对双语词典的翻译研究有突破，那么商务英语双语词典的翻译问题也就迎刃而解了。由此可以看出学者们对英汉商务英语双解词典翻译的重视程度不够。其二，商务英语词典的翻译也可以划到商务英语翻译之中，因此有些学者认为对商务英语翻译的研究也就包含了对商务英语词典翻译的研究。殊不知商务英语词典的翻译恰恰是商务英语翻译与词典翻译相结合的产物，对其翻译的研究需要两者紧密有机地结合，这样才能体现出商务英语词典翻译的特色，同时也能为读者带来实惠。因此我们可以说目前对英汉商务英语词典的翻译研究还处于起步阶段，英汉商务英语词典翻译中出现的新问题还亟待探讨和解决。针对目前英汉商务英语词典翻译中存在的问题，本人在对商务英语翻译研究和词典翻译研究的基础之上，结合商务英语翻译的特点和词典翻译的特殊性，以及目前已出版的各类英汉商务英语词典的研究，提出自己对英汉商务英语词典翻译的一些观点，希望能对今后英汉商务英语词典翻译工作起到一定的帮助。
本文共四个部分。第一部分主要回顾了词典翻译和商务英语翻译研究的发展状况，同时讨论了奈达的等值理论在词典翻译中的作用。第二部分主要研究了商务英语词典的翻译，重点讨论了词典翻译与文学翻译的异同。第三部分主要分析了商务英语翻译的特点以及等值理论在商务英语翻译的体现。第四部分主要讨论了等值理论在商务英语词典翻译中的应用，并探讨了商务英语词典翻译的方法、标准等。
本文的创新点：第一，结合现已出版的商务英语词典中具体翻译实例论证了商务英语词典翻译的原则方法。第二，实现了商务英语翻译与词典翻译以及等值翻译理论的有机结合。第三，突出了商务英语词典的翻译与一般语文双语词典翻译的差异。
关键词：商务英语， 双语词典， 等值， 翻译

Abstract
English-Chinese dictionary, which belongs to the category of professional bilingual dictionary, is designed to meet the needs of readers in business world in aspects of both language and business knowledge. With China’s entry into the WTO and the accelerating rate of integration of the world’s economy, Chinese readers in the world’s trading activities have a pressing demand for the English-Chinese bilingual business dictionary, and the request for improving translation quality is also rising.
An excellent English-Chinese bilingual dictionary must not only provide an accurate definition and illustration but also serve as an example of translation. It should help readers to grasp the meaning of business words and to convey the pragmatic and grammatical information contained in these words so as to facilitate the proper use of the words in business activities. Study of the translation of dictionaries has been for so long, but there has been little time devoted to the study of the translation of BE dictionaries. Many scholars think that English-Chinese business dictionaries are part of bilingual dictionaries and there is little value to do such a research compared with that of a bilingual dictionary. Namely, if a breakthrough is made in the research of a bilingual dictionary, the problems concerning the translation of a BE dictionary can be readily solved. Thus it can be seen that scholars have not attached due importance to the translation of a BE dictionary. The second reason for this negligence is that the translation of a BE dictionary can be put under the category of the translation of BE. Therefore, some scholars take it for granted that the study of the translation of BE covers all the research area of the translation of BE dictionaries regardless of the fact that the translation of BE dictionaries is the product of the combination of the study of the translation of BE and that of the translation of dictionaries. Consequently, it is self-evident that only by integrating the study of the translation of BE with that of the translation of dictionaries can the characteristics of the translation of BE dictionaries be represented and tangible benefits be brought to readers. So it can be safely concluded that the study of the translation of BE dictionaries has so far been at its initial stage and many new problems regarding the translation of BE dictionaries have remained to be solved immediately. In view of the current problems in the translation of BE dictionaries and the particularities of the translation of BE and dictionaries, and based on the research I have made , some suggestions concerning the issue are put forward for the purpose of rendering some help to solution to these problems.
This thesis mainly falls into four parts: First, an overall review of the status quo of the research in the field of the translation of BE and that of dictionaries, and at the same time, Nida’s theory of Equivalence is introduced and some discussions about its role in the translation of a dictionary are carried out. Second, the research into the translation of dictionaries is initiated, focusing on the similarities and differences between the translation of dictionaries and that of literature. Next, a detailed analysis of the distinguishing features of the translation of BE is made and the embodiment of the theory of Equivalence in the translation of BE is discussed. In the last part, the most important part of this thesis, a discussion about the application of the theory of Equivalence to the translation of BE dictionaries is carried out and the means and criteria for doing the translation of BE dictionaries are investigated.
Innovations about this thesis: First, it demonstrates the principles and means governing the translation of BE dictionaries by means of incorporating the real examples from the currently published BE dictionaries into the thesis. Second, it approaches a realization of the integration of the translation of BE with that of dictionaries. Third, it highlights the differences and similarities between the translations of BE dictionaries and that of an ordinary philological dictionary.

Key words: Business English, Bilingual dictionary, Equivalence, Translation

Acknowledgements
In the first place, I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to all who have helped me out of the predicaments I once bogged down in when I commenced the writing of this thesis. Without these helps, it would be impossible for me to proceed to finish this seemingly formidable task at one stroke.
Also, I feel much indebted to my supervisor---Prof.Weng Fengxiang, for his unremitting instructions and pertinent remarks I received during the past two years, which proves to be of much help to finalize this thesis, and for his encouragement, which makes this almost impossible task possible.
My thanks also go to my classmates, whose witty remarks sometimes sparkle my thought and open my horizon. Their kind and timely help surely makes this thesis better than it would have been.
I also want to give my sincere gratitude to all the teachers in these two years of my postgraduate study. This thesis is no doubt an accumulation of knowledge I have learned from the courses and their lectures of course inspired me a lot in ways of thinking.
Finally, I would like to mention my family, who unswervingly help me through all the difficulties in my life and consequently leave me enough time to engage in this thesis.

Contents
摘 要 I
Abstract III
Acknowledgements V
Contents VI
Introduction 1
Chapter One Introduction 4
1.1 Definitions of Equivalence 4
1.2 Development of Equivalence And Its Relations with Tranlation of a BE Dictionary 5
1.3 Status Quo of the Translation of BE Bilingual Dictionaries 10
1.3.1 Development of the Translation of Bilingual Dictionaries 10
1.3.1.1 Development of the Compilation of Bilingual Dictionaries 10
1.3.1.2 Development of Chinese Bilingual Dictionaries 12
1.3.2 Development of BE Translation 15
1.3.3 The Status Quo of Translation of BE Dictionaries 17
Chapter Two Translation of General E-C Bilingual Dictionaries 21
2.1 Features of E-C Bilingual Dictionaries 21
2.1.1 Development of Bilingual Dictionaries 21
2.1.2 Bilingual Dictionaries vs. Monolingual Dictionaries 22
2.1.3 Characteristics of Bilingual Dictionaries 23
2.1.4 Special Features of Translation of Bilingual Dictionaries (BD) 24
2.2 BD Translation and Literature Translation 25
2.3 The Equivalence Principle in Dictionary Translation 30
2.3.1 Equivalence in Function 31
2.3.2 Equivalence in Semantics 32
2.3.3 Equivalence in Form 33
2.3.4 Equivalence in Pragmatic Approach 35
2.3.5 Equivalence in Markedness 37
2.3.6 Equivalence in Rhetoric 38
2.3.7 Equivalence in Cultural Information 38
2.3.8 Equivalence in Effect 39
Chapter Three BE Translation 42
3.1 Characteristics of Business English 42
3.1.1 The Relatively Fixed Pattern 42
3.1.2 Conciseness 43
3.1.3The Complex Structure of Sentence 44
3.1.4 The Lexical Features of Business English 45
3.1.5 Sense of Purpose 48
3.1.6 Social Aspects 48
3.1.7 Clear Communication 49
3.2 Application of Equivalence Theory to BE Translation 49
3.2.1 Basic Criteria for BE Translation 49
3.2.2 Equivalence in Meaning in Business English Translation 52
3.2.2.1 Equivalence at Lexical Level 52
3.2.2.2 Equivalence at Syntactic Level 54
3.2.2.3 Equivalence at Discourse Level 56
3.2.3 Equivalence in Style 58
3.2.3.1 At the Word Level 58
3.2.3.2 At Syntactic Level 58
3.2.3.3 At Discourse Level 60
3.3 Suggested Principles for BE Translation 62
3.3.1 Accuracy 62
3.3.2 Professionalism 65
3.3.3 Conventionalization 67
Chapter Four Translation of BE Dictionaries 69
4.1 Features of E-C Dictionaries of BE 69
4.1.1 Headwords 69
4.1.2 Examples 71
4.1.3 Users and Compilers 72
4.1.4 Publication 72
4.2 Suggested Criteria for the Translation of E-C Business Dictionaries 73
4.2.1 Principle of Accuracy 74
4.2.2 Principle of normativeness and idiomaticity 76
4.2.3 Fidelity 76
4.2.4 Readability 78
4.2.6 Practicability 79
4.3 Application of Equivalence Theory to the Translation of BE Dictionaries 79
4.3.1 Equivalence in the Translation of Headwords 80
4.3.1.1 Types of Equivalents in the Translation of Headwords in E-C Business Dictionaries 80
4.3.1.2 Comparison between Translational & Explanatory Equivalents 84
4.3.1.3 Equivalence in the Translation of Culture-loaded Words 86
4.3.1.4 Equivalence in the Translation of New Words 90
4.3.1.4.1 The Formation of New Words 91
4.3.1.5.2 Translation of New words 93
4.3.2 Equivalence in the Translation of Illustrative Examples 95
4.3.2.1 Equivalence from the Aspects of Semantics 95
4.3.2.2 Equivalence from Aspects of Grammar 97
4.3.2.3 Equivalence from Aspects of Sentence Structure 98
4.4 Methods of Providing Equivalents 99
4.4.1 Translational Defining Method 99
4.4.2 Explanatory Defining Method 100
Conclusion 103
Bibliography 105

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Introduction
The emergency of business English is both the outcome of social development and the English language itself. In the age of Knowledge Economy of the 21st century, business English has shown its overwhelming importance. It has been widely used in the international communication. For Chinese businessmen, English is not their mother tongue and the need to do translation is conspicuous when they do business with their counterparts who come from English-speaking countries.
In China’s academic circles, more and more scholars have devoted much time to looking into translation, intending to establish a discipline called Translatology. Yet, their focuses are always directed at the translation of literature, which has been an indisputable fact over many decades. Nevertheless, with the deepening of globalization of world economy, the translation of business English has become necessary a