杏鲍菇工厂化生产可行性研究报告.doc

thing about it, however, is that it can land anywhere: on snow, water, or even on a ploughed field. Captain Fawcett's first passenger was a doctor who flew from Birmingham to a lonely village in the Welsh mountains. Since then, Captain Fawcett has flown passengers to many unusual places. Once he landed on the roof of a block of flats and on another occasion, he landed in a deserted car park. Captain Fawcett has just refused a strange request from a businessman. The man wanted to fly to Rockall, a lonely island in the Atlantic Ocean, but Captain Fawcett did not take him because the trip was too dangerous.   Lesson30  Football or polo? 足球还是水球？ The Wayle is a small river that cuts across the park near my home. I like sitting by the Wayle on fine afternoons. It was warm last Sunday, so I went and sat on the river bank as usual. Some children were playing games on the bank and there were some people rowing on the river. Suddenly, one of the children kicked a ball very hard and it went towards a passing boat. Some people on the bank called out to the man in the boat, but he did not hear them. The ball struck him so hard that he nearly fell into the water. I turned to look at the children, but there weren't any in sight: they had all run away! The man laughed when he realized what had happened. He called out to the children and threw the ball back to the bank.    Lesson31 Success story 成功者的故事 Yesterday afternoon Frank Hawkins was telling me about his experiences as a young man. Frank is now the head of a very large business company, but as a boy he used to work in a small shop. It was his job to repair bicycles and at that time he used to work fourteen hours a day. He saved money for years and in 1938 he bought a small work-shop of his own. During the war Frank used to make spare parts for aeroplanes. At that time he had two helpers. By the end of the war, the small work-shop had become a large factory which employed seven hundred and twenty-eight people. Frank smiled when he remembered his hard early years and the long road to success. He was still smiling when the door opened and his wife came in. She wanted him to repair their son's bicycle!    Lesson32 Shopping made easy 购物变得很方便 People are not so honest as they once were. The temptation to steal is greater than ever before--especially in large shops. A detective recently watched a well-dressed woman who always went into a large store on Monday mornings. One Monday, there were fewer people in the shop than usual when the woman came in, so it was easier for the detective to watch her. The woman first bought a few small articles. After a little time, she chose one of the most expensive dresses in the shop and handed it to an assistant who wrapped it up for her as quickly as possible. Then the woman simply took the parcel and walked out of the shop without paying. When she was arrested, the detective found out that the shop-assistant was her daughter. The girl' gave' her mother a free dress once a week !   lesson33 Out of the darkness 冲出黑暗 Nearly a week passed before the girl was able to explain what had happened to her. One afternoon she set out from the coast in a small boat and was caught in a storm. Towards evening, the boat struck a rock and the girl jumped into the sea. Then she swam to the shore after spending the whole night in the water. During that time she covered a distance of eight miles. Early next morning, she saw a light ahead. She knew she was near the shore because the light was high up on the cliffs. On arriving at the shore, the girl struggled up the cliff towards the light she had seen. That was all she remembered. When she woke up a day later, she found herself in hospital.   Lesson34 Quick work 破案“神速” Ted Robinson has been worried all the week. Last Tuesday he received a letter  from the local police. In the letter he was asked to call at the station. Ted wondered  why he was wanted by the police, but he went to the station yesterday and now he is not worried any more. At the station, he was told by a smiling policeman that his bicycle had been found. Five days ago, the policeman told him, the bicycle was picked up in a small village four hundred miles away. It is now being sent to his home by train. Ted was most surprised when he heard the news. He was  amused too, because he never expected the bicycle to be found. It was stolen twenty years ago when Ted was a boy of fifteen !   Lesson35  Stop thief! 捉贼！ Rov Trenton used to drive a taxi. A short while ago, however, he became a bus-driver and he was not regretted it. He is finding his new work far more exciting. When he was driving along Catford Street recently, he saw two thieves rush out of a shop and run towards a waiting car. One of them was carrying a bag full of money. Roy acted quickly and drove the bus straight at the thieves. The one with the money got such a fright that he dropped the bag. As the thieves were trying to get away in their car, Roy drove his bus into the back of it. While the battered car was moving away, Roy stopped his bus and telephoned the police. The thieves' car was badly damaged and easy to recognize. Shortly afterwards, the police stopped the car and both men were arrested.    Lesson36 Across the Channel 横渡海峡 Erna Hart is going to swim across the English Channel tomorrow. She is going to set out from the French coast at five o'clock in the morning. Erna is only fourteen years old and she hopes lo set up a new world record. She is a strong swimmer and many people feel that she is sure to succeed. Erna's father will set out with her in a small boat. Mr Hart has trained his daughter for years. Tomorrow he will be watching her anxiously as she swims the long distance to England. Erna intends to take short rests every two hours. She will have something to drink but she will not eat any solid food. Most of Erna's school friends will be waiting for her on the English coast. Among them will be Erna's mother, who swam the Channel herself when she was a girl.   Lesson37 The Olympic Games 奥林匹克运动会 The Olympic Games will be held in our country in four years' time. As a great many people will be visiting the country, the government will be building new hotels, an immense stadium, and a fine new swimming pool. 'They will also be building new roads and a special railway-line. The Games will be held just outside the capital and the whole area will be called 'Olympic City'. Workers will have completed the new roads by the end of this year. By the end of next year, they will have finished work on the new stadium. The fine modern buildings have been designed by Kurt Gunter. Everybody will be watching anxiously as the new buildings go up. We are all very excited and are looking forward to the Olympic Games because they have never been held before in this country.   Lesson38 Everything except the weather 惟独没有考虑到天气 My old friend, Harrison, had lived in the Mediterranean for many years before he returned to England. He had often dreamed of retiring in England and had planned to settle down in the country. He had no sooner returned than he bought a fine house and went to live there. Almost immediately he began to complain about the weather, for even though it was still summer, it rained continually and it was often bitterly cold. After so many years of sunshine, Harrison got a shock. He acted as if he had never lived in England before. In the end, it was more than he could bear. He had hardly had time to settle down when he sold the house and left the country. The dream he had had for so many years ended there. Harrison had thought of everything except the weather.   Lesson39 Am I all right? 我是否痊愈？ While John Gilbert was in hospital, he asked his doctor to tell him whether his operation had been successful, but the doctor refused to do so. The following day, the patient asked for a bedside   telephone. When he was alone, he telephoned the hospital exchange and asked for Doctor Millington. When the doctor answered the phone, Mr Gilbert said he was inquiring about a certain patient, a Mr John Gilbert. He asked if Mr Gilbert's operation had been successful and the doctor told him that it had been. He then asked when Mr Gilbert would be allowed to go home and the doctor told him that he would have to stay in hospital for another two weeks. Then Dr Millington asked the caller if he was a relative of the patient.' No,' the patient answered,' I am Mr John Gilbert.'      Lesson40 Food and talk 进餐与交谈 Last week at a dinner-party, the hostess asked me to sit next to Mrs Rumbold. Mrs Rumbold was a large, unsmiling lady in a tight black dress. She did not even look up when I took my seat beside her. Her eyes were fixed on her plate and in a short time, she was busy eating. I tried to make conversation.   ' A new play is coming to" The Globe" soon,' I said. 'Will you be seeing it ?' ' No,' she answered. 'Will you be spending your holidays abroad this year ?' I asked. ' No,' she answered. ' Will you be staying in England?' I asked. ' No,' she answered.   In despair, I asked her whether she was enjoying her dinner.  ' Young man,' she answered,' if you ate more and talked less, we would both enjoy our dinner !'    lesson41 Do you call that a hat? 你把那个叫帽子吗？ 'Do you call that a hat ?' I said to my wife. 'You needn't be so rude about it,' my wife answered as she looked at herself in the mirror. I sat down on one of those modern chairs with holes in it and waited. We had been in the hat shop for half an hour and my wife was still in front of the mirror. ' We mustn't buy things we don't need,' I remarked suddenly. I regretted saying it almost at once. 'You needn't have said that,' my wife answered.' I need not remind you of that terrible tie you bought yesterday.'  ' I find it beautiful,' I said. 'A man can never have too into the cave hoping to find buried treasure. The leader of the party was examining the soil near the entrance to the cave when the machine showed that there was gold under the ground. Very excited, the party dug a hole two feet deep. They finally found a small gold coin which was almost worthless. The party then searched the whole cave thoroughly but did not find anything except an empty tin trunk. In spite of this, many people are confident that 'The Revealer' may reveal something of value fairly soon.   Lesson56 Faster than sound! 比声音还快！ Once a year a race is held for old cars. A lot of cars entered for this race last year and there was a great deal of excitement just before it began. One of the most handsome cars was a Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost. The most unusual car was a Benz which had only three wheels. Built in 1885, it was the oldest car taking part. After a great many loud explosions, the race began. Many of the cars broke down on the course and some drivers spent more time under their cars than in them ! A few cars, however, completed the race. The winning car reached a speed of forty miles an hour--much faster than any of its rivals. It sped downhill at the end of the race and its driver had a lot of trouble trying to stop it. The race gave everyone a great deal of pleasure. It was very different from modern car races but no less exciting.    Lesson57 Can I help you, madam? 你要买什么，夫人？ A woman in blue jeans stood at the window of an expensive shop. Though she hesitated for a moment, she finally went in and asked to see a dress that was in the window. The assistant who served her did not like the way she was dressed. Glancing at
杏鲍菇半工厂化生产可行性研究
一、食用菌及杏鲍菇概述
随着人们对食用菌认识的不断深入，未来食用菌在人们饮食中所占的比例将不断上升联合国粮农组织对合理膳食的最新解释就是："一荤、一素、一菇"。这里的一菇就是指的各类食用菌，以往提到食用菌便会想到平菇,香菇,黑木耳等传统食用菌,此类传统食用菌普遍被各类消费者所接受,且生产技术成熟,是食用菌生产的主体；但近年来杏鲍菇,白灵菇,真姬菇等各类珍稀食用菌的生产规模不断扩大,技术也日趋成熟,在各大中城市也逐渐被一些高端消费群体所接受，相信假以时日随着人们对珍稀菇菌认识的深入，各类珍稀食用菌必将凭借其在口感、营养、保健、商品性等各方面的优势,取代传统食用菌的地位成为食用菌市场的消费主流。
杏鲍菇是近年来兴起的一种大型优质的珍稀食用菌其菌柄和菌盖质地脆嫩，肉质肥厚味道鲜美，且具有独特的杏仁香味，素有"平菇之王"的美誉。杏鲍菇与其他一般品种的平菇、香菇、鸡腿菇等的区别是：组织紧密、富有弹性、采摘后保存的时间较一般菇要长。杏鲍菇肉质肥嫩适合炒、烧、烩、炖、做汤及火锅用料，亦适宜西餐。即使做凉拌菜，口感都非常好，加工后口感脆、韧，呈白至奶黄色，外观好。此外杏鲍菇的营养非常丰富，它是一种高蛋白，低脂肪的营养保健食品。含有18种氨基酸，其中8种是人体必需氨基酸且都是L-型，易被人体吸收利用，它可与肉类、禽蛋相匹美。中医认为，杏鲍菇有益气、杀虫和美容作用，可促进人体对脂类物质的消化吸收和胆固醇的溶解，对肿瘤也有一定的预防和抑制作用。它还含有利尿，健脾胃、助消化的酶类，具有强身、滋补、增强免疫力的功能。另外杏鲍菇的寡糖含量丰富，有整理肠胃及美容的效果。是老年人和心血管疾病与肥胖症患者理想的营养保健食品。因此杏鲍菇是一种极具开发潜力的优质食用菌，在国际市场上销路也十分看好，尤其在日本杏鲍菇尤其受欢迎。
二、杏鲍菇生产方式的分析
珍稀食用菌的生产在我国还属于新兴产业,总的来说技术不是十分成熟,生产还很不规范;以传统方式生产珍稀菇菌具有许多局限性,首先在生产方面珍稀菇菌由于其本身的特性决定了其对生产主体的技术要求较高,而在我国传统食用菌生产多一家一户的分散经营为主,各个生产单位的生产条件不同,对技术的掌握程度也不同,再加上引种的不规范这就决定了产品的品质的参差不齐,很难形成统一的标准,在很大程度上制约了珍稀菇菌产业的发展.其次在销售环节,由于珍稀菇菌的生产成本较高因此价格普遍偏高,这就决定了珍稀菇菌的消费群体是收入较高的的人群,这类人群的消费行为在国内主要集中在超市和中高档酒店等场所,由于这些场所对产品的商品性(外观)、包装、交货方式、供货的数量及连续性等都有较高要求,分散的生产者很难达到其要求的标准,也难以根据其要求制定营销策略因此分散的生产者只能选择利润较低的农贸市场作为目标市场,且有相当的利润被中间环节所占，因此分散生产利润较低且风险较大很难在短时间发展起来,此外珍稀菇菌大多是中温菇菌(子实体发生温度10-20摄氏度)因此生产的季节性和市场需求的连续性之间的矛盾也在很大程度上制约了珍稀菇菌产业的发展.近年来由于农户分散生产的局限性,许多有实力的公司和个人在许多地方搞起了"公司+农户"的经营模式投入的资金和生产规模都很大,但令人遗憾的是真正搞成功的并不是很多纠其原因很可能出在两个方面;其一是技术和管理,大规模的珍稀菇菌生产对管理和技术的要求要比一家一户的分散生产的对技术和管理的要求高的多,任何一个生产和管理环节的疏漏都会造成难以预计的损失,因此技术管理人员的素质和经验是至关重要的因素,其二 在于基础设施,很多有实力的公司和个人都犯了急功近利的毛病,只要求快速收回投资很快见效益却忽略了基础设施的建设,基础设施越差那么对自然环境的依赖就越高,这就又回到了靠天吃饭的老路上了,成不成功要看老天爷的脸色,气温的突然变化足以给忽略基础设施的投资者造成巨大的损失(此类事例参见附录"阿魏菇产业屡受挫折的思考")
从以上的分析来看无论投资大小只要以传统方式生产在没有较好的基础设施的前提下很难控制风险, 在这里就要引入食用菌工厂化生产的概念,在所有农业产品中食用菌是最容易实现工厂化生产的,因为食用菌生长所要满足的几个主要条件-温度、湿度、光照、通风等,都是可以通过人工调节实现,而且实现人工控自的成本相对较低,目前在我国食用菌的工厂化栽培，还是初级阶段，刚刚起步，由于工厂化生产可以控制食用菌的品质,便于实现标准化,而且能一年四季都能供应市场经济效益较好。为适应国内外食用菌生产的新形势，今后中国食用菌生产必将朝着工厂化、机械化发展，这是我国加入WTO后食用菌发展的必由之路，只有这样才能逐渐与国际食用菌生产接轨。但如何发展工厂化发展之路，涉及技术、栽培工艺、投资、设备、市场，等具体问题。但最主要的是三个问题：资金、技术、和市场。在我国进行工厂化栽培具有发展潜力的品种有：白金针菇、杏鲍菇、白灵菇、鸡腿菇、真姬菇、灰树花等品种。在世界食用菌的产销大国日本,绝大部分的食用菌生产都是工厂化生产实现的,并且技术十分成熟,(参见附录"日本菇业资本介入中国--森产业公司在河北保定发展") 但日本的工厂化生产虽然自动化程度高,但基础设施投资很大不适合我国大部分地区的实际情况(大型全自动的工厂化生产在我国也有搞的十分成功的上海丰科便是其中最有代表性的一家),在现阶段我国的食用菌工厂化生产应该以低投资高效益"半工厂化生产"为主所谓半工厂化生产就是主要的生产方式还是传统的生产但在关键环节实现机械化和人为控制的生产方式,在这方面我国已有一部分成功的先例(参见附图1及说明) 以下就根据现阶段的实际情况探讨一下用半工厂化方式周年生产杏鲍菇供应出口渠道所需的各项条件。（以下仅供参考，出口最低要求日供500公斤，标准：菇面宽度为3-5公分,菌柄长10公分以上,粗为2-3公分以上,未开伞,重约在100克重以上。）
三、杏鲍菇半工厂化生产所需条件及设施
1 环境及交通
杏鲍菇半工厂化生产场要求交通较为便利，距离国道最好在半小时车程以内以便运输，地势平坦，要有无污染的水源，动力电，附近不能有养殖场及有污染的企业，通信便利，可安电话(为便于了解外界信息最好能上网)。
2 占地及基础设施
占地6到7亩，基础设施及场地布局如下图所示
上图为理想的标准半工厂化杏鲍菇生产场平面图 注：以上平面图仅供参考，实际生产中要根据场地设计菇场布局
3生产设备
手提式高压灭菌锅一台（菌种灭菌）
蒸汽锅炉两台（菌袋灭菌）
取暖锅炉两台（菇房取暖，住房取暖各一台）
高压灭菌锅一台（可装瓶罐头瓶300-500个用于快速高压灭菌）
多用途原料粉碎机两台（原料加工）
原料搅拌机一台
冲压式自动装袋机小型装袋机各一台
单人接种箱20个
单人手推车若干
大型空气负离子发生器4-6台（用于接种室及发菌室的空气灭菌）
超声波加湿器6-8台
离心式通风机6-8台 轴流式通风机2台
制冷机组大型一台（或小型4台）
潜水泵一台
封口机一台
保鲜膜加热包装台一个
真空包装机一台（用于加工杏鲍菇的真空包装罐头）
大锅两个（用于盐渍品加工）
其它生产，生活设施等
4 运输
小型货车一辆用于原料及菇菌的短途运输及临时使用。
5 劳动力
经短期技术培训后的普通村民均可以完成一些技术要求不高简单重复性的工作，这样可以减轻技术人员的工作强度，节约人力成本，菇厂附近最好距离村庄较近方便雇工。
四、生产及管理
1菌种，继续使用传统的固体菌种完全可满足生产需要。
2原料，主料使用木屑和玉米芯（粉碎），不使用玉米芯也可使用玉米杆，大豆杆等农业下脚料取材广泛。
3生产安排，每年3到6月，10到12月利用自然温度出菇，6到9月使用制冷设备出菇，12到2月使用取暖设备补温出菇，进行周年生产。产品以杏鲍菇鲜品为主，同时也可以进行简单的深加工，主要为生产真空包装罐头，和加工盐渍品，生产规模为每天生产杏鲍菇栽培袋2200个，每个装干料0.4公斤，头茬可出鲜菇0.2到0.25公斤。生产流程为；栽培料配制→装袋→灭菌→冷却→接种→发菌管理→催蕾管理→出菇管理→采收→鲜销或加工 加工为盐渍和罐头。
4生产技术，现阶段我们已有成熟的半工厂化杏鲍菇生产经验可以使用，生产细节我处已制定了《杏鲍菇半工厂化生产技术手册》该手册从菌种生产开始直到成品菇的包装运输结合现有条件和设施详细规定了每一道