定语从句讲义(个人精心整理).doc

(完整word)定语从句讲义(个人精心整理)
一．定语从句定义及相关术语
1。定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句.定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的
先行词之后。
2。先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。
3.关系词:引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
   关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that， which, who， whom， whose, as等；
关系副词有when, where, why等。
  关系词通常有下列三个作用：A。引导定语从句B.代替先行词,C.在定语从句中担当一个成分
关系词
先行词
从句成分
例句
关系代词
who
人
主语,宾语
Do you know the man who is talking with your mother？
whom
人
宾语
The boy (whom） she loved died in the war。
Mr。 Smith is the person with whom I am working

whose
人，物
定语
I like those books whose topics are about history.
The boy whose father works abroad is my classmate.
that
人，物
主语，宾语
表语
A plane is a machine that can fly.
She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much。
She is not the person that she used to be
which
物
主语，宾语
The book (which） I gave you was worth ＄10.
The picture which was about the accident was terrible。
as
人，物
主语，宾语
He is such a person as is respected by all of us.
This is the same pen as I lost yesterday。
备注

Who，whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略,但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用that和who
关系副词
when
时间
状语
 I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together。
where
地点
状语
I know a place where we can have a picnic
why
原因
状语
This is the reason why he was fired。  

二．关系代词表格

例如:（注意关系代词在定语从句中所充当的成分）
① Do you know the professor who/that will give us a speech next week? （作主语)
② I read a report about his new novel that/ which will soon be published。 （作主语)
③ The plan that/which they argued about was settled at last。 （作宾语）
④ This is the new secretary （who/whom/that） I would like to introduce to you. （作宾语）
⑤ The soldier whose legs were badly wounded was operated on without delay。 （作定语）
三．6个关系代词的用法
1）关系代词that和which的用法
which, that 在代替物时，一般可以通用。
His father works in a factory that/which makes TV sets。
The coat (which/that） I put on the desk is black.
▲但在有些情况下，只用 that
1.先行词是最高级形容词或它的前面有最高级形容词修饰时。
① This is the best way that has been used against pollution。
② English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years.
2.先行词是序数词，或它前面有一个序数词时.
① This is the last place (that） I want to visit.
② It is the first American movie of this kind that I've ever seen.
3.先行词是 all, much, little， something, everything， anything， nothing, none,any, few, little， no， all, much, every等不定代词时。
① You should hand in all that you have.
② We haven’t got much that we can offer you.
③The little money （that) he had was stolen.
4.先行词前面有the only, the very，等修饰时。
The only thing that we can do is to give you some money。
5.先行词既有人又有物时。
Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?
6。主句已有疑问词which时。避免重复使用
Which is the bike that you lost？
7. that 在定语从句中作表语
Mary is no longer the girl that she used to be.
▲不用that的情况
①引导非限定性定语从句时。例如：
He takes exercise everyday， which has done a lot of good to his health。

②介词后不能用。
We depend on the land from which we get our food。
▲有些情况只用which
①引导非限定性定语从句修饰某物或整个句子.
Bruce went towards the fire, which was still smoking.
Tom came back late， which made his parents very angry.
②关系代词作介词的宾语。This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived。
2）关系代词who和whom的用法
who指人，在句中作主语和宾语，作宾语可省略。
Whom指人，在句中只能作宾语,可省略，但在介词后面不能省略。
She has a brother who worked at that factory ten years ago.
The doctor who/whom/that /x she went to the United States with last month is very famous。
=The doctor with whom she went to the United States last month is very famous。
3）关系代词whose的用法
⑴ whose是代词的所有格,它既可以代人也可以代物。
① I saw a woman whose bag was stolen.
② Please show me the book whose cover is red。
⑵ 当whose表示物与物的所有格关系时,亦可用of which的形式。
① The building whose roof you can see from here is a new restaurant.
→ The building， the roof of which you can see from here， is a new restaurant.或
→ The building, of which the roof you can see from here is a new restaurant。
4）关系代词as的用法
先行词前有such、the same时关系代词用as
I've never heard such stories as he tells。  
He is not such a fool as he looks.  
This is the same dictionary as I lost last week。
5）关系副词的用法
含义相当于\"介词+ which\”结构,因此常常和\”介词+ which\”结构交替使用
关系副词引导的定语从句
① when  指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。
    I still remember the day when I first came to this school。        
The time when we got together finally arrived.        
② where  指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。
Shanghai is the city where I was born。  
The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down。
③why  指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语.
Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 
   when=on which where=in which reason=for which
The day when /on which I met him first was May 1st.
This is the house where/in which I lived two years ago.
I don't know the reason why /for which he didn’t come。
。并非先行词表示时间或地点时都分别用when或where来引导相应的定语从句， 若关系词在修饰表示时间或地点的先行词的定语从句中充当主语、 宾语等而不是状语时， 需用which或that引导相应的定语从句.
Do you still remember the days which/that we spent together in school? 先行词the days表时间， 但是其定语从句的引导词在定语从句中作宾语而不是状语， 因此不能用when而应该用which或that。
This is the day when I joined the party/which he spent reading the books/which I still never forget.
This is the place where I found the book./ which we once visited/which I will never forget/which I am looking for
This is the reason why he was late /that he gave at the meeting for his being late.
④.以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由in which或that引导，而且通常可以省略.
The way (that / in which ） he answered the questions was surprising。      
I don’t like the way (that / in which） you laugh at her。   
四．介词+关系代词
关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词"引出。
介词+which（指事） 介词+whom（指人）
①The school （which / that) he once studied in is very famous.
The school in which he once studied is very famous。  
②Tomorrow I'll bring here the magazine (which / that） you asked for。
Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine for which you asked.
③This is the boy (whom / who / that） I played tennis with yesterday。
This is the boy with whom I played tennis with yesterday。 
④We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom / who / that) we have often talked about。
We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.
⑤The boss whose company I work in pays much attention to improving our working conditions。
The boss in whose company I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions。
若介词放在关系代词前,关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who， that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。
The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour。   
The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable。  
五．代词/数词+介词+关系代词
some, any, none， all, both， neither， many， most, each, few等代词或者数词。如:
①He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him。   
②In the basket there are quite many apples， some of which have gone bad。  
③There are forty students in our class in all， most of whom are from big cities。 
④Up to now, he has written ten stories， three of which are about country life。
六．限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句
形式上:不用逗号“,”与主句隔开.
意义上：是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。
译法上：译成先行词的定语：“．．．的"
关系词的使用上：A．作宾语时可省略 B．可用that C．可用who 代替whom
非限制性定语从句
形式上：用逗号“，”与主句隔开。
意义上：只是对先行词的补充说明,如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思.
译法上：通常译成主句的并列句.
关系词的使用上：A．不可省略 B．不用that C．不可用who 代替whom
限制性定语从句举例:
The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on.  老师告诉我说汤姆是我唯一的可以依靠的人。
China is a country which has a long history.  中国是一个历史悠久的国家.
In the street I saw a man who was from Africa。  在街上我看到一个来自非洲的人。
非限制性定语从句举例 ：
His mother， who loves him very much， is strict with him.  他妈妈十分地爱他,对他要求很严格。
China, which was founded in 1949， is becoming more and more powerful。  中国是1949年成立的, 现在正变得越来越强大。
Last summer I visited the People's Great Hall， in which many important meetings are held every year。  去年夏天，我参观了人民大会堂，在那儿每年都要举行许多重要会议。

七．As 和which引导非限定性定语从句的辨析关系。
关系代词 as 和which都能引导非限定性定语从句代表整个句子的内容，as 引导的从句可位于句首或句末，which引导的定语从句则不能位于句首.As语义“正如”
▲He was late again， as / which we had expected. =As we had expected, he was late again。
▲The street hasn’t been cleared for weeks, which makes it very dirty.
As has already been pointed out， English is rather difficult for a foreigner。
She has been late again， as was expected。
▲She has married again, as was expected。 She has married again， which was unexpected.　
八．关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句中的主谓一致
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词在人称和数上应与先行词一致。
▲Who is the guy that is reading over there?
The number of people that are going to the exhibition is expected to be over 25，000.
All that needs to be done has been done。
▲He is one of the students who use computer a lot for study。
Timmy is the only one of the pupils that has failed the exam.
九．定语从句与强调结构
It is the place where they lived before.
It is in the place that they lived before.
第一个句子为定语从句，where指代the place，在定语从句中作状语，第二个句子为强调结构，强调in the place, that没有意义，把放回后面句子，句子意思完整。
Where is it that he found the lost watch？ (强调句型，强调疑问副词where。)
Where is the watch he found yesterday？ (定语从句,that指代the watch。）

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