(中英文对照版)雅典宪章.doc

(完整版)(中英文对照版)雅典宪章雅典宪章I. 城市基本建设1。城市都构成一个地理的,经济的，社会的,文化的和政治的区域单位的一部分，城市即依赖这些单位而发展.2。人类的心里和生理与经济、社会和政治价值同等重要,上升为个人与社会关系的问题.生命与个人、社会这两个对立因素同等重要。3.心理和生理常数受环境影响：地理和地貌状况以及经济和政治局势。地理和地貌情况是最重要的，包括自然资源,土地和水，植物，土壤，气候等。4。接下来是经济状况,与外界沟通的手段包括本地区的自然资源或人造资源。5。第三是政治局势以及政府和管理制度。6。自有历史以来，城市的特征，均因特殊的需要而定：如军事性的防御，科学的发明,行政制度生产和交通方法（公路,水路，铁路,航空）的不断发展。7.影响城市发展的基本因素是经常在演变的。8.现代城市的混乱是机械时代无计划和无秩序的发展造成的，改变了人的习惯,居住地点和工作类型，机械运输的发展，造成城市的混乱。II.城市四大功能A。居住9.历史上，城市中心区的人口密度太大，甚至有些地区每公顷的居民超过一千人.(每英亩400-600人）。10.在过度拥挤的地区中，生活环境是非常不卫生的。这是因为在这种地区中,地皮被过度的使用，缺乏空旷地，而建筑物本身也正在一种不卫生和败坏的情况中。这种情况，因为这些地区中的居民收入太少,故更加严重。11.因为市区不断扩展，围绕住宅区的空旷地带亦被破坏了，这样就剥削了许多居民享受邻近乡野的幸福.12.集体住宅和单幢住宅常常建造在最恶劣的地区，无论就住宅的功能讲,或是就住宅所必需的环境卫生讲，这些地区都是不适宜于居住的13。比较人烟稠密的地区，往往是最不适宜于居住的地点,如朝北的山坡上，低洼、潮湿、多雾、易遭水灾的地方或过于邻近工业区易被煤烟、声响振动所侵扰的地方。14。人口稀疏的地区,却常常在最优越的地区发展起来，特享各种优点：气候好,地势好，交通便利而且不受工厂的侵扰。15.这种分区不合理的住宅配型，至今仍然为城市建筑法规所许可。16.在交通频繁的街道上及路口附近的房屋，因为容易遭受灰尘噪音和臭味的侵扰，已不宜作为居住房屋之用.17.在住宅区的街道上对于那些面对面沿街的房屋，我们通常都未考虑到它们获得阳光的种种不同情形。18。社会公共服务用房被随意设置。19.学校，经常设于繁忙的交通干道上，远离所服务的住宅区。20。郊区发展没有计划，没有良好地组织与城市的联系。21。现在，将郊区纳入城市管辖范围的尝试都显得太晚了.22。目前,向郊区收取公路基础税金很困难。建议23。住宅区应该占用最好的地区，我们不但要仔细考虑这些地区的气候和地形的条件，而且必须考虑这些住宅区应该接近一些空旷地，以便将来可以作为文娱及健身运动之用。24。居住区的选择应考虑健康的因素25.在每一个住宅区中,须根据影响每个地区生活情况的因素，订定各种不同的人口密度。26。每个居住单元最少拥有一小时日照.27.为了居民的健康，应严禁沿着交通要道建造居住房屋28。在人口密度较高的地区,我们应利用现代建筑技术建造距离较远的高层集体住宅29。高层住宅间留出必需的空地. 游憩30.在今日城市中普遍地缺乏空地面积。31.空地面积位置不适中,以致多数居民因距离远，难得利用。32。因为大多数的空地都在偏僻的市外围或近郊地区，所以无益于住在不合卫生的市中心区的居民。33。通常那些少数的游戏场和运动场所占的地址，多是将来注定了要建造房屋的。这说明了这些公共空地时常变动的原因。34。周末去空地休闲的行为变得困难。 建议35。所有住宅区域应提供足够的休憩用地,以满足儿童，青少年和成人娱乐和体育运动需要。36。在人口稠密的地区，将败坏的建筑物加以清除，改进一般的环境卫生，并将这些清除后的地区改作游憩用地，广植树木花草。37.新建住宅区,应该预先留出空地作为建筑公园运动场及儿童游戏场之用。在儿童公园或儿童游戏场附近的空地上设立托儿所、幼儿园或初级小学。38.它应该是可能的花费在方便和有利的地方周末空闲时间39.公园适当的地点应留作公共设施之用，设立音乐台、小图书馆、小博物馆及公共会堂等，以提倡正当的集体文娱活动.40.在城市附近的河流、海滩、森林、湖泊等自然风景幽美之区，我们应尽量利用它们作为广大群众假日游憩之用.工作41.工作地点（如工厂、商业中心和政府机关等)不再合理分布在城市综合体42。工作地点与居住地点的连接不合理,这样使两者之间浪费的时间过长.43.在上下班时间中,车辆过分拥挤,即起因于交通路线缺乏有秩序的组织。44.由于在城市规划方案缺乏远见的情况下，地价高昂,赋税增加,交通拥挤及城市无管制而迅速的发展，工业常被迫迁往市外。45。办公楼都集中在市中心商业区，其中作为城市最优越的部分，提供通信系统最完整的服务,只能在巨款购置和拆毁周围的建筑物的情形下，方能扩展。46.工作地点与居住地点之间的距离,应该在最少时间内可以到达。47。工业区与居住区(同样和别的地区）应以绿色地带或缓冲地带来隔离。48。重要的工业地带应接近铁路线、港口、通航的河道和主要的运输线.49.与日常生活有密切关系而且不引起扰乱危险和不便的小型工业，应留在市区中为住宅区服务。50。公共和私人商业区应有专人管理,应保证城市中住宅区与工业区有着良好的联系。交通51.今日城市中和郊外的街道系统多为旧时代的遗产，都是为徒步与行驶马车而设计的；现在虽然不断的加以修改，但仍不能适合现代交通工具（如汽车电车等)和交通量的需要。52.今日城市中和郊外的街道系统多为旧时代的遗产,都是为徒步与行驶马车而设计的；53。现在虽然不断的加以修改,但仍不能适合现代交通工具（如汽车电车等）和交通量的需要。54.交叉路口过多55.城市中街道宽度不够，引起交通拥挤。56。目前显然不合理的街道布局缺乏效率和灵活性，分化和秩序，使得今日新的交通工具(汽车电丰等）不能发挥他们的效能。57.一个主要追求特殊纪念意义的城市设计，往往会使得交通情况变得更为复杂。58。铁路线往往成为城市发展的阻碍，它们围绕某些地区，使得这些地区与城市别的部分隔开了,虽然它们之间本来是应该有便捷与直接的交通联系的。建议59。我们实在需要一个新的街道系统，以适应现代交通工具的需要。同时为得准备这新的街道系统,需要一种正确的调查与统计资料，以确定街道合理的宽度。60.街道上的行车速率，须根据其街道的特殊功用，以及该街道上行驶车辆的种类而决定。61。行车速率亦为道路分类的因素，以决定为快行车辆行驶之用或为慢行车辆之用，同时并将这种交通大道与支路加以区别。62.人行道与车行道应该分开设置。63。道路应根据其功能区别：住宅街道，海滨长廊,通过公路,主要公路等64。各种建筑物，尤其是住宅建筑应以绿色地带与行车干路隔离。有历史价值的建筑和地区65.有历史价值的古建筑均应妥为保存，不可加以破坏。66。真能代表某一时期的建筑物，可引起普遍兴趣,可以教育人民者.67。但是保护文物不代表人们必须保持低水平的生活.68.在所有可能条件下，将所有干路避免穿行古建筑区，并使交通不增加拥挤,亦不使妨碍城市有转机的新发展.69。在古建筑附近的贫民窟，如作有计划的清除后，即可改善附近住宅区的生活环境，并保护该地区居民的健康。70.以美观为借口将历史建筑风格应用在新建筑上，会造成灾难性的后果，继承或引进这种风气，将不被允许. 总结71。我们可以将前面各章关于城市四大活动之各种分析总结起来说：现在大多数城市中的生活情况，未能适合其中广大居民在生理上及心理上最基本的需要。72.自机器时代开始以来，这种生活情况是各种私人利益不断滋长的的一个表现。城市的滋长扩大，是使用机器逐渐增多所促成-一个从工匠的手工业改成大规模的机器工业的变化.73.虽然城市是经常的在变化，但我们可以说普遍的事实是：这些变化是没有加以预料的，因为缺乏管制和未能应用现代城市计划所认可的原则，所以城市的发展遭受到极大的损害。74.一方面是必须担任的大规模重建城市的迫切工作，一方面却是市地的过度的分割。这两者代表了两种矛盾的现实.75。城市范围内的一切因素都应考虑人口的规模。76。城市规划的关键点是城市四大功能：居住、工作、休憩、交通。77.将各种预计作为居住、工作、游息的不同地区,在位置和面积方面，作一个平衡的布置，同时建立一个联系三者的交通网。订立各种计划，使各区依照它们的需要和有机律而发展。78。建立居住、工作和游息各地区间的关系，务使在这些地区间的日常活动可以最经济的时间完成.在建立城市中不同活动空间的关系时，切不可忘记居住是为首的要素。79.机械化的运输速度破坏了城市环境，造成将长期存在的危险，阻碍交流,危害健康80.市区和郊区流通的原则，必须修改.一个可接受的速度必须建立分类。一个类型区划改革必须建立能够带来成一个和谐的关系，城市的主要功能和发展它们之间的连接.这些连接可以发展成为一个理性的主要公路网络.81.城市规划的三个层面为基础的科学，而不是两班倒。这引入了元素的高度释放提供了现代的交通和空间作康乐用途的可能性82。检查的城市应该是在其区域范围内的影响力.一个经济单位的总计划 - 城市区域 - 必须替换一个简单的城市总体规划83.城市应该能够成长为一个和谐运作，其所有不同的部分城市统一按预定的开放空间及连接手段，而是一种平衡状态，应该存在于它的每一个发展阶段。84.这是迫切需要每一个城市的规划方案编制说明哪些法律将需要使计划的实现。85.规划方案的基础必须是由专家进行了严格的分析研究。它必须预见到在时间和空间发展的阶段。它必须协调该网站的自然资源，其地形的优势，它的经济资产,其社会需要和其精神的愿望。86。从事城市规划的建筑师应确定与人性化的规定的。87。对所有的城市规划的出发点应该是单一住宅或单元格，并将其纳入适当的大小邻里单位分组。88.随着这些居委会为依托单位，城市综合体可以设计成带出住宅之间的关系,工作场所和地方用于娱乐。89.现代科技的全部资源都需要进行这项艰巨的任务。这意味着获取丰富的专家合作，用科学创新团的建筑艺术.90。这些事态发展的进展情况将极大地影响了政治,社会和经济因素91。不仅如此，它还是建筑体系结构问题中最终的解决手段 92.该城市的紧急整治任务的艰巨，以及城市土地所有制过度细分提出了两个对立的现实。93.这种尖锐的矛盾造成了我们这个时代最严重的问题之一：迫切需要规范和法律上的平等的基础上，土地配置，以满足社会和个人的基本需求.这个尖锐的矛盾，在我们这个时代造成了一个最为严重的问题：这个问题是使我们急切需要建立一个土地改革制度，它的基本目的不但要满足个人的需要，而且要满足广大人民的需要。 94。私人利益要服从社会的利益Charter of Athens (1933)I. THE CITY IN ITS REGIONAL SETTING1. The city is only a part of the economic， social and political entity which constitutes the region。2. Economic， social and political values are juxtaposed with the psychological and physiological attributes of the human being， raising problems of the relations between the individual and the community。 Life can only expand to the extent that accord is reached between these two opposing forces： the individual and the community.3. Psychological and biological constants are influenced by the environment: its geographic and topographic situation as well as its economic and political situation. The geographic and topographic situation is of prime importance, and includes natural elements， land and water, flora, soil， climate, etc。4。 Next comes the economic situation， including the resources of the region and natural or manmade means of communication with the outside world。5. Thirdly comes the political situation and the system of government and administration.6. Special circumstances have, throughout history, determined the character of individual cities： military defense, scientific discoveries, different administrations, the progressive development of communications and methods of transportation (road， water， rail, air).7. The factors which govern the development of cities are thus subject to continual change。8. The advent of the machine age has caused immense disturbances to mans habits， place of dwelling and type of work; an uncontrolled concentration in cities， caused by mechanical transportation, has resulted in brutal and universal changes without precendent sic in history. Chaos has entered into the cities。II. THE FOUR FUNCTIONS OF THE CITYA. Dwelling9. The population density is too great in the historic, central districts of cities as well as in some nineteenth century areas of expansion: densities rise to 1000 and even 1500 inhabitants per hectare （approximately 400 to 600 per acre）.10。 In the congested urban areas housing conditions are unhealthy due to insufficient space within the dwelling， absence of useable green spaces and neglected maintenance of the buildings (exploitation based on speculation）。 This situation is aggravated by the presence of a population with a very low standard of living， incapable of initiating ameliorations (mortality up to 20 per cent）。11。 Extensions of the city devour， bit by bit, its surrounding green areas； one can discern the successive rings of development. This ever greater separation from natural elements heightens the harmful effects of bad sanitary conditions。12。 Dwellings are scattered throughout the city without consideration of sanitary requirements.13。 The most densely populated districts are in the least favorable situations （on unfavorable slopes， invaded by fog or industrial emanations， subject to flooding, etc.）14. Low in density developments (middle income dwellings） occupy the advantageous sites, sheltered from unfavorable winds, with secure views opening onto an agreeable countryside, lake, sea， or mountains， etc。 and with ample air and sunlight。15。 This segregation of dwellings is sanctioned by custom， and by a system of local authority regulations considered quite justifiable: zoning.16. Buildings constructed alongside major routes and around crossroads are unsuitable for dwellings because of noise, dust and noxious gases.17。 The traditional alignment of houses along the sides of roads means that good exposure to sunlight is only possible for a minimum number of dwellings.18。 The distribution of community services related to housing is arbitrary.19。 Schools， in particular， are frequently sited on busy traffic routes and too far from the houses they serve.20. Suburbs have developed without plans and without well organized links with the city.21。 Attempts have been made too late to incorporate suburbs within the administrative unit of the city。22. Suburbs are often merely an agglomeration of hutments where it is difficult to collect funds for the necessary roads and services。IT IS RECOMMENDED23。 Residential areas should occupy the best places in the city from the point of view of typography, climate， sunlight and availability of green space.24。 The selection of residential zones should be determined on grounds of health.25。 Reasonable densities should be imposed related both to the type of housing and to the conditions of the site.26. A minimum number of hours of sunlight should be required for each dwelling unit。27。 The alignment of housing along main traffic routes should be forbidden sic28. Full use should be made of modern building techniques in constructing highrise apartments。29. Highrise apartments placed at wide distances apart liberate ground for large open spaces.Recreation30. Open spaces are generally insufficient。31。 When there is sufficient open space it is often badly distributed and， therefore not readily usable by most of the population.32。 Outlying open spaces cannot ameliorate areas of downtown congestion.33. The few sports fields, for reasons of accessibility, usually occupy sites earmarked for future development for housing or industry： which makes for a precarious existance sic and their frequent displacement。34。 Land that could be used for week-end leisure is often very difficult of access sic.IT IS RECOMMENDED35。 All residential areas should be provided with sufficient open space to meet reasonable needs for recreation and active sports for children, adolescents and adults。36. Unsanitary slums should be demolished and replaced by open space. This would ameliorate the surrounding areas.37。 The new open spaces should be used for welldefined purposes: childrens playgrounds， schools， youth clubs and other community buildings closely related to housing.38. It should be possible to spend weekend free time in accessible and favorable places.39。 These should be laid out as public parks， forests， sports grounds， stadiums, beaches， etc.40. Full advantages should be taken of existing natural features: rivers， forests， hills， mountains, valleys, lakes， sea, etc.C. Work41. Places of work are no longer rationally distributed within the urban complex. This comprises industry, workshops， offices， government and commerce.42. Connections between dwelling and place of work are no longer reasonable： they impose excessively long journeys to work。43. The time spent in journeying to work has reached a critical situation。44。 In the absence of planning programs, the uncontrolled growth of cities, lack of foresight, land speculation, etc。 have caused industry to settle haphazardly， following no rule.45. Office buildings are concentrated in the downtown business district which， as the most privileged part of the city， served by the most complete system of communications, readily falls prey to speculation. Since offices are private concerns effective planning for their best development is difficult。46。 Distances between work places and dwelling places should be reduced to a minimum.47. Industrial sectors should be separated from residential sectors by an area of green open space.48。 Industrial zones should be contiguous with railroads, canals and highways。49。 Workshops, which are intimately related to urban life， and indeed derive from it, should occupy well designed sic areas in the interior of the city。50。 Business districts devoted to administration both public and private， should be assured of good communications with residential areas as well as with industries and workshops within the city and upon its fringes.D. Transportation51. The existing network of urban communications has arisen from an agglomeration of the aids sic roads of major traffic routes。 In Europe these major routes date back well into the middle ages sic， sometimes even into antiquity.52. Devised for the use of pedestrians and horse drawn vehicles, they are inadequate for todays mechanized transportation。53。 These inappropriate street dimensions prevent the effective use of mechanized vehicles at speeds corresponding to urban pressure。54. Distances between crossroads are too infrequent。55。 Street widths are insufficient. Their widening is difficult and often ineffectual.56。 Faced by the needs of high speed sic vehicles, present the apparently irrational street pattern lacks efficiency and flexibility, differentiation and order sic。57. Relics of a former pompous magnificence designed for special monumental effects often complicate traffic circulation。58。 In many cases the railroad system presents a serious obstacle to well planned urban development。 It barricades off certain residential districts， depriving them from easy contact with the most vital elements of the city.IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT59。 Traffic analyses be made， based on accurate statistics， to show the general pattern of circulation in the city and its region, and reveal the location of heavily travelled sic routes and the types of their traffic。60。 Transportation routes should be classified according to their nature, and be designed to meet the rrquirements sic and speeds of specific types of vehicles.61. Heavily used traffic junctions should be designed for continuous passage of vehicles， using different levels.62。 Pedestrian routes and automobile routes should follow separate paths.63. Roads should be differentiated according to their functions： residential streets， promenades， through roads, major highways， etc。64. In principle, heavy traffic routes should be insulated by green belts.E. Legacy of History65. Fine architecture， whether individual buildings or groups of buildings， should be protected from demolition.66。 The grounds for the preservation of buildings should be that they express an earlier culture and that their retention is in the public interest.67. But their preservation should no sic entail that people are obliged to live in unsalubrius sic conditions.68。 If their present location obstructs development, radical measu