商务英语毕业论文-论对外经贸合同英语中的旧体词.doc
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论对外经贸合同英语中的旧体词 [论文关键词] 古英语词 经贸合同 用词特点 [论文摘要] 古英语词(archaic word)在现代英语中虽已不再广泛应用,且正在逐渐消亡,但在法律英语、合同英语中却仍较常见,如副词here, there, where加上一个或几个介词构成的副词,这类古词语的运用可使合同简练、严密、庄重,且具有很强的文体效果,但同时也为初次接触英语合同者带来了极大困难,本文将对这些词进行说明,以使初学者初步了解对外经贸合同的英语用词特点。 随着我国改革开放的进一步深化,经济领域的国际交往日趋频繁,经济合作更加密切,国际间的经济活动,如贸易、金融、投资、经济合作等都离不开合同。但我们也发现,在经贸活动中出现了不少涉外经济纠纷,这些纠纷发生的频率越来越高,其中不少纠纷在很大程度上是由合同文字引起的,要避免这些纠纷的发生,首先就需要读懂合同原文。合同文件枯燥、乏味,句子长、术语多,另外一个难点是这些英文合同中包含大量的旧体词,这些旧体词在现代英语中已很少使用,但在合同文本中却很常见,主要是为了避免重复、避免误解、避免歧义,使行文准确、简洁,这些词各有各的含义,但由于篇幅所限,笔者只选择其中几个进行详细说明,以使初学者初步了解对外经贸合同的英语用词特点。 一、以here开头的词 1.hereby 该词意为by means of , by reason of this, by this agreement,“特此”,“因此”,“兹”,“在此”。此词常用作法律、经贸文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语,在合同条款中需特别强调时也可用,表示当事人借此合约,要宣示某种具有法律效力的“意思表示”,如保证、同意、放弃权利等,一般放于主语后,紧邻主语。如:The Company hereby covenants and warrants that…… 意为:By this agreement the Company covenants and warrants that……即:公司在此保证……再如:Both parties hereby agree that……意为:By this agreement both parties agree that……即:双方当事人在此同意…… 2.hereof 该词意为:of this agreement,“关于此点”;“在本文件中”,表示上文已提及的“本合同的、本文件的……”,一般置于要修饰的名词的后面,与之紧邻。如:to take effect on the date hereof 意为:to take effect on the date of this agreement 即:于本合约之日期生效。再如:the headings of the sections hereof 意为:the headings of the sections of this agreement 即:本合约各条款之标题。 3.hereto 该词意为:to this agreement,“至此”,“在此”,表示上文已提及的“本合同的……本文件的……”,一般置于要修饰的名词的后面,与之紧邻。如:both parties hereto 意为both parties to this agreement,即本合约之当事人双方;items specified in Attachment I and hereto 意为:items specified in Attachment I to this agreement 即:本合约之附件I所列之各项。 4.herein 该词意为:in this agreement,“此中”,“于此”,表示上文已提及的“本合同(中)的……,本法(中)的……”等,一般置于所修饰词后,紧邻所修饰词。如:to file a suit in the court agreed to herein 意为:to file a suit in the court agreed to in this agreement 即:向当事人于本合约中同意管辖的法院提起诉讼;再如:to follow the terms and conditions herein 意为:to follow the terms and conditions in this agreement,即:遵守本合约所规定的条件。 5.hereinafter 该词意为:later in the same Contract,“以下”,“在下文”,一般与to be referred to as, referred to as, called 等词组连用,以避免重复。 6.hereunder 该词意为:under this agreement,“在本合约内”、“依据本合约”。如:obligations hereunder,意为obligations under this agreement,即“本合约内的义务”。再如:rights granted hereunder,意为rights granted under this agreement,即“依本合约所赋予的权利”。 二、以there开头的词 1.thereof 以”there”为前缀加上介词构成的词,如thereafter, thereby, therein, thereinafter, thereinbefore, thereon, thereof, thereunder, thereupon, therewith等,在文中具体指什么,需要读者依照合同的上下文来判断,因而理解起来比较复杂,请看下例: This Agreement is written in the English language. In case of any discrepancy between the English version and any translation thereof, the English text shall govern. 句中”the English version and any translation thereof”从上下文判断意为 “the English version and any translation of the English version”,即thereof一词代替of the English version。与以here开头的词如hereof的理解方法类似。 2.therein 该词意为in that, in that particular context, in that respect,“在那里”,“在那点上”,“在那方面”,表示上文已提及的“合同中的”“工程中的”。如:the contract or any part thereof意为the contract or any part of the contract,合同或合同的任何部分。 3.thereto 该词意为:to that,“随附”,“附之”,如:“Contract Products” means the products specified in Appendix 2 to this Contract, together with all improvements and modifications thereof or developments with respect thereto. 句中or developments with respect thereto 意为:or developments with respect to the developments。 4.thereunder 该词意为:under that, “在其下”,“依照”,如:The Borrower fails to pay any amount payable thereunder as and when such amount shall become payable. 句中any amount payable thereunder意为any amount payable under the contract。 三、以where开头的词 1.Whereas 该词意为:considering that, “鉴于”,“就(而论”,常用于合同协议书的开头段落以引出合同双方订立合同的理由或依据。如:Whereas Party A desires to use the Patented Technology of Party B to manufacture and sell the Contract Products……鉴于甲方希望利用乙方的专利技术制造并销售合同产品。 2.Whereby 该词意为:by the agreement, by the following terms and conditions,“凭此协议”,“凭此条款”,常用于合同协议书中以引出合同当事人应承担的主要合同义务。如: A sales contract refers to a contract whereby the seller transfers the ownership of an object to the buyer and the buyer pays the price for the object. 句中a contract whereby the seller transfers……意为:a contract by which the seller transfers…… 以上是对外经贸合同英语中几个典型旧体词用词方面的重要的特点,笔者希望初涉外经贸合同的教师和学生予以留意,有针对性地学习,达到事半功倍的效果;也希望进行外贸合同写作时也能把握住这几个特点,写出好的外经贸合同,顺利地进行外贸业务往来。 The Comparison of Family Education 英语毕业论文----中美家庭教育的比较 [Abstract] In the last few years, with the development of diathetic education has stricken root into the hearts of the people, the family education has been a hot spot of society, in which tens of thousands of families#39; vital benefits and urgent need lie. Because, good family education is closely related to children#39;s quality and behaviour, and related to the future of our country. At present, the situation of family education is good, large number of parents and schools have created successful experience, even many parents study the family education knowledge initiatively, the educational idea has undergone the profound change. Nevertheless, the family education is still a weak link, particularly, As the Western educational thought is penetrating through the East and facing the traditional and modern thought about family education, the Chinese parents are torn between the two choices. Therefore, developing family education is either an opportunity, or a challenge. Moreover, Chinese and the Western family education each has its own good points, but in different aspects, the educational methods are different, so we need to understand the differences between Chinese and Western family education, make up for one#39;s deficiency by learning from others#39; strong points, and push forward the family educational modernization instantaneously, in that case, China will have the inestimable prospects. [ key words] family education china and the west tradition difference comparison [ 摘要 ] 近几年来,随着素质教育的深入人心,家庭教育已经成为当今社会关注的一个热点,是千万家庭的切身利益和迫切需求所在。因为,良好的家庭教育直接关系到了孩子的素质和品行,更关系到祖国的未来。就中国目前来看,家庭教育的发展态势良好,一大批家长、学校创造了成功的经验,更有许多学生家长主动学习家庭教育知识,教育观念发生了深刻变化。但是尽管如此,家庭教育仍是一个薄弱环节,尤其是随着西方教育思想的传入,中国家长面对传统与现代家教思想,表现出无所适从的无奈。因此,对于开展家庭教育,既是机遇,又是挑战。而且,中西家庭教育各有千秋,在不同方面,教育方法也不同,所以我们就需要深刻了解中西家庭教育的差异,取长补短,并且不失时机地推进家庭教育现代化,这样中国的未来才具有不可估量的发展前景。 [ 关键词 ] 家庭教育,中西,传统 ,差异 , 比较 From ancient times to modern times, family education has been playing an important role in the national educational cause. A great man-Xiaoping Deng said, “The basis of a country#39;s modernization lies in talents, the basis of talents lies in education, and the basis of education lies in family. China is a country with emphasis on the home education. The outstanding home education in the deep education culture.” The family education, the school education and the social education are the three big props of education. They are indispensable. Nowadays, increasing attention has been paid to family education by the modern society, and it gets a hot spot of society, which is closely related to tens of thousands of families#39; vital benefits and urgent need. At present, family education maintains a good momentum of growth in China. It gets more and more important to Chinese families. Throughout the ages, many men of insight work delightly in the field of home education, and accumulate quite substantial achievements. And China is an oriental country with a long history, its deep educational culture includes the elements of excellent family education. As we all know, China’s ancient educatinal thought want through the ancient family educational field.[ “Family Instruction of Yan” , Zhitui Yan, Southern and Northern Dynasties] For example: moral instructions first; the respect for old; the care for the young; the cultivation of moral character; example setting; the determination of being strong; learned profound knowledge, careful consideration; and so on. These outstanding thoughts are go back to ancient times. Nevertheless, there are still a lot of problems emerging out in that family education, which is still weak. The education expert concerned, who made the long-term pursuit of investigations, thought that 2/3 family education is improper. All the analysis justifies the conclusion : the first, malignant events erupt unceasingly. It not only indicates the importance of family education, but indicates the importance and necessity of carrying on scientific family education; the second, in current home education, there is still erroneous zone. It may be summarized as “three excess” and “one excessive height”: that is , quite some parents are excessively concerned with the children, excessively reatrain and nosed into the children#39;s affairs, excessively chatter and criticize the children, and something excessive is expected of the childern. These problems are in need of immediate solution; The third, under the market economy condition, there is the multiple concept of value, the only child community grows as well as the divorce families increase and so on, all this brings about many unprecedented new situations and new problems; The fourth, rural population account for 80%, the countryside housing disperses, the condition is bad, guardian#39;s cultural quality is somewhat low, the countryside#39;s family education has become the key and difficult point n developing family education . And at the same time, with the development of educational cause, Western educational thoughts penetrate slowly through the East. When facing the traditional and modern thoughts, chinese parents are at a loss as to what to choose. Therefore, directing at some bad phenomena, we regard it as necessary to make a comparison between chinese family education and western family education. But, before the comparison,we need to know about the social background of China and Western Countries. As we all know, China is a socialist country and most Western countries belong to capitalist countries. And, they have different history and cultures. China advocates Confucianism and the western countries advocate the revival of literature and art. But the most important point is that their attitude towards the position of family institution#39;s position is also different. In china#39;s traditional family, parents#39; authoritative consciousness plays a leading role while western civilizations mainly emphasize struggle, equality, democracy and human rights home Of course, home education is a kind of humanity#39;seducational practice. China and the Western family education have many things in common. Generally speaking, it can be summed up as follows1st, emphasis is laid on family education. No matter which country you come from, what nationality you belong to all think the family is a person#39;s first school, and the parent is the first teacher. Either China or Western countries, either the ancient times or the modern times, family education is always in the most fundamental position. 2nd, family education should be started since childhood, perform the duty promptly. Family instruction of Yan said that,“ The parents should do the missionary work, when the infant is young. Judging from his facial expression, we know whether he is angry or happy, then give instructions.”[ “Family Instruction of Yan” , Zhitui Yan, Southern and Northern Dynasties] Because “it’s easy to concentrate a child’s attention. After he grows up, his attention is easily dispersed, so a child must be caught early.” Dewey also thought the family education should be executed early. 3rd, parents#39; unsuilable role division in education brings about some bad results. Either in China or in the West mother is almost described in many cultures as the main fosterer, and then father plays only a part. The father is the main undertaker who teaches the child to know the rationality education. Mother is responsible for child#39;s food and drink in daily life, the material guarantee, the emotional satisfaction and so on, is also the main undertaker of child’s emotional cultivation. Its result is that the child holds his father in awe and veneration and causes the poor relation between child and father, and thus affects child#39;s perfect development. 4th, pay attention to the training the children’s longing for knowledge, value reading. The Chinese parents of ancient times, fully realized this truth, they guided the childern in reading the Four Books and the Five Classics when they are young, all the various schools of thought, stimulated their desire for seeking knowledge. The western parents also focus on family reading. The childern must listen to section of stories before sleeping, and this is a fine tradition of Western family education. 5th, attach importance to teaching by personal example as well as verbal instruction. The parents are child#39;s models, usually a simple movement is more effective than the inculcation of ten thousand instructions. However, the traditional family education in China, on account of the respective differences in more aspects is different from that in the West . They have their own characteristics between regions and cultures. To begin with, the tendency of education is different. The Chinese parents lay emphasis on social enlightenment, ignore the growth of children. The Chinese parents take the social compatible enlightenment seriously, but often neglect the development of children#39;s characteristics, they often train the children under established forms , and lay down the broad road for their growth. The western parents provide the children a environment for growth resistant to them, and foster their tenacious individuality and the good conduct, and they choose their idea and way of cultivation according to the change of society and the characteristic of children physical and mental. Secondly, the value of family education is different. The function of China’s family education is forced by the China’s traditional culture. The Chinese traditional Confucian culture emphasize “the cultivation of one’s moral character, the running of one’s family, the administration of a state, the peace and security of the world”. In this directional thought, the family education is bestowed on the direct social significance. In addition, the Chinese traditional culture also regards the family education and children#39;s individual growth as the direct correlative causes and effects. The Chinese parents care about the reputation in educating the child, thinking educating the child to become a useful person is their achievement, but if not, the parents feel shameful. The education#39;s goal is for earning their living, for honor. The western family education is different from china in the educational goal. Education is not the preparation for earning their living, but for survival. “The learned education” they emphasize has the value of molding one’s mind, one kind of value which has nothing to do with the utility or the occupation consider- 配套讲稿:
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