新视野大学英语第三版第二册课文语法讲解-Unit5.doc

(完整版)新视野大学英语第三版第二册课文语法讲解_Unit5

新视野三版 读写 B2 U5 Text A

Spend or save - The student's dilemma

1 Do you feel as confused and manipulated as I do with this question， "Should
I spend or should I save?" I think that the messages we get from our
environment seem to defy common sense and contradict each other。 The
government tel s us to spend or we’l never get out of the recession。 At the
same time， they tel us that unless we save more, our country is
in grave danger.Banks offer higher interest rates so we increase
savings。 Then the same banks send us credit card offers so we can spend
more。
2 Here’s another familiar example: If we don’t pay our credit card bil on time，
we get demanding, nasty emails from the credit card company saying
something like: ”Your failure to pay is unacceptable。 Pay immediately or you’l
be in trouble！” Then， as soon as we pay, we get a fol ow-up email in a
charming tone tel ing us how valuable a customer we are and encouraging us
to resume spending. Which depiction is correct: a failing consumer in trouble
or a valued customer? The gap between these two messages is enormous。
3 The paradox is that every day we get two sets of messages at odds with
each other。 One is the "permissive” perspective， "Buy， spend， get it now。 You
need this!" The other we could cal an "upright” message， which urges us,
"Work hard and save。 Suspend your desires。 Avoid luxuries。 Control
your appetite for more than you truly need.” This message comes to us from
many sources： from school， from parents， even from political figures referring
to "traditional values". Hard work， family loyalty， and the capacity to postpone
desires are core American values that have made our country great.
＊4 But the opposite message, advertising’s permissive message， is
inescapable. Though sometimes disguised， the messages are everywhere we
look: on TV， in movies on printed media and road signs, in stores, and on
buses, trains and subways.Advertisements invade our daily lives. We are
constantly surrounded by the message to spend, spend, spend. Someone
recently said, ”The only time you can escape advertising is when you're in your
bed asleep!”
5 It's been calculated that by the age of 18， the average American wil have
seen 600，000 ads； by the age of 40， the total is almost one mil ion。 Each
advertisement is doing its utmost to influence our diverse buying decisions,

from the breakfast cereal we eat to which cruise line we wil use for our
vacation。 There is no shortage of ideas and things to buy! Now， of course, we
don't remember exactly what the products were， but the essential message
is cemented into our consciousness, ”It’s good to satisfy your desires. You
should have what you want. You deserve the best。 So， you should buy it —
now！" A famous advertisement said it perfectly， "I love me. I'm a good friend to
myself。 I do what makes me feel good。 I derive pleasure from nice things and
feel nourished by them. I used to put things off. Not anymore. Today I’l buy
new ski equipment， look at new compact cars, and buy that camera I've
always wanted。 I live my dreams today， not tomorrow."

6
What
happens
as
we
take
in
these
contradictory

but explicit messages? What are the psychological and social consequences
of this campaign to control our spending habits? On one hand， we want more
things because we want to satisfy our material appetite. Most of us derive
pleasure from treating ourselves. On the other hand， a little voice inside
us echoes those upright messages: "Watch out, take stock of your life, don’t let
your attention get scattered。 Postpone your desires. Don't fal into debt。
Wait！ Retain control over your own life。 It wil make you stronger。”
7 Anyway, many of the skil s you need as a successful student can be applied
to your finances. Consider your financial wel -beings a key ingredient of your
university education as money worries are extremely stressful and
distracting. They can make you feel terrible and hinder your ability to focus on
your prime objective： successful y completing your education.
*8 How can you be a smart and educated consumer? Many schools，
community organizations， and even some banks offer financial literacy
classes. Consider consulting with your school’s financial aid office or
seek input from your parents or other respected adults in setting up a
budget. An additional option is finding a partner to help you stay on track and
find pleasure in the administration of your own financial affairs。 Most
importantly， if you find yourself getting into financial trouble， don't let
your ego get in your way； urgently get help with tackling your problem before it
spins out of control and lands you in legal troubles。
9 Al this wil help you become an educated consumer and saver。 As you learn
to balance spending and saving, you wil become the captain of your own ship,
steering your life in a successful and productive direction through
the choppy waters.

Language Points：
1 Do you feel as confused and manipulated as I do with this question, “Should I
spend or should I save?” （Para。 1）
Meaning： When asking yourself whether you should spend or save， do you feel puzzled
and control ed as I do?
Meaning beyond words: According to the conventional concept, we are the master or
the boss of the money we have earned
。 It is up to us to decide how to use our money。 However， the sentence gives us the hint
that we are actual y no longer in control of our money。

2 I think that the messages we get from our environment seem to defy common
sense and contradict each other. （Para。 1)
Meaning: In my opinion, the messages we get in our daily life about the question “Should
I spend or should I save?" are against common sense and they often don’t agree with
each other。
Usage note： defy, deny
defy 和 deny 都是及物动词，词形相近,但实际上两者词义有别，用法也不同。
1 defy 主要表示“违抗；反抗；蔑视",后接名词;而 deny 主要表示“否认；拒绝承认”，后接
名词或 that 引导的从句。
*Nearly 11 thousand people have been arrested for defying the ban on street trading. 近一
万一千人因违抗在街上交易的禁令而被捕。
The government has denied that the authorities have uncovered a plot to assassinate the
＊president. 政府已否认当局发现了一个暗杀总统的阴谋。
2 defy 后接动词不定式表示“挑战；刺激某人做某事"时，不能用动名词形式；deny 表示“否
认;拒绝承认”时，后面不能接动词不定式，只能接动名词形式.
*I defy you to come up with one major accomplishment of the current prime minister。 我倒
要看看你能否讲出一项现任首相作出的重大成就。
He denied doing anything il egal。 他否认做过任何违法的事。

3 The government tells us to spend or we’ll never get out of the recession. (Para. 1)
Meaning beyond words: To help the country recover from the economic recession， the
government is encouraging people to spend， which will help stimulate production, job
markets and bank liquidity.

4 At the same time, they tell us that unless we save more， our country is in grave
danger。 （Para.1)
Meaning： Meanwhile， they warn us that if we don't save more money the economic

recession wil grow and severely harm our country。
Usage note: unless
1 unless 作连词，表示“除非… ；如果不…"，引导条件状语从句，意为“如果某个条件不出
现，某件事就不会进行”.使用 unless 时必须留意从句中动词的时态。虽然 unless 所说的
条件都是未出现或未发生的，但必须用一般现在时或过去时,不能用表示将来的时态.例如：
＊I will not go to Beijing unless the company pays for the trip. 如果公司不支付旅费，我不会
去北京。（不能用 wil pay）
She wouldn’t do that unless I allowed her. 如果我不允许,她不会去做那件事。（不能用
would allow）
＊She wil keep on singing unless she is told to stop. 她会一直唱下去，除非有人叫她停止。
（不能用 wil be told）
She would not come to work as before unless her mother’s health condition turned for the
*better. 她不会像以前那样来上班了，除非她母亲的病情好转。（不能用 would turn）
2 unless 和 if … not 都可以引导条件状语从句,但适用情况不同，很容易混淆，要注意区别。
指将来可能发生或可能真实的情况用 unless;如果知道事情没有发生或不真实则用 if … not。
可以说 If you weren’t always in such a hurry, your work would be much better。不说 Your
work would be much better unless you were always in such a hurry。见更多例句：
Unless they get protection, they will not testify。 (= If they do not get protection, they will not
*testify。） 如果得不到保证，他们不会作证的。
＊I would go out if it wasn’t raining. （= But it is raining, so I am not going out。) 要是不下雨，
我就出去了。

5 Banks offer higher interest rates so we increase savings。 Then the same banks
send us credit card offers so we can spend more. （Para。 1)
Meaning beyond words: Here is the “spend or save” paradox。 On one hand， the
government tells us to spend, and, on the other hand, they want us to save more。 While
the banks offer high interest rates to attract us to deposit money， they send us credit cards
to encourage us to spend。

6 Here's another familiar example: If we don't pay our credit card bill on time, we
get demanding, nasty emails from the credit card company saying something like:
“Your failure to pay is unacceptable. Pay immediately or you’ll be in trouble!” （Para。
2)
Meaning： If we fail to pay our credit card bil on time, the credit card company will send us
harsh and unfriendly email messages to warn us that either we pay at once or we’l get
penalties。
Sentence structure note: 祈使句+ or/and +陈述句

1 “祈使句+ or +陈述句”结构表示“…否则…”，其中,or 还可以换成 and,表达的意思发生相
应的变化,表示“如果…，就…”。对连词 or 或者 and 的选择,主要根据相应连词前后句表
达的意义，如果前后句有转折关系，就用 or，一般表达一种负面的结果；如果前后句表示
意义顺承，无转折关系，就用 and。例如:
*Listen to the teacher careful y in class， or you can’t catch what he is saying. 上课时要仔细
听老师讲课,否则你就无法了解他在说什么.
＊Walk down our street, and you'l see kids playing. 你要是走上街头,就会看到孩子们在玩
耍。
2 在“祈使句+ or/and +陈述句”结构中;陈述句通常用将来时态， 即“wil +动词原形”,也可用
情态动词 can,may 等。但通常不能用一般现在时或现在进行时。例如：
＊Work hard, and you can make rapid progress in your study. 努力吧，你会在学业上突飞猛
进的。
*Fol ow the advice of the doctor， or you won’t be well very soon. 遵从医生的叮嘱，否则你
的身体就不会很快好起来。
3 “祈使句+ or/and +陈述句”结构可与 if 引导的条件状语从句互换。例如：
＊Get up quickly， or you will be late。 （= If you don’t get up quickly， you will be late。） 快点起
床，不然你会迟到的。
Work hard, and you will pass the exam. (= If you work hard， you wil pass the exam.） 如果
你努力学习，你就会通过考试。
4“祈使句+ or/and +陈述句”结构中,祈使句有时可以省略动词.例如:
Make more effort， or you won’t be successful. (= More effort, or you won't be successful。）
如果不多些努力,你就不会成功。
Give me one more hour, and I’l get the work finished。 (= One more hour, and I’l get the
*work finished。） 再给我一个小时，我就能把工作做完。

7 Then, as soon as we pay， we get a follow-up email in a charming tone telling us
how valuable a customer we are and encouraging us to resume spending. （Para。 2）
Meaning: To lure us into more spending， once our credit card bil is paid, a fol ow—up
email in an entirely different tone wil be sent to us, claiming that we are valuable
customers。
Note： The word resume can be used either as a transitive or intransitive verb。 As a
transitive verb， it may be fol owed by a noun or a v。—ing form。

8 Which depiction is correct： a failing consumer in trouble or a valued customer？
The gap between these two messages is enormous. （Para. 2）
Meaning beyond words: As there is such a huge difference between the two email

messages, we feel confused about who we are: a failing consumer in trouble or a valued
customer?

9 The paradox is that every day we get two sets of messages at odds with each
other. （Para。 3)
Meaning： The contradiction is that every day we get two sets of messages disagreeing
with each other。

10 One is the “permissive” perspective， “Buy， spend, get it now. You need this!"
（Para。 3)
Meaning： One reflects a viewpoint of tolerance， “Buy, spend, get it now. You need this!"
Note: The word permissive is an adjective, a derivative from permit. Being “permissive"
implies a very easy and too relaxed position on something and usual y lacks good
judgment. For example:
They were permissive parents and their children grew up to be spoiled and il -behaving
＊adults。 他们是太过放任的父母,他们的孩子长大后会变成被宠坏、行为举止欠妥的成年人。
Usage note： permissive， tolerant
The synonym of permissive is tolerant, but tolerant is positive in
meaning. Permissive carries a negative connotation. Tolerant implies good judgment with
a right balance of perspective or actions。 For example：
The employee’s tolerant position on the differences in working style meant that the team
*performed well。 员工对工作作风的差异持宽容的立场意味着这个团队表现出色。

11 The other we could call an “upright” message， which urges us， “Work hard and
save。 Suspend your desires. Avoid luxuries. Control your appetite for more than
you truly need。” (Para. 3）
Meaning： We could cal the other one an “honest” message， which advises us to work
hard and save money, stop having too many desires, avoid spending too much， and limit
our purchases to what we real y need。
Usage note： urge, persuade
1 从词义上说，urge 的基本意思是“力劝；敦促”,引申可表示“强烈要求”等，比较正式；
persuade 主要表示“说服；劝说”,指通过劝说、感情交流等使对方做劝说者所希望的事。
urge 语气强，但不一定“力劝;敦促”成功；persuade 语气不如 urge 强,但强调不仅“劝”，
而且使之“服"。例如：
*We will urge them to adhere to the Paris Agreement. 我们将敦促他们遵守《巴黎协议》。
＊My husband persuaded me to come. 我丈夫劝我来的。
*2 从用法上说,urge 和 persuade 都可用作及物动词。urge 可用于 urge sb. to do sth。 结构，

意为“催促某人做某事"；persuade 表示“说服”时， 可用于 persuade sb。 to do sth.结构，也
*可用于 persuade sb. into doing sth. 结构，都表示“说服某人做某事"。它们也都可以引出 that
＊从句。urge 引出的 that 从句中用（should）+verb,而 persuade 用于 persuade sb。 that 结
构，不用（should)+verb。例如：
＊His father urged him to speak his mind。 他父亲敦促他说出心里话。
*We’re trying to persuade manufacturers to sel their products here. 我们正在努力说服制
造商在这里销售他们的产品。
＊Sir Fred urged that Britain (should） join the European Monetary System. 弗雷德爵士敦促
英国加入欧洲货币体系。
*We had managed to persuade them that it was worth working with us。 我们已设法说服他
们,与我们合作是值得的。

12 This message comes to us from many sources: from school, from parents, even
from political figures referring to “traditional values"。 (Para。 3)
Meaning： We get this kind of message from many sources such as school, parents， and
even politicians who like to talk about traditional values.

13 But the opposite message, advertising’s permissive message， is inescapable.
（Para。 4)
Meaning： But you cannot escape from the opposite message, advertisements that push
you to spend more.

14 Though sometimes disguised， the messages are everywhere we look … （Para。 4）
Meaning： Though these messages are sometimes subtle and change in form, they can
be found everywhere we live.

15 Advertisements invade our daily lives。 We are constantly surrounded by the
message to spend, spend， spend. （Para. 4)
Meaning: Our daily lives are flooded with advertisements。 Very often we find ourselves
enclosed by advertisements that lure us into spending.

16 It’s been calculated that by the age of 18, the average American will have seen
600，000 ads; by the age of 40, the total is almost one million。 （Para。 5）
Meaning beyond words: Americans grow up seeing countless advertisements， and this
continues throughout their life time。

17 Each advertisement is doing its utmost to influence our diverse buying
decisions, from the breakfast cereal we eat to which cruise line we will use for our

vacation. （Para. 5)
Meaning beyond words: Advertisements are everywhere and have invaded people’s
everyday lives.