初中英语名词讲解与练习.doc

(二）名词

I. 名词的种类：
专有名词
普通名词
国名地名人名，团体机构名称
可数名词
不可数名词
个体名词
集体名词
抽象名词
物质名词

II. 名词的数：
1. 规则名词的复数形式：
名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：
规则
例词
1
一般情况在词尾加-s
map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days
2
以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es
class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes
3
以-f或-fe结尾的词
变-f和-fe为v再加-es
leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives
加-s
belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs
4
以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-es
party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities
5
以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-s
toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys
6
以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词
有生命的加-es
hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes
无生命的加-s
piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos
7
以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s
radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos
8
以-th结尾的名词加-s
truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,
9
以ce, se, ze, ge等结尾的名词加-s
case，oranges
2. 不规则名词复数：
英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：
规则
例词
1
改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式
man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice
2
单复数相同
sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin,
3
只有复数形式
ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents
4
一些集体名词总是用作复数
people, police, cattle, staff
5
部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）
audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party
6
复数形式表示特别含义
customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)
7
表示“某国人”
加-s
Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans
单复数同形
Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese
以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women
Englishmen, Frenchwomen
8
合成名词
将主体名词变为复数
sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends
无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数
grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches
将两部分变为复数
women singers, men servants
III. 名词的所有格：
名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。
1. ’s所有格的构成：
单数名词在末尾加’s
the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo,
复数名词
一般在末尾加’
the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother,
不规则复数名词后加’s
the children’s toys, women’s rights,
以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’
Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house
表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’s
Japan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’s bikes
表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’s
Japan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father
表示＂某人家＂＂店铺＂，所有格后名词省略
the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s
2. ’s所有格的用法：
１
表示时间
today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday
2
表示自然现象
the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches
3
表示国家城市等地方的名词
the country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s industry
4
表示工作群体
the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory
5
表示度量衡及价值
a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples
6
与人类活动有特殊关系的名词
the life’s time, the play’s plot
7
某些固定词组
a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措)
3. of所有格的用法：
用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book
用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students
用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed
注：不同国籍人的单复数 
国籍 总称（谓语用复数） 单数 复数
中国人 the Chinese, a Chinese, two Chinese       瑞士人 the Swiss, a Swiss, two Swiss
澳大利亚人the Australians, an Australian, two Australians 俄国人 the Russians, a Russian, two Russians
意大利人 the Italians, an Italian, two Italians       希腊人 the Greek, a Greek, two Greeks
法国人 the French, a Frenchman, two Frenchmen   日本人 the Japanese, a Japanese, two Japanese
美国人 the Americans, an American, two Americans 印度人 the Indians, an Indian, two Indians
加拿大人 the Canadians, a Canadian, two Canadians 德国人 the Germans, a German, two Germans
英国人 the English, an Englishman, two Englishmen 瑞典人 the Swedish, a Swede, two Swedes
4.特殊的复数形式:
1）集体名词：集体名词不能运用具体的数字修饰，下面的集体名词，不能用a，one，two等修饰， 只能在其前加the表示“全体……”。
the police　　警察(指全体警察) the English　　英国人(指全体英国人)
the French　　法国人(指全体法国人)
2）复合名词
a woman teacher—women teachers　女教师 an Englishman—Englishmen　英国男子
a grown-up—grown-ups　成人
a brother-in-law—brothers-in-law　内兄、内弟、小叔、大伯
5.不可数名词
专有名词：NBA全美篮球协会 Michael Jackson 迈克杰克逊 the West Lake　西湖
物质名词：液体：milk water　　 tea coffee juice oil(油)
肉类：beef chicken mutton pork
天气：weather rain snow wind light 光
其他：news(新闻，消息) bread(面包)
抽象名词：fun love luck duty kindness善良happiness幸福progress进步
【注意】有些不可数的物质名词有复数形式，但表达不同意义。
tea— different kinds of teas 不同种类的茶
food 食品 — all kinds of foods 各种各样的食品
fruit 水果 — all kinds of fruits 各种各样的水果
glass 玻璃— a glass 一个玻璃杯 — glasses 眼镜、玻璃杯

名词练习
1. The ____ of the room were covered with ____.
       A. roofs, leafs               B. roofs, leaves             C. rooves, leafs             D. rooves, leaves
2. There are three ____ in our factory.
       A. woman doctors         B. women doctors         C. woman doctor          D. women doctor
3. Which do you prefer ____ or ____?
       A. potatos, tomatos              B. potatos, tomatoes      C. potatoes, tomatos      D. potatoes, tomatoes
4. They are ____ of different presses(出版社). Now they are having a meeting in one of the ____ office.
       A. editor-in-chiefs, editors-in-chief’s                  B. editors-in-chief, editor-in-chief’s
       C. editors-in-chiefs, editor’s-in-chief’s               D. editors-in-chief, editors-in-chief’s
5. The ant has two ____.             A. stomaches         B. stomacks           C. stomach            D. stomachs
6. He doesn’t like ____ for supper.                     A. chick         B. chicken      C. chickens    D. chicks
7. It was ____ hot weather that many of us went swimming.    A. so  B. such      C. so as   D. such a
8. ____ wonderful space they saw on the room!  A. How   B. How a C. What        D. What a
9. We know ____ travels not so fast as light.      A. sound B. sounds     C. the sounds  D. a sound
10. My family raise a lot of ____, including two ____.
       A. cattle, cows                     B. cows, cattle                     C. cattles, cows            D. cow, cattles
11. A number of soldiers ____ at he camp gate（军营门口）.
       A. have gathered           B. has gathered             C. is                             D. was
12. The Browns have spent a large ____ of money on their new car.
       A. deal                         B. amount                     C. number                    D. size
13. ____ work has been done to improve the people’s living standard.
       A. Many                       B. A great many            C. A great deal of          D. A number of
14. Mr Li shook ____ warmly with a friend.
       A. hand                        B. a hand                      C. hands                       D. the hands
15. Two ____, please.   A. coffee        B. coffees              C. cup of coffee            D. cups coffee
16. I can’t pay as ____ as he asked for.
       A. high price a                     B. high price                 C. a high price                     D. high a price
17. ____ knowledge of space develops rapidly.    A. Man’s        B. Men’s   C. Mens’    D. Person’s
18.I stayed at ____.              A. Xiao Wang’s     B. Wang’s home    C. the Wangs    D. home of Wang
19. Sister Carrie works in a ____ factory.           A. shoes         B. shoses        C. shoe     D. shoe’s
20. Have you ever read ____?
       A. today newspaper              B. newspaper today              C. newspaper of today   D. today’s newspaper
21. Two ____ walk didn’t made me tired.    A. hour          B. hours         C. hour’s        D. hours’
22. The mother over there is ____ mother.
       A. Julia and Mary          B. Julia and Mary’s        C. Julia’s and Mary’s     D. Julia’s and Mary
23. Li Ming’s handwriting is better than ____ in the class.
       A. anyone’s                  B. anyone else               C. anyone’s else’s         D. anyone else’s
24. The children are playing ____ on the ____.
       A. sand, sand                B. sands, sands             C. sand, sands                     D. sands, sand
25. If these trousers are too big, buy a smaller ____.          A. set      B. one     C. copy   D. pair
26. Tom usually takes a ____ in bus on rainy days.            A. walk   B. ride     C. trip     D. travel
27. We have no ____ about where she has gone.
       A. information               B. news                        C. message                   D. flash
28. Food and ____ are daily necessities（需要）for the people.
       A. cloth                        B. clothe                       C. clothes                            D. clothing
29. My ____ of hearing is not so good as it used to be.             A. strength  B. sense  C. power D. skill
30. The ____ caused by carelessness ____ yesterday. Many workers were killed.
       A. incident, was happened                                 B. matter, happened             
C. event, was taken place                                  D. accident, took place
31. The room was so quiet that she could hear the ____ of her heart.
       A. beating                     B. ways                        C. knocking                  D. striking
32. ____ has been told not to throw waste things anywhere.
       A. The public                B. People                      C. Women                    D. Man
33. He was an ____ in the government ____.
       A. office, official           B. official, office           C. officer, office           D. official, officer
34. There are several ____ in this novel who are different in ____.
       A. character, character  B. characters, characters       C. character, characters D. characters, character
35. We visited him ____ when he was in hospital.
       A. every other days              B. each other day          C. every other day         D. every two day
36. My friend will return in ____.
       A. one day or two         B. a day or two             C. one day or two         D. a or two days
37. ____ is always difficult for me. A. Translation      B. Translate    C. The translation   D. A translation
38. ____ of this novel is excellent, quite to my surprise.
       A. Translation               B. Translate                  C. The translation          D. A translation
39. The police ____ looking into the matter now.        A. be       B. is        C. are      D. are going to
40. The Chinese are ____ brave and hard working people.  A. the     B. a         C. /         D. one
41. No news ____ good news.                   A. is               B. are             C. have          D. has
42. Maths still ____ very difficult for me, though I have done my best. A. looks      B. seems C. is D. are
43. “Where ____ my trousers?” the boy asked.          A. is        B. was           C. were     D. are
44. How happy they are! Obviously, they are ____.
       A. in nice spirits            B. in nice spirit              C. in high spirits            D. in high spirit
45. I saw many ____ seated in the corner reading something.
       A. Japanese                  B. Japaneses                 C. of Japanese                     D. of Japaneses
46. Father went to his doctor for ____ about his heart trouble.
       A. an advice                  B. advice                      C. advices                    D. the advices
47. We are ____ and they are ____.                                
A. Englishmen, Germans  B. Englishmen, German  C. Englishmans, Germans       D. Englishmen, Germen
48. ____ are made of ____.
       A. A glass, a glass         B. Glasses, glass           C. The glass, the glass   D. Glasses, glasses
49. I’ll have to buy ____ trousers.               A. a        B. two     C. a pair of     D. a couple of
50. There are two ____ in our class.           A. Liu            B. Lius           C. Liu’s          D. Lius’
51. ____ is needed in cold countries.
       A. A lot of clothes         B. Much clothing           C. Many a cloth            D. Lots of clothes
52. They are ____.               A. mathematics student                B. mathematic students
                                          C. students in mathematics           D. mathematics students
53. The laboratory assistant recorded the ____ reactions（反应）.
       A. mouses’                   B. mice                        C. mices’                            D. mice’s
54. This letter was sent by ____.
A. my father friend        B. my father friend’s     C. a friend of my father’s      D. a friend of my father
55. Ten years had passed. I found she had ____.
A. a little white hair B. some white hair         C. a few white hair        D. a few white hairs
56. I have made ____ with Billy.          A. friends              B. friend         C. a friend             D. the friend
57. The population of Beijing is ____ than that of Xi’an.     A. more   B. larger  C. fewer  D. small
58. There are thirty-two ____ in our school.
       A. woman teacher         B. women teacher         C. women teachers        D. woman teachers
59. He had tried everything but it made little______ .　A. use    B. good C. difference 　D. result
60. You must get there within half an hour. There should be no______ in sending the blood to the dying man.
　　A. wait 　                    B. delay 　                   C. time 　                    D. hurry
61. Enough of it! Nobody here thinks what you are saying should make any______ .
　　A. excuse　                  B. sense　                    C. use 　                     D. value
62. -How dare you play on such thin ice?            -Playing on ice is not my ______of spare time.
　　A. idea　                      B. thought 　               C. mind 　                   D. intention
63. Helen said she would like to go to Atlanta by air, but I wonder if she has enough money to pay for the_____ .
　　A. travel 　                  B. tourism 　               C. journey 　               D. course
64. One splendid mountain______ followed another during our journey from Mieheel more to Rurunz.
　　A. view 　                   B. glance 　                 C. screen　                  D. scene
65.The new law will come into ___on the day it is passed. (1999上海)
　　A. effect　　                B. use　　                   C. service 　　            D. existence
66. When you play' football, what ______do you play?　A. situation       B. place   C. part    D. position
67. It's important for us to employ a word or a phrase according to the______in language studies.
　　A. situation 　              B. expression 　           C. condition 　             D. translation
68. I wrote him a letter to show my ______of his thoughtfulness.
　　A. achievement 　        B. agreement 　           C. view　                     D. appreciation
名词答案：
1~5 BBDDD  6~10 BBCAA 11~15 ABCCB 16~20 DAACD 21~25 DBDCD 26~30