高一英语名词性从句讲解.doc

高一英语名词性从句讲解
在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫做名词性从句。它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句是中学阶段的一个重要语法项目，在历年的高考中几乎都涉及到，并且每年的命题各有变化。分析历届高考试题名词性从句考查的焦点主要有以下六个方面
1. 考查名词性从句的语序问题 2. 考查引导词that与what的区别
3. 考查it在名词性从句中作形式主语或形式宾语的用法 4. 考查whether与if的区别
5. 考查名词性从句中的疑问词+ever引导的名词性从句与no matter+疑问词引导的状语从句的区别 6. 考查名词性从句的虚拟语气问题
语法要点剖析
一、名词性从句
主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句，在整个句子中所起的作用，相当于一个名词。因此，这四种从句通称为名词性从句。
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：
　　 连接词：that, whether, if （不充当从句的任何成分）
　　 连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which.
　　 连接副词：when, where, how, why
1. 主语从句
作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，if和连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。例如：
What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。
It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。
Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.
英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。
有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下：
（1）It + be + 名词 + that从句 （2）It + be + 形容词 + that从句
（3）It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句 （4）It + 不及物动词 + that 从句
另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”，常用的句型有：
It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that …
It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that…
It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that…
2. 宾语从句
名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样，在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。
1. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句
由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如：
He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。
We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing.
我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。
注意：在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, demand, request, command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“（should）+ 动词原形”。例如：
I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。
The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。
2. 用who，whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。
例如： I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。
She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。
She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。
3. 用whether或if引导的宾语从句，其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒，仍保持陈述句语序。此外，whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether，不用if：
a. 引导主语从句并在句首时；b. 引导表语从句时；c . 引导从句作介词宾语时；d. 从句后有“or not”时；e. 后接动词不定式时。
例如： Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question.
月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。
Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。
4. 注意宾语从句中的时态呼应，当主句动词是现在时，从句根据自身的句子情况，而使用
不同时态。
例如： he studies English every day. （从句用一般现在时）
he studied English last term. （从句用一般过去时）
I know (that) he will study English next year. （从句用一般将来时）
he has studied English since 1998. （从句用现在完成时）
当主句动词是过去时态（could, would除外），从句则要用相应的过去时态，如一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时等；当从句表示的是客观真理，科学原理，自然现象，则从句仍用现在时态。
例如：The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America．
5. think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中，要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。
例如： We don’t think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。
I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。
3. 表语从句
在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用as if引导。其基本结构为：主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例如：
The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。
That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。
It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。
需要注意的，当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如：
The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning
4. 同位语从句
同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导，可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如：
The news that we won the game is exciting.　 我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。
I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。
The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。
同位语从句和定语从句的区别：
that作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时可以省略； that引导同位语从句时，起连词的作用，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。
试比较下面两个例句:
I had no idea that you were here．（that引导同位语从句，不能省略）
Have you got the idea（that）this book gives you of life in ancient Greece？（that引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略）
如何判断从句类型：
放句首没有用逗号分开的，一般是主语从句，也有可能是状语从句，但从句结束后若有体现时态变化的动词，则一定是主语从句。
放及物动词后，若及物动词不是被动语态，后面一定是宾语从句；若句首为It，该及物动词是被动语态，后面一般是主语从句（It+ is + adj/n./done+ that/whether/when…）或状语从句。
放be动词后，后面就是表语从句，但 “It is/was + 从句(被强调成分) + that”是强调句（强调句中“非谓语”）。
放名词后，一般是定语从句，但若该名词有“内涵/内容”( fact/truth/news/ information /problem /suggestion /idea / doubt )， 则很可能是同位语从句。
名词性从句专项练习
I. 从句翻译练习（主要是名词性从句）
1. 关键的是你有没有尽力去完成这个任务。
__________ matters is __________ you have tried to finish the task.
2. 令我惊异的是通过努力有这么多人打破了世界纪录。
_______ surprised me is ________ so many people broke the world record with efforts.
3. 令我高兴的是我一直梦想的学校，复旦大学录取了我。
________ makes me happy is _______ I was admitted to Fudan University, ________ I dreamed of.
4. 明天会不会举行运动会取决于明天的天气如何。
_________ the sports meeting will be held tomorrow depends on________ the weather is like.
5. 他没有准时出席会议的原因是他遇到交通堵塞了。
The reason ______ he didn’t attend the meeting was ________ he had been caught in a traffic jam.
6. 他在会议上对这次事故的原因解释是有人玩忽职守。
The reason ________he explained at the meeting was ________ someone neglected his duty.
7. 这就是他如何处理这件事的，这使我很担心。
________is _______ he deals with it, _________ made me worried.
8 .作为学生，我们应该对老师所说的多加注意而且好好利用我们所有的一切。
_______ students, we should pay more attention to ________ teachers said and make full use of _______ we have.
9. 选一个你最喜欢的吧 (来自《简明英汉词典》)Choose _____________ of them you like best.
10. 请把奖品给先来的人。Please give the prize to __________ comes first.
11. 孩子长大后，要鼓励他们做力所能及的家务。
When children grow up, they should be encouraged to do __________ housework they can do.
12. 毫无疑问政府会采取措施来阻止疾病的蔓延。（doubt）
There is no doubt _____ the government will take measures to prevent the disease from spreading.
13. 据报道， 到目前为止，已经有91个老人死于流感。（It）
______ ______ reported ________so far 91 old persons have died in the flu.
14. 我们将在何时何地讨论这个问题还没决定。
________ and________ we’ll discuss the problem ________________________ (not decide).
15.人类不可能受机器人的控制。（There is no possibility）
There is no possibility ________ human beings will ever be controlled by robots
16. 现在我们要做的最重要的事是保护那些正受到灭绝威胁的野生动物。（threaten）
_______ is the most important thing for us to do is to protect the wild animals ________ are being threatened with extinction.
17. 他不爱你，与我无关。
__________he doesn’t love you is none of my business. (He doesn’t love you, which is none of...)
18. 空气之于人就如同水之于鱼一样重要。Air is to us _________ water is to fish.
19. 书和我的关系正如同水和植物的关系。
________ water is to the plant, ________are books to me.
二、What/that的区别：
1.______ he wants is a book.
2. ______ he wants to go there is obvious.
3. The result is ______ we won the game.
4. This is _____ we want to know.
5. Is _____ he told us true?
6. We should pay attention to ______ the teacher is saying.
7. I have no doubt _____ he will come.
8. I have no idea _____ he did that afternoon.
9._____ has made China_____ it is now?
10、______ you have done might do harm to other people.（’87）
11、_____ we can't get seems better than ____ we have. （’96）
12、______ he said at the meeting astonished everybody present.（’93）
13、______ you don't like him is none of my business.（’92上海试题）
14、The fact ____ he is a model teacher is well-known.
15、They expressed the hope____they would come over to China again.
选择题：
1. His success was because of ________ he had been working hard.
A. that B. the fact which C. the fact that D. the fact
2. “Is Mary from New York City” “I don't know _______.”
A. from what city does she come from B. from what city she come
C. what city does she come from D. what city she comes from
3. ________ makes mistakes must correct them.
A. What B. That C. Whoever D. Whatever
4. The reason why I didn't go to Shanghai was ________ a new job.
A. because I got B. because of getting C. I got D. that I got
5. It worried her a bit ____ her hair was turning grey.
A. while B. that C. if D. for
6. Henry killed the dog. I'll ask him why ________.
A. did he do that B. he did that C. he did D. he has done so
7. Have you seen Henry lately My boss wants to know ________.
A. how he is getting along B. how is he getting along
C. what he is getting along D. what is he getting along
8. It is generally considered unwise to give a child ____ he or she wants.
A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever
9. He asked me ________ with me.
A. what is the trouble B. what wrong was
C. what was the matter D. what trouble it is
10. I am sure ________ he said is true.
A. that B. about that C. of that D. that what
11. When and why he came here ________ yet.
A. is not known B. are not known C. has not known D. have not bee
12. I wonder how much ________.
A. does the watch cost B. did the watch cost
C. the watch costed D. the watch costs
13. Mary is ________ someone might recognize her.
A. afraid of B. afraid about C. afraid that D. afraid for
14.________ is no reason for dismissing her.
A. Because she was a few minutes late B. Owing to a few minutes late
C. The fact that she was a few minutes late D. Being a few minutes late
15. They came to the conclusion ________ by a computer.
A. that not all things can be done B. because of not all things be done
C. being not all things can be done D. because not all things can be done
16. Why the explosion occurred was ________ the laboratory attendant had been careless.
A. for B. because C. since D. that

I. 从句翻译练习
1. What; whether 2. What; that 3. What; that; which 4. Whether; what 5. why; that
6. that; that 7. This; how; which 8. As; what; what 9. whichever 10. whoever
11. whatever 12. that 13. It is; that 14.When; where; is not/has not been decided
15. that 16. What; which 17.That 18. what 19. As, so

1-5.CDCDB 6-10.BABCD 11-15.ADCCA 16-20.DABCA 21-25.BBDDA 26-30.BCDCC