虚拟语气用法总结及详细解析.doc

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虚拟语气用法
英语中的语气分为陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气、疑问语气和感叹语气五类。
1、表示动作或状态是客观存在的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句中。
China is an Asian country. (肯定句) How interesting my stay in China has been! (感叹句)
2、祈使句表示说话人对对方的请求、警告，建议或命令。如:
Please come over here. 请到这边来。 Watch your steps! 当心!(走路)
3、虚拟语气表示说话者做出的假设而非事实，或难以实现的情况，甚至表达彻底相反的概念。此外，如需表达主观愿望或某种强烈的感情时，也可用虚拟语气。虚拟语气是由句中的谓语动词的特殊形式表示出来的。如:
If I were a bird，I would be able to fly in the air. 如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。
I wish I could pass the examination. 我希望我能通过考试。
一、状语从句中的虚拟语气
虚拟类型
条件从句
主句
(1) 与现在事实相反
V-ed过去式（be动词用were）
should/could/would/might + V.原形
(2) 与过去事实相反
had done过去完成时
should/could/would/might + have done
(3) 与将来事实相反
① Should + V.原形
② were to +V.原形
③ V-ed过去式
should/could/would/might + V.原形
(4) If省略条件句
虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were, should, had时，if可以省略，这时条件从句要用倒装语序，即把were, should, had等词置于句首。
(5) 错综条件句
主句和条件从句的谓语动作若不是同时发生时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。
(6) 含蓄条件句
条件会暗含在短语中，如without, but for，otherwise等。
(7) 目的状语从句
for fear that，in case，lest引导的从句中，用虚拟语气时，从句谓语为: (should) + do
so that，in order that所引导的目的状语从句中
从句谓语为: can / could / may / might / will / would /should + do
二、宾语从句中的虚拟语气
① 现在事实相反的愿望，从句谓语用 + V-ed或过去进行时
（1）wish/wished ② 与过去事实相反的愿望，从句谓语+ had done
+ could/would have done
③ 与将来事实相反的愿望，从句谓语could/would + V.原形
if only引导的感叹句和as if/as though引导的状语从句也有与wish相同用法
还有一些表愿望的短语：would just as soon 倒宁愿/prefer宁愿/
(2) would rather，had rather，would sooner等表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望
表示现在或将来的愿望，用V-ed (be 用were )
表过去的愿望，用 had + done
I'd rather you came next Saturday. 我宁愿你下星期六来。
l'd rather you had been / hadn't been present。我 (宁) 愿你当时在场 / 不在场。
（2）表“坚持”

insist that +（should） do
“insist意为"坚持某种动作"才用虚拟语气；意为"坚持某种观点，某个事实"则不用虚拟语气。
（3）表“命令”

order，command + that …（should）do
（4）表“建议”
advise，suggest，propose，recommend + that …（should）do
注意：suggest作“建议”讲时用虚拟；作“表明”讲时不用虚拟。
（5）表“要求”
ask，demand，require，request+ that …（should）do
（6）表“提议”
move，vote+ that …（should）do
（7）表“希望，打算”
desire，intend+ that …（should）do
（8）其他
urge敦促；arrange安排； direct指示；prefer宁愿；
注意：句中出现上述词语的名词形式时也用虚拟语气
Your advice that she（should）wait till next week is reasonable.
My suggestion was that the meeting（should）be put off till next week.

三、定语从句中的虚拟语气
句式（1） It is /was (high/about) time that …V-ed (be用were)… 早该做……的时候了（优先使用过去式）
that…should do…（should不可以省略）
句式 (2 ) It is the first/second time that …have/has done…这是某人第一/二/三...次做某事。
It was the first time that …had done…
四、主语从句中的虚拟语气
句式（1）It is+ adj./n.+ that +主语从句 （从句的谓语动词常用should+原形且should的省略要看情况而定）
表情绪、观点的形容词或名词，如：necessary、important、impossible、natural、strange、surprising、funny、right、wrong、better、a pity 、the shame、no wonder、imperative[ɪmˈperətɪv] 等。
如：It is strange that such a person should be our friend.(should表示"竟然"的语气，不可省。)
句式（2）It is+ adj.+ that +主语从句（从句的谓语动词常用should+原形）
（礼貌委婉地表达情况的紧迫性可用虚拟语气）
表示紧迫的形容词，如:advisable，best，critical，desirable，essential，imperative，important，necessary，urgent，vital等。
如：It's vital that you make a decision right now . 你立刻就做决定是至关重要的。
　一、虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的应用
条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。
非真实条件句表示的是假设或实际可能性不大的甚至完全不可能发生的情况，故采用虚拟语气。
　1、表示与现在事实相反的情况：
　 　 条件从句：主语+V过去时 主句：主语+ should/would/could/might + do
　　 If I were you, I would take an umbrella. 如果我是你，我会带把伞。（事实：我不可能是你）
　 If there were no air or water, there would be no living things on the earth.
　　 If I had any money with me, I could lend you some. 　如果我带钱了，我就会借给你些。
　 2、表示与过去事实相反的情况
　　 条件从句：主语+ had done 主句：主语 + should/would/could/might + have done　
　　 If I had got there earlier, I should/could have met her. 如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。
　 If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake. 如果他听我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了。
　　3、表示对将来情况的主观推测
　　 条件从句：① if+主语+ were to do
　　 ② if+主语+ did/were 主句：主语+ should/would/could/might + do　
　　 ③ if+主语+ should do
　 If he should come here tomorrow, I would talk to him. 如果他明天来这儿的话，我就跟他谈谈。
　　 If there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would not go skating. 如果下周日下大雪，我们就不能去滑冰了。
　　 If she were to be here next Monday, I would tell her about the matter.
如果她下周一来这儿的话，我就会告诉她这件事的始末。
　　4、 有时，虚拟条件句中，结果主句和条件从句的谓语动作若不是同时发生时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。这种条件句叫 错综条件句。
　 　 ① 从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。
　　 If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too.如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会成为一个工程师了
　 　 If they had informed us, we would not come here now. 如果他们通知过我们的话，我们现在就不会来这里了。
　　 ② 从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。
　 　 If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing. 如果他今天有空的话，我们会已经派他去北京了。
　 　If he knew her, he would have greeted her. 要是他认识她的话，他肯定会去问候她了。
　　5、 当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were, should, had时，if可以省略，这时条件从句要用倒装语序，即 把were, should, had等词置于句首，这种多用于书面语。
　　 Should he agree to go there, we would send him there.要是他答应去的话，我们就派他去。
　　 Were she here, she would agree with us.如果她在这儿的话，她会同意我们的。
　　 Had he learnt about computers, we would have hired him to work here.
　　 如果他懂一些电脑知识的话，我们已经聘用他来这里工作了。
【注意】
① 若条件从句为否定句，否定词not应置于主语之后，而不能与were，should，had 等缩略成Weren't，Shouldn't，Hadn't而置于句首。
Had it not been for the bad weather we would have arrived on time. 若不是天气坏，我们就准时到达了。
② 有时省略if后提前的had不是助动词:
Had I time，I would come. 假若我有时间，我会来的。(=If I had time…)
　　6、非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来，暗含在副词、介词短语、上下文或其他方式表示出来，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。
①将条件会暗含在介词短语中，如without…, but for…,otherwise（要不是因为）等
　　 But for his help, we would be working now. (要不是他的帮助，我们还会在工作呢。
　 Without your instruction, I would not have made such great progress.
　　 We didn't know his telephone number, otherwise we would have telephoned him.
②将条件隐含在不定式短语中
I should be happy to go with you. 如果能与你一起去，我将很高兴。(=I should be happy if I could go with you.)
To have studied harder, you would have passed the examination. 你学习更用功些，你早就考及格了。
(=If you have studied harder, you…)
③将条件隐含在分词短语中
Born in better times, he would have been a scholar. 如果出生在好时代，他早就成为学者了。
(=If he had been born in better times, he …)
Failing this time, what would you do？ 假若这次失败，那你怎么办？(=If you failed dthis time, what…)
④将条件隐含在名词短语中
A true friend would not have betrayed me. 若是真正的朋友，就不会背弃我。
(=If he had been a true friend, he would…)
A few hours earlier, and you would have seen the famous writer. 要是你早来几个小时，你就见到这位著名的作家了。(If you had come a few hours earlier, you…)
两个常用虚拟语气句型：与but for, without同义。
① If it weren’t(wasn’t) for…“若不是有…/要不是有…”
If it weren’t(wasn’t) for the children, we wouldn’t have anything to talk about. 要不是因为孩子们，我们不会有什么可谈的。
② If it hadn’t been for…
If it hadn’t been for the rain, we would have had a good harvest. 要不是有雨，我们本会获得一个大丰收的。
　 7、有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句可以省略其中的一个，来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。
　　 ①省略从句
　　 He would have finished it. 他本该完成了。 You could have passed this exam. 你本该通过这次考试的。
　　 ②省略主句
　　 If I were at home now. 要是我现在在家里该多好啊。
　　 If only I had got it. 要是只有我得到它了该多好啊。　
8、注意，在虚拟语气的从句中，动词be的过去时态一律用were，不用was。
　　 If I were you, I would go to look for him. 如果我是你，就会去找他。
注意：“it+be”的省略
If necessary，I would send more farmhands to help you. 如果需要的话，我会派更多的人去帮你。(=If it were necessary，…)
二、虚拟语气在宾语从句中的应用
1、wish后的宾语从句, 用虚拟语气
a、与现在事实相反的愿望，wish + 主语 + 动词过去式或 were
b、与过去事实相反的愿望，wish + 主语 + had done 或would/ could + have done (注意这里的不能用should)
c、与将来难以实现的愿望，wish + 主语 + would/could/might+ 动词原形
I wish I had your brains. 我希望我有你那样的头脑。(事实：我根本比不上你)
I wish I had known the truth of the matter. 我希望我那时就知道这件事情的真相。（事实：那时还不知道）
I wish I should have a chance again. 我希望我还能有一次这样的机会。（事实：很难再有这样的机会了）
I wish prices would come down. 我希望物价能降下来。 　
注意: 从句的时态只与从句所指的时间有关，如果将wish改为过去式wished，其后that 从句中的动词形式不变。
We wish he didn't smoke. 我们希望他不吸烟。
I wished I hadn't spent so much money. 但愿我没有花这么多钱。
注意：if only引导的感叹句与wish 用法一致，意思也基本相同。(if only一般独立使用，是没有主句搭配的)
If only she would pass the English examination! 但愿她能通过英语考试！
If only I weren't so nervous. 但愿我不这样紧张。
If only I hadn't gone there last night. 要是昨晚我没有到那里去就好了。
2、 would rather + 虚拟从句
一般would rather，had rather，would sooner等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望，
故使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为:
表过去的愿望，用 had + done
表示现在或将来的愿望，用V-ed (be 用were )
I'd rather you had seen the film yesterday.我倒想你昨天看过了这场电影。
I'd rather you were here now.我倒想你现在在这儿。
We'd rather you went here tomorrow.我们倒想你明天去那儿
注意：would rather（比较正式）=had rather（非正式），would sooner（sooner代替rather）的细微差别。
提示：would rather 主要有两种用法。
   1．后接不带to的不定式
  I'd rather play tennis than swim. 我宁愿打网球，也不愿游泳。
  I'd rather not go to the movies. 我宁愿不去看电影。
  Which would you rather have, tea or coffee 你喜欢喝茶，还是咖啡
   2．后接不用连词的that从句
  I'd rather you went home now. 我希望你现在就回家。
  I would rather my daughter attended a public school. 我希望我的女儿能上公立学校。
3、 一想要(desire)， 一宁愿(prefer)， 一坚持(insist) ，二命令(order ， command) ，三建议(advise ， suggest ， propose/recommend)， 四要求(demand ，require ，request ，ask) 中，无论主句谓语动词为何种时态，从句的谓语动词都用“should + do”，且should可以省略。
He suggested that we (should) take the teacher's advice.
He insisted that we (should) take the teacher's advice.
He demand that we (should) take the teacher's advice.
He ordered that we (should) take the teacher's advice.
（1）表示“坚持”后的宾语从句
主要是指insist的宾语从句，从句谓语由 "should+ do" 构成，其中的should可以省略。
I insisted that he (should) stay. 我坚持要他留下。
He insisted that I (should) go with them. 他坚持要我同他们一起去。
注意①：动词insist后接宾语从句时，除可用虚拟语气外，也可用陈述语气，两者的区别是:
若谓语动词所表示的动作尚未发生，或尚未成为事实，则用虚拟语气；
若谓语动词所表示的动作已经发生，或已经成为事实，则要用陈述语气。
比较:He insisted that I had read his letter. 他坚持说我看过他的信。
He insisted that I should read his letter. 他坚持要我看他的信。
注意②：“insist意为"坚持某种动作"才用虚拟语气；意为"坚持某种观点，某个事实"则不用虚拟语气。
He insists he is a student.他坚持说他是个学生。
这个语句表示的是事实，因此在这个语句中不能使用虚拟语气。
（2）表示“命令”后的宾语从句
order, command引导的宾语从句，从句谓语由"should+do"构成，其中的should通常可以省略。如:
He ordered that it (should) be sent back. 他命令把它送回去。
He commanded that we (should) attack at once. 他命令我们立即发起进攻。
（3）表示“建议”后的宾语从句
advise, suggest, propose, recommend等引导的宾语从句，从句谓语由"should+do" 构成，
其中的should可以省略。
He suggested that we should leave early. 他建议我们早点动身。
The doctor advised that he change his job. 医生劝他换工作。
They recommend that this tax be abolished. 他们建议取消这种税。
The committee proposed (that) Mr. Day be elected. 委员会建议推选戴先生。
注意：与动词insist相似，动词suggest后接宾语从句时，除可用虚拟语气外，也可用陈述语气
两者的区别也是：suggest意为"建议"才用虚拟语气，意为"暗示"或"表明"则不用虚拟语气。
He suggested that we (should) stay for dinner. 他建议我们留下吃饭。
What he said suggested that he was a cheat. 他说的话表明他是个骗子。
I suggested that you had a secret understanding with him. 我觉得你与他心照不宣。
（4）表示"要求"后的宾语从句
主要是指ask，demand，require，request等后的宾语从句，从句谓语 由"should+ do" 构成，should可省略。
He requires that I (should) appear. 他要求我出场。
I demand that John (should) go there at once. 我要求约翰立即到那里去。
They demanded that the right to vote be given to every adult man. 他们要求给予每个成年男子以选举权。
I requested that he should use his influence on my behalf. 我请求他为我施用他的影响。
He asked that the message be given to Madame immediately. 他要求把信息立即带给夫人。
（5）表示“提议”“投票” “敦促” “指示”后的宾语从句
主要是指move, vote, urge, direct等后的宾语从句，从句谓语由"should+动词原形"构成，should可以省略。
I move that we accept the proposal. 我提议通过这项提案。
Mr. Chairman, I beg to move that the meeting be adjourned. 主席先生，我提议休会。
Congress has voted that the present law be maintained. 国会投票决定维持现 在这条法律。
He urges that the restrictions be lifted. 他敦促取消这些限制。
He urged that the matter should go to arbitration. 他极力主张这件事要提交仲裁。
The general directed that the prisoners should be set free. 将军指示释放那些俘虏。
（6）表示“安排”后的宾语从句
主要是指动词arrange后的宾语从句，从句谓语由"should+动词原形"构 成， should可以省略。
He arranged that I should go abroad. 他安排我去国外。
They arranged that the minister should be met at the airport. 他们安排在机场迎接这位部长。
It was arranged that they should leave the following spring. 已安排好他们第二年春天离开。
They've arranged that I should absent myself for part of the meeting. 他们安排好让我一部分时间不在开会现场。
（7）表示“希望”“打算”后的宾语从句
主要是指动词desire，intend后的宾语从句，从句谓语由"should+动词原形"构成， should可以省略。
She desires that he do it. 她希望他做此事。
They intended that the news (should) be suppressed. 他们打算封锁这条消息。
I desire the patient should have a bath every day. 我希望病人每天洗澡。
三、虚拟语气在定语从句中的应用
虚拟语气还可用在定语从句中，表示:"早该做某事了"时，定语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气。
结构为： It is (high / about) time that + 主语+ V-ed (优先使用动词过去式)
It is (high / about) time that + 主语+ should + do (should不可省略)
如：It is time that I went to pick up my daughter at school.我该去学校接我的女儿了。
It is high time you should go to work.你早该上班了。
It is (high) time that we should go to school 也可以写成It is (high)time that we went to school.
It's high time for me to write my homework. I have to leave. 到了写作业的时候了，我必须要离开了。

注意：若该句型略微调整成It is/was the first/second time that + 句子，那这个句子谓语动词不再采用上述形式，而是It is the first/second time that …have/has done…这是某人第一/二/三...次做某事。
It was the first/second time that …had done…
如：This is the first time that I have ridden a horse。这是我第一次骑马:
This is the first time that I ride (am ridding) a horse.（你会让人觉得你说这句话的时候你还是骑在马背上）
It was the first time that I had ridden a hose. 那时我第一次骑马(你已经骑过马了)。
It will be the first time that I ride a horse. 如果你要说那将会是你第一次骑马(你还没有骑过马)。
四、虚拟语气在主语从句中的应用
句式① It is+ adj./n.+ that +主语从句 （从句的谓语动词常用should+原形且should的省略要看情况而定）
表情绪、观点的形容词或名词，如：necessary、important、impossible、natural、strange、surprising、funny、right、wrong、better、a pity 、the shame、no wonder等。
如：It is strange that such a person should be our friend.(should表示"竟然"的语气，不可省。)
句式② It is+ adj.+ that +主语从句（礼貌委婉地表达情况的紧迫性可用虚拟语气）
表示紧迫的形容词，如:advisable，best，critical，desirable，essential，imperative，important，necessary，urgent，vital等。
如：It's vital that you make a decision right now . 你立刻就做决定是至关重要的。
五、虚拟语气在状语从句中的应用
A．对现在事实的假设，从句用一般过去时（be用were）；
B．对过去事实的假设，从句用过去完成时；
C．对将来的假设，从句用过去时或would/might/could/should+V原形
（1）虚拟语气在目的状语从句中的应用
1、在for fear that（生怕，唯恐），in case（以防），lest(以免，免得)引导的从句中，若用虚拟语气时，
从句谓语为: (should) + do
Please remind me of it again tomorrow in case i (should) forget. 请你明天再提醒我这件事，以免我忘记。
She examined the door again for fear that a thief (should) come in. 她又把门检查了一遍，以防盗贼的进入。
He started out earlier lest he (should) be late. 他早早地就出发了以防迟到。
2、在so that，in order that所引导的目的状语从句中，
从句中的谓语为: can / could ，may / might ，will / would ，should + do
 I shall write down your telephone number so that i may not forget. 我要把你的电话号码记下来，以免忘记。
He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer. 他走近说话的人以便能听得更清楚。
He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word. 他把信读得很仔细以便不漏掉一个字。

（2）在as if/as though引导的方式状语从句中的应用
as if 或as though引导的状语从句，用陈述语气表示可能符合事实的情况，用虚拟语气表示与事实不符或与事实相反的情况。
A．The teacher treats the pupil as if he were her own child.
这位老师对待这位学生就像自己的亲生孩子一样。（这位学生并不是她的亲生孩子）
  B．I felt as though we had known each other for years. 我感觉我们好像认识多年了。（其实并没有认识多年）
C．It looks as if it might rain. 天看上去好像要下雨。（不大可能下雨）
对比：
  He looks as if he is young. 看样子他好像很年轻。（他就是年轻，符合事实）
  He looks as if he were young. 看样子他好像很年轻。（实际上他不年轻，不符合事实）

（3）虚拟语气在让步状语从句中的应用
A．在even if, even though 引导的让步状语从句中的应用（需判断情况是否真实）
让步状语从句指事实时，从句谓语动词用陈述语气。若从句内容表示现在和将来的假设情况，从句谓语动词用虚拟语气。
even if 表示“即使”“纵然”“就算”“哪怕”，在真实条件句中不用虚拟。
They’ll stand by you even if you don’t succeed. 即使你不成功，他们也会支持你。
Even if it rains tomorrow, we won’t change our plan. 即使明天下雨，我们也决不改变计划。
even if从句的内容通常是假设性的用虚拟语气；
Even if he had the money, he wouldn’t buy it. 他即使有钱也不会买它。