托福独立写作开头段的写法-课件.pdf

4独立写作开头段的写 法-September-啕婷一RequirementT OG:T Score 5T An essay at this level largely accomplishes all of the following:T Effectively address the topic and task.T Is well organized and well developed,using clearly appropriate explanations,exemplifications,and/or details.T Displays unity,progression,and coherence.T Displays consistent facility in the use of language,demonstrating syntactic variety,appropriate word choice,and idiomatically,though it may have minor lexical or grammatical errors.2Paragraph II.Paraphrase the argument 改述原题（背景）II.Counterargument 反方观点III.Main Idea发表自己的观点a What the tonic isT Displays consistent facility in the use of language,demonstrating syntactic variety,appropriate word choice.1./oHc一般就在题目中；2.为体现句法的多样性和用词的准确性，不能照抄原题；3.需要对原题进行恰当而准确地改述，即paraphrase.4.What is paraphrase?A paraphrase of something written or spoken is the same thing expressed in a different way.-柯林斯英汉双解大辞典4e.QDo you agree or disagree with the following statement?Always telling the truth is the most important consideration in any relationship.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.5How to paraphrase the topic?1.形式与内容的严格对应a)词与词的替换；(synonym)b)词类替换;(word-phrase)c)词T生替换(noun-verb,adjective-noun)2.意义的对应形式与内容的对应a）词与词的替换（synonym）133.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?A persons childhood years（the time from birth to twelve years of age）are the most important years of a persons life.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.Brainstorming:a persons-ones,someonesimportant significant,momentousof a persons life-in ones lifetimeParaphrase:Ones childhood years are the most significant years in his lifetime.7词与词的替换（syncnym）9.Some people prefer to live in a small town.Others prefer to live in a big city.Which place would you prefer to live in?Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.Brainstorming:prefer to do sth-would rather do sthlive-reside,dwellsmall-littlebig city metroplisParaphase:Some people prefer to reside in a small town.Others would rather live in a metroplis.8词类替换b)word-phrase11.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Universities should give the same amount of money to their students sports activities as they give to their university libraries.Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.Brainstorming:should do-be required to do,be supposed to dothe same amount of money the equivalent moneyParaphase:Un versifies are supposed to render the equivalent money to their students sports activities as they do to the university libraries.9词性替换c)noun-verb,adjective-noun35.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Attending a live performance(for example,a play,concert,or sporting event)is more enjoyable than watching the same event on television.Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.Brainstorming:attend sth-attendance in sthbe more enjoyable have/bring/produce more joy/delight/pleasureParaphase:Attendance in a live performance brings more pleasure than watching the same one on televison.10意义的对应9.Some people prefer to live in a small town.Others prefer to live in a big city.Which place would you prefer to live in?Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.Paraphrase:Nowadays,people seldom agree with each other even in such trivial issues as preferance between living in a big city and a small town.133.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?A persons childhood years(the time from birth to twelve years of age)are the most important years of a persons life.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.Paraphrase:When looking back upon his lifetime,one may regard his childhood as the most significant period in his lifetime.11Sentence Ii.在形式与内容对应的改述中，一般格式较为固定：Nowadays,people often consider/regard/hold that.Nowadays,people tend to/would like to.In most cases,people argue/contend that.In modern society,there is a tendency/phenomenon/controversy that.Nowadays,some people/while others.2.在只有意义对应的改述中，格式较为自由、开放，可以 展示更多的语法可能性与表达的多样性。12ExamplesDo you agree or disagree with the following statement?Only people who earn a lot of money are successful.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.Sentence I:Nowadays,people often consider that only the ones who earn a large amount of money are successful.Nowadays,people would like to hold the view that only those who earn much material wealth can be viewed as the successful ones.Nowadays,many people believe that a large income equals success.Practice:175.Some students like classes where teachers lecture(do all of the talking)in class.Other students prefer classes where the students do some of the talking.Which type of class do you prefer?Give specific reasons and details to support your choice.13b.Shcwycur personal cpinicn要求：观点鲜明，简明扼要。Sentence II常用句型：前半句：As far as I am concerned/In my point of view/As for me/For my part/In terms of me/Personally speaking,.后半句：I would say/assert that.I tend to agree/disagree thatThere is something certain/wrong to say/consider that.It is no doubt that.完整的句子：It seems to me that 14Examples27.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?People should sometimes do things that they do not enjoy doing.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.Sentence II:In my opinion,there really is something wrong,nevertheless,to think we could be finally successful by only doing things that we do enjoy doing.As far as I am concerned,it is no doubt that in some cases,people should do what they in fact do not enjoying doing in order to be successful.For my part,I tend to agree that under some circumstances people ought to do what they are not glad to do.Practice:175.Some students like classes where teachers lecture(do all of the talking)in class.Other students prefer classes where the students do some of the talking.Which type of class do you prefer?Give specific reasons and details to support your choice.15C.Suppcrtvcurcpinicn对接下来中间段要展开的两至三个分论点用一个原因状语 从句或名词短语简要地提及一般接在Sentence II后作状语,不另成句。Why?使作者清楚文章的框架，便于预期和理解加深读者对文章内容的记忆限制思维的广度，使作者能深入思考理由和例证显示语言变化能力增加文章字数16常用句型I.名词短语：.,because of/due to/on account of/in view of/in regard to/in terms of/considering/given/forII.原因状语从句：.,given that/considering(the fact that)/for/since/seeing that/now that/as/in view of the fact that/in that/for the reason that.17SampleSample 1Nowadays,people often consider that.As far as I am concerned,I would say that.,because of.Sample IINowadays,people tend to.For my part,I tend to agree/disagree that.,for the reason that.18Example话题：电视已经成为书本更有效的学习方式观点：完全同意理由1:电视画面和声音结合，吸引人，注意力集中，学习效率高。理由2:电视节目丰富多彩，信息量大，更新速度快。Nowadcys,people often consider thnt television has become a better way to study than a book.As far rs I am concerned,I tend to agree with the argument because 0f the benefits on its vivid combination of images and sound,as well as its good renewal of information they bring to our study.19Example话题：学校应当要求学生去上课观点：同意理由1:学生上课能够和同学互相学习，学习他们的思维方式，团队精 神有所提高理由2:学生上课是责任和纪律要求，如果学生想上课就上课，那么学 校将无法管理Nowadays,people often argue that whether universities should require their students to attend their classes.In my point of view,I would say that attending classes is quite indispensable for the students,for the reason that it would enhance their ability of teamwork and facilitate the better official administration on them.20其他高频句架T教育与校园生活I 1了大学里的作弊现象已经变得越来越严重，原因是，目前 教育体系的目标不是提高学生的素质，而是提高他们的 考试能力。I 高分句架:is becoming a serious problem.This is because.21其他高频句架T教育与校园生活12T现在，除了学习以外，还应鼓励学生们在其他很多方面 培养兴趣，例如体育，绘画和音乐等。了高分句架：Today,in addition to,a student is also encouraged to.T Today,in addition to being good at studies,a student is also encouraged to cultivate interests in many other things,such as sports,painting,and music.22其他高频句架T教育与校园生活I 3.了我认为，现代文明的发展要求我们的教育不但要重视学 校课程，而且要重视培养学生解决问题的能力。I 高分句架:In my opinion,requires that should emphasize not only on but on aswell.23其他高频句架T教育与校园生活T 4.I人们可以在业余时间进行自学，在工作中提高各项能力 o如果可能，还应当参加一些成人教育的课程。在这方 面，有很多依靠自学取得成功的例子。丫高分句架：开 possible,one may.There are many examples of.T One may teach himself in his spare time and develop various abilities on his working position.If possible,one may attend corresponding courses for adult higher education.There are many examples of people who achieve success by self-study.24其他高频句架T教育与校园生活I 5.I我决不认为读研究生只是浪费时间和金钱，因为这才是 我生活中真正需要的，并且值得去做的。T 高分句架:I never think is a waste of time andmoney because,above all,it is something worthwhile that I truly want in my life.T I never think postgraduate education is a waste of time and money because,above all,it is something worthwhile（值得的;值得花时间、钱或精力的）that I truly want in my life.25其他高频句架T教育与校园生活I 6.T最近一项调查表明，十年前没有大学生做兼职，而现在 有25%的大学生做兼职工作，并且这个数字在暑假期间 会上升到75%。T According to a recent survey,about 25 percent of college students now take part-time jobs,compared to nearly none ten years ago and this figure increases to 75 percent during summer vacation.26其他高频句架T教育与校园生活17.Y进一步来说，沉重的学习负担是现存应试教育体系的副 产品，所以我们应当改革现行的考试测评体系。T 高分句架:Furthermore,is the by-product of,so we should.27其他高频句架T教育与校园生活I 8.丫这些大学合并的目的是提高自身的教学和科研实力，使 合并后的大学更加具有竞争力迎接新世纪的挑战。T They merge to improve their composite capability for teaching and research and thus make the expanded university more competitive to meet the challenge of the new century.28其他高频句架T教育与校园生活I 9.Y与之不同的是，素质教育模式重视学生的创新能力和全 面发展。I 高分句架:In contrast,stresses on.29其他高频句架T教育与校园生活110.Y新的学费制度给贫穷的学生及其家人造成了很大的负担,这会使有潜力的学生被拒之于大学校门之外。了高分句架：really places a crushing burden onT So the new tuition policy really places a crushing burden on the poor students and their families and may keep the promising students away from campus.（a crushing defeat,blow，惨重的失败、打击）30其他高频句架T事业与成功I 1.T自信，雄心，加上决心和毅力等因素是造成最终的成功 或失败的原因。了高分句架：contribute to eventual success or failure.31其他高频句架T事业与成功12.T取得成功，说得容易，做起来难。但是只要坚持不懈就 一定会有所回报。成功人士的最重要特征之一就是自信,第二是渴望，还有一个是决心。I 高分句架:One of the most important traits of is.another is,and still another is.I While achieving success is easier said than done,persistence does in fact pay off.One of the most important traits of a successful person is selfconfidence,another is desire,and still another is determination.,其他高频句架T事业与成功T 3.了从成功的角度来说，良好的职业道德与教育同等重要。事实上，成功的确建立在两方面完全融合的基础上。了高分句架：From the standpoint of,in fact,depend on.T From the standpoint of success,a good work ethic is no less important than education.Success does（用于句中无其他助动词时，以加强动词的肯定语 气），in fact,depend on the total integration of both aspects.33其他高频句架T事业与成功T4.I一些人认为机会非常稀少，只有最幸运的人才能获得它。其他人则认为，各种各样的机会不时地来到每个人的身边。我个人比较同意第二种说法。T 高分句架:Some people believe that,while other people argue that.Personally,I agree with the latter to some extent.T Some people believe that opportunities are rare,and only the luckiest person can get them,while other people argue that that everyone is given opportunity of one kind or another from time to time,personally,I agree with the latter to some extent.其他高频句架T事业与成功I 5.I毫无疑问，金钱和其他财物是有用的，有时甚至很重要 o但是，在实现生命价值的过程中，取得成绩和做出贡 献要比获得金钱更加重要。T 高分句架:It goes without saying that.T It goes without saying that money and other material things are useful and sometimes even important,but achievements and contributions surely carry much more weight in the fulfillment of one s value in life.35其他高频句架T事业与成功I 6.了另一方面，一个人没有信心就很难达到他所追求的目标,尤其当他面临困难的时候。所以，自信对于一个人的 成功来说是必不可少的。T On the other hand,without confidence,there is little possibility of his achieving the goal in anything he pursues,especially when he is faced with drawbacks or hardships.Therefore,selfconfidence is indispensable to one ssuccess.(there is little possibility of sb s doing sth)36其他高频句架T事业与成功17.I一些人觉得金钱和权力是他们生命中最重要的东西。另 外有些人则认为，生命中所不可缺少的是为社会做出贡 献，在事业上取得成功。了高分句架：Some people may think that.Others may regard as.T Some people may think that money and power is the most important goal in one s life.Others may regard contribution to society and success in their career as something essential for their life.37其他高频句架T两性问题I 1.T现在不结婚而单独立户生活的人数不断上升，人们要找 出其中的原因并不容易，因为这种复杂的社会现象涉及 到很多因素。T 高分句架：It is no simple task to,for it is a complicated phenomenon involving several factors.T It is no simple task to identify the reasons for the rise in the number of people living alone and establishing their own households,for it is a complicated phenomenon involving several factors.38其他高频句架T两性问题12.I关于这个问题，其他人持有不同的意见。他们坚信：男 人和女人生来就是平等的。了高分句架：Other people,however,think quite differently on this issue.They firmly believe thatT Other people,however,think quite differently on this issue.They firmly believe that both men and women are born equal.39其他高频句架T两性问题I 3.T难怪绝大多数人把爱情看成主要是被人家爱的问题，而 不是去爱人家和求爱的能力问题。了高分句架：No wonder most people see the problem of as that of,rather than that ofT No wonder most people see the problem of love primarily as that of being loved,rather than that of loving,of one s capacity to love.40其他高频句架I人口问题11.了世界人口迅速增长已经带来了一系列问题：食品匮乏、交通和住房问题。Y 高分句架：The rapid increase of has beencreating a series of problems ranging from to41其他高频句架I人口问题12.I人口增加意味着交通更拥挤。而且，由于需要更多的空 间来解决住房问题，所以几乎不可能扩展街道，使得情 况变得更遭。T More people means heavier traffic.Moreover,because more space has to be used to meet the needs of the housing problems,it is almost impossible to widen the streets,which makes the situation even worse.(it is almost impossible to do sth=there is little possibility to do sth)42其他高频句架I人口问题I 3.Y对人口问题意识的提高需要更多的大众教育。像人口数 量和增长率之类的事实应该作到人人皆知。了高分句架：More public education is needed to.Facts like should be in the head of everycitizen.T More public education is needed to develop more awareness about population issues.Facts like the size or the growth rate of the human population should be in the head of every citizen.43其他高频句架T计算机与互联网T 1.了互联网能够快速普及是因为它具有巨大的功用。人们只 需要按一下键盘，就可心非常方便快速地获取丰富的信T 高分句架:The popularity of results from.T The popularity of the Internet results from its great utility.With the Internet,it is convenient and fast for people to great a variety of information and what they need to is just to press key buttons.44其他高频句架T计算机与互联网12.T电子邮件是互联网最普及的功用之一，它可以快速，安 全，准确地传递信件。另外，医生可以利用网络来交流 信息，共同对病人进行诊断和治疗。再者，商人们可以 通过电子商务赚取巨大的利润。T As one of the most popular use,E-mail can transmit your letter quickly,safely,and accurately.Besides,doctors diagnose and treat their patients by discussing or exchanging experience via Internet.Finally,businessmen may make great profit with the help of E-commerce.45其他高频句架T计算机与互联网T 3.T互联网对人们的生活方式产生了深远的影响，它变革了 人们生活方式以及思考问题的方式。了高分句架：exerts such a profound effect on that.46其他高频句架T计算机与互联网I 4.I事实上，我们可以通过互联网做任何事情。例如，我们 能够人事电子商务，发布产品广告，订购飞机票，买卖 股票，甚至在网上找工作。最近，现代大都市中又流行 起了网上购物。T 高分句架:As a matter of fact,.To illustrate,47其他高频句架I商业与经济11.I现在人们都在热烈地讨论经济是否应该快速发展。持反 对意见的人认为经济发展应该放慢速度，因为这种发展 已经达到某种极限。I 高分句架:There is much discussion today about.Those who criticize argue that.48其他高频句架I商业与经济12.I有些人认为造成出口下降的原因是横扫亚洲许多国家的 金融危机。I 高分句架：Some lay the blame for on.49其他高频句架I商业与经济I 3.T中国实行开放政策以来，越来越多的外商来华投资，建 厂和创办企业，还有的对原有企业进行扩大改造。T 高分句架:Thanks to,more and more.T Thanks to the opening-up policy,more and more foreign businessmen have come to invest in China,building new factories,mines and other business enterprises,or enlarging and improving old ones.50其他高频句架I商业与