高中英语之定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句.pdf

定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句讲解及练习名词性从句whatever 与 no matter whatIt is generally considered unwise to give a child her or she wants.A.whatever B.no matter what C.whenever D.no matter when此题应选Ao容易误选B。选项C、D显然是错的，因为句中的wants缺宾语，而C、D两项不能作宾语。至于C、D的区别，可这样描述：no matter what只能，而不引导名词性从句。而whatever既可(=anything that),也nJ(=no matter what)：1.引导名词性从句(只用whatever)：无论他做什么都是对的。正：Whatever he did was right.误：No matter what he did was right.无论他说什么似乎都有道理。正：Whatever he says sounds reasonable.误：No matter what he says sounds reasonable.山羊找到什么就吃什么。正：Goats eat whatever they find.误：Goats eat no matter what they find.2.(两者可换用)：无论你说什么，我都不会相信你。正：Whatever you say,I won t believe you.正：No matter what you say,I won t believe you.无论发生什么，都要保持镇定。正：Keep calm,whatever happens.正：Keep calm,no matter what happens.名词性从句的三个基本要素要素一：引导词也就是引导名词性从句的关联词。这些引导词可分为三类，一是that类，二是if/whether类，三是疑问词类。既然是引导词，所以这些词就总是位于名词性从句的最前面。要素二：语序名词性从句都必须与陈述句语序相同，即“主语+谓语”。事实上，任何一种从句，其语序都必须与陈述句的语 序相同。要素一：时态若主句的谓语动词是一般现在时时，宾语从句的谓语动词可根据情况使用各种时态；若主句的谓语动词是一般过 去时，宾语从句若不是一个客观事实或真理，其谓语动词也必须用某种过去时态。引导宾语从句that的省略问题名词从句作动词宾语时，前面的that常被省略，特别是在非正式语体中：I suggested(that)they should drive along the coast.我建议他们沿着海岸开车。1 hoped(that)I wou 1 d/should succeed.我曾希望我会成功。I know(that)he will be in time.我知道他会赶得上的。T knew(that.)he wou 1 d be in time.我当时知道他会赶得上的。He thinks(that)they will give him a visa,他想他们会给他签证。He thought(that)they would give him 3 visa.他本想他们会给他签证。I expect(that)the plane will he diverted.我料想飞机会改变航线。I expected(that)the plane would be diverted.我本料想飞机会改变航线。在某些动词(如answer,imply)之后则一般需要用that。如：He answered that he was from Austria.他说他是奥地利人。She answered that she preferred to eat alone.她回答说她愿意独自吃。I don t wish to imply that you are wrong.我无意暗示你错了。The newspapers have implied that they are having an affair.报纸报道暗指他们有染。在较长的句子里，特别在“that从句”与动词隔开时，that 一般不可省略。如：The dealer told me how much he was prepared to pay for my car and that f could have the money with out delay.那个商人告诉我他准备出多少钱买我的汽车，并说我会立即收到款。这个that if是什么意思这道题中的that if是什么意思？She promised he had enough money she wou1d marry him.A.that B.if C.that if D.if that【分析】此题应选C,其余几项均有可能误选。句子的正常词序为She promised that she would marry him if he had enough money.山于将条件状语if he had enough money插入动词promised与其宾语从句之间，从而导致 许多同学误选。顺便说一句，本来动词promise后接宾语从句时，引导宾语从句的that是可以省略的，但是按英语 习惯，当动词与其宾语从句之间插有其他成分时，引导宾语从句的that通常不宜省略，所以此题不宜选B。又如：She promised that if anyone found her son she would give him a lot of money.她答应要是谁找到她儿 子，她会给他一大笔钱。(句子可改为 She promised that she would give him a lot of money if anyone found her son.)He said that when his wife came back he would leave.他说等他妻子一回来，他就离开。(句子可改写为He said that he would leave when his wife came back.)Tell him that if he is at home I 11 come to see him.告诉他，如果他在家，我就去看他。（句子可改写为Tell him(that)I 11 come to see him if he is at home.)这两道题考查名词性从句吗第1题Don t you know,my dear friend,it is you that she loves?A.who B.wh i ch C.that D.what【分析】此题容易误选A或B,选A者认为这是指人的，故用who；选B者认为这是非限制性定语从句，两者都 是误认为这是定语从句（注意没有先行词），其实此题应选C,它引导的是一个宾语从句，只是被其中的插入语my dea r friend 隔开罢了。其实此句也可说成 My dear friend,dont you know that it is you that she loves?又如：I think,though I could be mistaken,he liked me.A.who B.which C.that D.what答案选 C,句子可改写为 I think that he liked me,though I could be mistaken.即 that he liked me 是 动词think之宾语。第2题He told me the news,believe it or not,he had earned$1 000 in a single day.A.that B.which C.as D.because【分析】此题容易误选B,误认为这是非限制性定语从句。其实此题应选A,that引导的是一个用以修饰名词t he news的同位语。不少同学之所以误选B,正是believe it or not（信不信由你）这个插入成分惹的祸。这道题是考查主语从句吗？这道题是考查主语从句吗？要看仔细定噢！with the right knowledge can give first aid.A.Who B.Whoever C.Anyone D.Who ever【分析】此题容易误选B,主要受以下这类句子的影响而形成思维定势：Whoever says that is lying.谁那样说，谁就是在说谎。Whoever breaks this law deserves a fine.违反本法者应予以罚款。Whoever comes first can get a ticket free,谁先来谁就可以免费得到一张票。以上各例中的whoever引导的均为主语从句，它们均可换成anyone who,但不能换成anyoneo上面的试题从表 面上看，与以上各例很相似，其实有本质的不同，即 with the right knowledge中没有谓语动词，所以 我们不能选whoevero此题的正确答案为C,anyone为句子主语，with the right knowledge为修饰anyone的定语。请做以下试题：（1）with a good education can apply for the job.A.Who B.Whoever C.Anyone D.Who ever（2）has a good education can apply for the job.A.WhoB.Whoever C.AnyoneD.Who everA.Who_ having a good education can apply forB.Whoever C.AnyonetheD.job.Whoever(4)A.Who_ seen smoking here will be fined.B.Whoever C.AnyoneD.WhoeverA.Who_ is seen smoking here will be fined.B.Whoever C.AnyoneD.Whoever(6)A.Who_ smoking here will be fined.B.Whoever C.AnyoneD.WhoeverA.Who_ smokes here will be fined.B.Whoever C.AnyoneD.Whoever第题选C,介词短语 with a good education 为修饰 anyone的定语；第（2）题选 B,whoever has a good education 为主语从句；第（3）题选C,现在分词短语having a good education为修饰anyone的定语；第（4）题选C,过去分词短语seen smoking here为修饰anyone的定语（可视为anyone who is seen smoking h ere之省略）；第（5）题选 B,whoever is seen smoking here 为主语从句（from）；第（6）题选C,现在分词短语smoking here为修饰anyone的定语；第（7）题 B,whoever smokes here 为主语从句。that与whether（if）引导名词性从句的区别两者均可引导宾语从句，也可引导语从句和表语从句（if通常不行），但两者含义不同，whether（if）表示“是 否，that却不表示任何含义。在它们所引出的从句中，that表示一种肯定、明确的概念，而whether（if）则表 示一种不肯定、不明确的概念。比较：Whether he 11 come is not known yet.他是否来还不清楚。That he 11 come is known to us all.我们都知道他会来。类似地，动词doubt（怀疑）后接宾语从句时，由于doubt的含义不确定，故通常用whether（if）来引导其宾语 从句，但若doubt为否定式，则其后的宾语从句用that来引导。如：I doubt if you are honest.我怀疑你是否诚实。I don t doubt that you are honest,我不怀疑你是诚实的。that,why与because引导表语从句时的区别虽然三者均可引导表语从句，但that没有词义，而why和because有自己的意思；另外，虽然why和becau se都可引导表语从句，但前者强调结果，后者强调原因。如：The reason was that you don t trust her.原因是你不信任她。The fact is that they are angry with each other.事实是他们生彼此的气。He was ill.That s why he was sent to the hospital.他病了，所以被送到医院来。He was sent to the hospital.That s because he was ill,他被送到医院，是因为他生病了。whether和if引导名词性从句的区别两者均可用于及物动词后引导宾语从句，表示“是否”，常可互换。但除此（用于动词后引导宾语从句）之外，在 其他情况下表示“是否”时，通常要用whether而不用if,如用于引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、让步状 语从句、与。r连用分别引导两个分句等，或用于不定式前、用于介词后、直接与or not连用等等。如：Ask him whether if he can come.问他能不能来。The question is whether he can do it.问题是他能不能做。Answer my question whether you can help him.问答我你是否能帮助他。It depends on whether the letter arrives in time.这取决于信是否来得及时。注：在某些动词后（如discuss等）通常只用whethero如：We discussed whether we should hold a meeting.我们讨论了是否要开一个会。that与what引导名词性从句的区别that引导名词性从句只起连接作用，在从句中不作任何成分，无意义，在宾语从句通常省略，但在主语从句、表 语从句和同位语从句中均不能省略；what除引导从句外，还在从句中作成分，意为“所的（东西）”，在含义上等 于“名词+that 如：1.用that的例子That she lacks experience is obvious.她缺少经验，这是显然的。The police learned that he wasn,t there at that time.警察获知他那时不在场。He realized that she too was exhausted.他意识到她也精疲力尽。My idea is that you shouldn t have left the country.我的意见是你不应该离开那个国家。Bob has the mistaken idea that tomorrow is a holiday.鲍勃错误地认为明天是一个假日。It was quite plain that he didn,t want to come.很明显他不想来。It is natural that they should have different views.他们看法不同是很自然的。2.用what的例子What(=The thing that)he said was true.他所讲的是事实。What he had hoped at last came true.他希望的事终于成为现实。What he said is beneath contempt.他说的话不值一理。What he says is true,possibly.或许他说的是对的。What she saw gave her a fright.她看到的情况吓了她一跳。What I want to say is this.我想说的是这一点。I,m sorry for what I said.我为我说的话表示歉意。That s what I want to know.这是我想知道的。Y ou had better hear what I have to say.你最好听听我的意见。I managed to get what I wanted.我设法得到了我要的东西。It was what he meant rather than what he said.这是他的原意而不是他的原话。There,s something in what he says.他的话有些道理。Her interest was roused by what he said.他的话引起了她的兴趣。He was always conscious of the fact that she did not approve of what he was doing.他向清楚她不 太赞成他的做法。注：that可引导同位语从句，what不能。如:Have you any idea what time it starts?你知道什么时候开始吗？学习名词性从句的应注意的关键点1.备考主语从句应注意以下三点一是从句作主语，主句谓语动词用第三人称单数；二是主语从句通常用it作形式主语，尤其是在It is+名词/形容词/过去分词+that中，或在It seems/happens that中,或疑问句中；三要注意由what,whatever,whoever引导的主语从句一般不用形式主语。2.备考宾语从句应注意以下四点一是介词后（except等除外）一般不跟that引导的宾语从句，但可接疑问词引导的宾语从句；二是在that引导的宾语从句后若还有补语时，要用it作形式宾语，而将that从句置于补语之后；三是当主句谓语动词是think,believe,suppose,expect,imagine等时，若宾语从句要表示否定意义，往往要 通过否主句来实现，即所谓否定转移;四是虽然引导宾语从句的that有时可以省略，但若宾语从句前有插入语或有间接宾语时，that不能省略；that 在与之并列的另一个宾语从句之后或者在“形式宾语it+宾补”之后时也不能省略；that从句单独回答问题时，that 也不能省略。3.备考表语从句应注意以下三点一是除that,whether和疑问词外，as,as if,as though,because也可引导表语从句；二要注意that s why+结果”以及that s because+原因”的区别;三是注意 the reason(why/for)is that句式。3.备考同位语从句应注意以下三点一是同位语从句多在 news,order,word(=news/order),idea,hope,suggestion,information,plan,th ought,doubt,fear,belief等抽象名词后,说明其具体内容；二是同位语从句与所说明的名词有时会被谓语所分开，做题时需注意；三是引导同位语从句的有that,whether和连接副词when,where,why,how等，但绝大多数山that引导，注意 同位语从句不能用which引导。英语基础语法名词性从句一、名词性从句的基本概念在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫名词性从句，包括作主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。(1)主语从句就是在复合句中作主语的从句。主语从句常用that,whether,who,whom,whose,what,which,when,where,how,why,whatever,whoever 等弓|导。如：Whether he will be able to come remains a question.他是否来还是问题。That China is a great socialist country is well known.众所周知，中国是一个伟大的社会主义国家。注：为避免头重脚轻，使句子平衡，常用it作形式主语，而将主语从句后置。如上述第二例常说成：It is well known that China is a great socialist country.但是，由连接代词what,whatever,whoever等引导的主语从句一般不能用形式主语。如：What he found surprised me greatly,他的发现使我非常吃惊。Whoever is finished may rest.凡是做完工的人都可以休息。(2)表语从句就是在连系动词之后作表语的从句。引导表语从句的连接除与引导主语从句的连接词外，还有as if,as thoug ho如：The question is whether he is able to do it alone.问题是他能否单独做这件事。It looks as if(though)it is going to snow.天好像要下雪似的。注意：要区分以下句式：1.that s why+结果；that s because+原因。2.the reason why/foris thatHe is absent.That s because he is ill,他缺席，这是因为他生病了。He is ill.That s why he is absent.他病了，这就是他缺席的原因。The reason why he is absent is that he is ill.他缺席的原因是他生病了。(3)宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的从句。引导这宾语从句的连接词与引导主语从句的连接词基本相同。如：They didn t say which they wanted,他们没有说他们想要哪个。I am sure(that)no harm will ever come to you.我肯定你永远不会受伤害。I was surprised at what has happened.我对发生的事感到惊讶。注意：当think,believe,suppose等的疑问式后面跟连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句时，习惯上将这些连 接词置于句首，即“连接代/副词+do you think/believe/expect+宾语从句的其余部分?”如：Who do you think is the best player this year?你认为今年谁是最佳运动员？What do you suppose you will do after school?你想放学后干什么？(4)同位语从句就是在句中作同位语的从句。它通常有放在thought,idea,news,word(=news),plan,doubt,question,fac t,suggestion,belief等抽象名词的后面，说明这些词的具体内容或含义。同位语从句大多由that引导，也可由wh ether,how,when,where,why 等引导,但不能由 which 引导。如：The idea that the earth is round is not a new one.“地球是圆的”这种观点并不新鲜。He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.他必须回答他是否同意此事这们一问题。I have no idea when he will set out,我不知他什么时候出发。注：有时，同位语从句并不紧跟在它所说明的词的后面。如：The whole truth came out at last that he was a wolf in sheep s clothing.真相终于大白了，他原来是 一只披羊皮的狼。二、名词性从句的基本要素A.连接词就是引导名词性从句的关连接词。共有四类：1.连词that：只起连接作用，没有任何意思，不作任何句子成分，在宾语从句中可省略。2.连词whether：有“是否”之意，但不作句子成分；引导宾语从句时，还可用if。3.连接代词：who(m),whose,which,what等均有各自的意义，在从句中作主语、宾语、定语等。4.连接副词：when,where,why,how等，有意义，在从句中作状语。5.whoever,whatever,whichever等也可引导名词性从句，意为“无论/不管.”。注意：连接词必须位于从句的最前面。关于连接词的用法，请参见后文。B.语序必须与陈述句语序相同：主语+谓语动词。如：译：我不知道他去哪里了。误：I don t know where has she gone.正：I don t know where she has gone.C.时态一致若主句的谓语动词是一般现在时时，宾语从句的谓语动词可根据情况使用各种时态；若主句的谓语动词是一般过 去时，其谓语动词必须用某种过去时态。如：She said that his father had gone to Beijing.他说他父亲去北京了。（had 不能用 has）注：宾语从句是一个客观真理时，可以不一致。如：She told me that the earth goes around the sun.他告诉我地球围绕太阳旋转。八种宾语从句不省略that引导宾语从句的that在下列情况下一般不省略：1.宾语从句前有插入语。如：We hope,on the contrary,that he will stay at home with us.恰恰相反,我们希望他和我们呆在家里。2.有间接宾语时。如：He told me that he was leaving for Japan.他告诉我他要去口本。3.that在与之并列的另一个宾语从句之后。如：He said（that）the book was very interesting and that（不省略）all the children like to read it.他 说那本书很有趣，所有小孩都喜欢读。4.在“it（形式宾语）+补语”之后时。如:I think it necessary that he should stay here.我们认为他有必要留在这里。5.that从句单独回答问题时。如：What did he hear?他听说了什么事？一That Kate had passed the exam.（他听说）凯特考试及格了。6.在except等介词后。如：He has no special fault except that he smokes too much.他除了抽烟太多之外，没有什么特别的毛病。7.位于句首时。如：That our team will win,I believe.我相信我们队会赢。8.在较为正式或不常用的动词（如reply,object）后。如：He replied that he disagreed.他回答说他不同意。宾语从句学习指要用来充作宾语的句子叫做宾语从句。如：He asked what you were doing last night.他问你昨天夜晚在干什么。I didn,t know that he was wounded in the accident.我原来不知道他在那事故中受了伤。Can you explain why he didn,t come to the party last Sunday?你能解释上周星期日他为什么没有来参加 聚会吗？在宾语从句中须注意：1.that在口语中常被省略，但在正式的文体中，不能省；并且它一般不能引导介词的宾语从句，但可引导exce pt,but,in等少数介词的宾语从句。如：I didn t know（that）he was Li Lei.我不知道他就是李蕾。I will do anything I can to help you except that I m ill.只要我身体舒服，我愿做任何事情来帮助你。2.宾语从句之后带有补足语成分时，一般须用it作形式宾语，把宾语从句放到句末，此时的that不能省。如：The boy has made it clear that they can t play with his toys.那个男孩已清楚的表明他们不能玩弄他的 玩具。3.动i司 advise,ask,demand,desire,insist（坚决主张），order,propose,request,suggest（建议）等代的 宾语从句须用虚拟语气，即：（should）do的形式。He asked that we（should）get there before nine o clock.他要求我们在九点钟之前赶到那儿。The teacher advised us that we（should）not waste our time.老师劝告我们不要浪费时间了。4.宾语从句的时态与主句的时态须呼应。即（from）：1）当主句谓语动词的时态是现在时或将来时，从句的谓语动词可用任何所需要的时态表示。如：He always says that he is our good friend.他总是说他是我们的好朋友。When the teacher knows what we have done,he will say that we have done a good deed.当老师知道我 们所干的事情时，他会说我们做了 一件好事。2）当主句谓语动词的时态为过去时，从句的谓语动词须用响应的过去时一。如：He didn t tell us he came from Shanghai.他没有告诉我们他来自上海。He said he had read the book.他说他读过这本书。3）但当从句的内容是客观真理或客观事实，而不受时间的限制时，即使主句谓语动词为过去时，从句仍用一般现 在时。如（from）：Chairman Mao said that all the imperialists are paper tigers.毛主席说一切帝国主义者都是纸老虎。When we were children,we were told that China is in the east of the world.我们还是小孩子的时候，人们就告诉我们说中国在世界的东方。同位语从句学习指要当名词后面所接的从句表示与名词同位并为名词的实际内容时，这个从句就是同位语从句。如：The news that China has joined the WTO excite us all.中国加入了世界贸易组织这一消息使我们大家兴奋 不已。He told us the truth that he fell down from his bike this afternoon.他告诉了我们他从单车上摔下来 这一真相。同位语中应注意：1.高中所学能带同位语从句的名词不多，常见的有：answer,belief,conclusion,decision,discovery,dou bt,explanation,fact,hope,idea,information,knowledge,law,message,news,opinion,order,possibi lity,problem,promise,proof,proposal,question,report,risk,rumor,story,suggestion,truth,theo ry,thought,wish,word 等。如：Hw sent us a message that he won t come next week.他送信来告诉我们说，下周他不来了。There is no doubt that he is fit for this job,毫无疑问，它适合这一工作。2.表示“命令、建议、要求“advice,demand,decision,desire,idea,insistence,instruction,order,plan,proposal,recommendation,request,requirement,suggestion,wish 等名词的同位语，须用虚拟语气。如(from)：He made clear his desire that he should work hard to go to college.他已清楚的表明了他要努力学习考 上大学这一愿望。Soon came the order that all the people should obey the rules.不久命令下来了，所有的人不得违犯制 度。3.同位语从句与定语从句的区别：同位语从句与定语从句形相似而实质不同，具体表现在以下几个方面：(1)被修饰的词不同。同位语从句的前面一般是数量有限的、表示抽象意义的名词；而定语从句的先行词是无数的 指人或物名词。(2)从句的作用不同。同位语从句表示同位名词的具体内容；而定语从句是对先行词一名词的限制、描绘或说明。(3)引导词的作用不同。引导同位语从句的that是连词，在从句中不担任任何成分，但不能省略；而引导定语从 句的that为关系代词，在从句中担任句子的某种成分，当担任定语从句中的宾语时，that可以省略。(4)引导词不同。定语从句不能用what,how,whether引导；而同位从句可以用what,how,whether引导(from)。(5)判定定语从句和同位语从句的方法。同位语从句可充当同位名词的表语；而定语从句不能充当先行词的表语。表语从句学习指要当一个子句充当句子的表语时，这个子句就叫做表语从句。如：My idea is that he can teach children English in this school.我的想法是他能够在这所学校教孩子们英 语。My hope is that he will keep it a secret for ever.我的希望是它将永远保守秘密。表语从句中应注意：1.连接词that 一般不能省略，但当主句中含动词do的某种形式时，that可以省略。如：What I want to do is(that)I can go up to him and thank him.我想做的事是走到身边去感谢他。2.当句子的主语是：advice,demand,decision,desire,idea,insistence,instruction,order,plan,pr oposal,recommendation,request,requirement,suggestion,wish 等名词时，表语从句须用虚拟语气，即：shou Id+doo 如:My advice is that you should go to apologize to him.我的建议是你应该去向他道歉。主语从句学习指要用来作主语的句子叫做主语从句。如：(1)When he was born is unknown.他生于何时还不知道。(2)What he did last night is being investigated.他昨天晚上干了些什么正在调查之中。在主语从句中须注意：1.主语从句一般用it作形式主语，放在句首，而将主语从句放到句末。如：(1)It is possible that he has stolen the car.很可能他偷了小车。(2)Isn,t it strange that he should not have passed the test?他测试没有通过，难道不奇怪吗？2.