高中英语语法总结-名词性从句(2).doc

名词性从句
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(Noun Clauses）。 名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
根据从句在句子中的功能分
根据从句的性质分
定语从句
形容词性从句
主语从句
名词性从句
宾语从句
表语从句
同位语从句
状语从句
副词性从句

第一节 知识点讲解
一．【主语从句】
顾名思义，主语从句在句子中作主语。有时本身出现在主语的位置上，也有时出于句子结构的考虑退到句子的尾部，前面用形式主语it代替。从句作主语时，谓语动词一般为单数形式。如:
What I saw was beyond any verbal description.
That his hair was turning grey worried him a bit.
Why the company denied the contract is still unknown.
When and where the government will build a city square is under discussion.
It is pretty annoying that a small part of the machine is missing.
It remains to be seen whether the new novel will be well received.
Tips: 主语从句的that绝对不能省去。因为句子是不能做主语的，故用that引导。若去掉则没有了主语，而宾语从句的that可省。
主语从句：That he is right is known to all of us.
宾语从句：We all know (that) he is right.
1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较
为了防止句子头重脚轻，通常把形式主语it放在主语位置，真正主语搁置于句末
It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如：
a) It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film. 你不去看那场电影真可惜。
b) It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not. 我对你成功与否不感兴趣。
c) It is in the morning that the murder took place. 谋杀案是在早上发生的。（强调句型）
d) It is John that broke the window. 是John打碎的窗户。（强调句型）
2. 用it 作形式主语的结构
(1) It is ＋ 名词 ＋ 从句
It is a fact that … 事实是…
It is an honor that …非常荣幸
It is common knowledge that …是常识
(2) It is ＋ 形容词 ＋ 从句
It is natural that… 很自然…
It is strange that… 奇怪的是…
(3) It is ＋ 不及物动词 ＋ 从句
It seems that… 似乎…
It happened that… 碰巧…
It appears that… 似乎…
(4) It ＋ 过去分词 ＋ 从句
It is reported that… 据报道…
It has been proved that… 已证实…
It is said that… 据说…
3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况：
（1）if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。
（2）It is said /reported…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
正确表达：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week.
错误表达：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.
（3）It happens/occurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
正确表达：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.
错误表达：That he failed in the examination occurred to him.
（4）It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
正确表达：It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.
错误表达：Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter.
（5）含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：
正确表达：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?
错误表达：Is that will rain in the evening likely?
4. what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别
what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语．宾语．表语，而that 则不然。例如：
a) What you said yesterday is right.
b) That she is still alive is a consolation

二．【宾语从句】
宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词 (及物动词) 或介词之后。
We assumed that there would be more than 100 guests.
He told the police in detail what he saw and heard.
Nobody is sure what humans will look like in a million years.
That will depend on whether they can get the chance.
Whether I will have the time I am not sure at the moment.
The conductor complained that we were not gifted in singing and that he would never come again.
1. 作动词的宾语
(1) 由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略), 例如：
I heard that be joined the army. 我听说他参军了。
(2) 由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句，例如：
a) She did not know what had happened. 她不知道发生了什么。
b) I wonder whether you can change this note for me. 我想知道你是否能帮我改一下笔记。
(3) 动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句。例如：
She told me that she would accept my invitation. 她对我说她会接受我的邀请。
2. 作介词的宾语，例如：
Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another. 我们的成功取决于我们之间的合作。
3. 作形容词的宾语，例如：
I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake. 我恐怕我已经犯了一个错误。
注意：that 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。
4. it 可以作为形式宾语
it 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。 例如：
We heard it that she would get married next month. 我听说她下个朋就会结婚了。
5. 后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词
这类动词有allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。如：
正确表达：I admire their winning the match.
错误表达：I admire that they won the match.
6. 不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词
有些动词不可用于“动词＋间接宾语＋that从句“结构中，常见的有envy, order(命令), accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce（公开指责）, advise, congratulate等。例如：
正确表达：He impressed the manager as an honest man.
错误表达：He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.
7. 否定的转移
若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy（想象）, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如：
I don’t think this dress fits you well. 我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。

三．【表语从句】
表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain（留下、保持、依然）, seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外，常用的还有the reason is that… 和It is because 等结构。例如：
1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.
2) This is why we can’t get the support of the people.
3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.
4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.

四．【同位语从句】
同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。
1. 同位语从句的功能
同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如：
1) The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.
2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.
2. 同位语在句子中的位置
同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如：
He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.
3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别
（1）. 同位语从句和定语从句相似，二者都有先行词。同位语从句是对先行词的进一步陈述，和先行词是同等的关系，含义相同。定语从句是对先行词的修饰或限制。
（2）. 同位语从句表示先行词的内容是什么，进一步说明先行词。定语从句与先行词之间是所属关系，表示“ …的 ” ，起修饰作用。
（3）. 同位语从句的“ that ” 不能省略。定语从句的关系代词“ that ” 在从句中作宾语时可以省略。
（4） 同位语从句的先行词是一个含有概念的抽象名词，从句对这一概念进行展开或说明。
同位语从句和定语从句的异同与辨析。
1.正确使用同位语从句的关连词； 2.正确运用同位语从句的先行词； 3.能正确认识并正确翻译同位语从句。
同位语从句和定语从句比较练习
1. I heard about the news that he got a full mark in this examination.（同位语从句）
2. This is good news that I heard from Mary. （定语从句）
3. He can’t answer the question how he got the money. （同位语从句）
4. This is an easy question that he answered in class. （定语从句）

五．【连接代词、连接副词和连接词】
通过以上介绍，我们可以看出，四种名词性从句都需要有一个连接性词在从句的开头。这个词是什么性质，要看它在从句中作作的成分，如果作的是主语、宾语、表语的话，这个词就是连接代词；如果作的是各种状语，就叫连接副词；如果不作任何成分，就叫连接词。
引导名词性从句的连接词 ：
连接词 that, if, whether
连 连接代词： who, whom, what, whose, which, whichever, whatever, whoever
连接副词 when, where, how, why
第二节 考点分类解析
【考点一：语序问题】
名词性从句的语序：永远陈述语气。即名词性从句中不会出现助动词提前的现象。如：
Who he is doesn’t matter much.
When and where we shall have the sports meet is a question.
I don’t know what his name is.
I don’t know what is wrong with him. = I don’t know what is the matter with him.
You can’t imagine how excited I was at that time.
Can you tell me what size shoes you wear?
No one can be sure ______ in a million years. （MET1991）
A. what will man look like B. what man will look like
C. man will look like what D. what look will man like
【考点二：that和what的区别问题】
能引导名词性从句的关系代词有who, whom, what, whose, which, whichever, whatever, whoever八个。为何单独讲what的用法呢？重要！在考试中出现的频率高！在本书第一章《定语从句》中，我们提到过，what是不能引导定语从句的。定语从句中如果缺少的成分是主语、宾语、表语，我们选择的是关系代词that或其他。现在山头换了，到了名词性从句的知识范围了。What在名词性从句中就很有用武之地了。还是分析成分，what 在从句中作的主语、宾语、表语。而that只是一个“连接词”，既不作什么成分，也没有什么意义。如:
What you did doesn’t agree with what you promised.
What he couldn’t understand was why his teacher was never satisfied with him.
The matter of salary is what I care most if I decide to change my profession.
What we can’t get always seems better than what we have already got.
I think that your composition is no better than his.
That you don’t love her is not my business.
What we have seen is different from _______.
A. we heard B. we have heard C. what we heard D. what we have heard
答案：D。我们应该可以看出这是个宾语从句。从句中hear是个及物动词，缺少宾语。所以，应该选有what引导的从句。而不能是that或者省略了that的情况。
I couldn’t agree with ______ at the meeting.
A. that you said B. which you said C. all what you said D. what you said
答案：Ｄ。与上一题相同，这也是一个考查宾语从句的题目。从句中的say是个及物动词，缺少宾语。所以，应该选择what引导的宾语从句。但是，这个题目最容易错的选项是Ｃ。 因为有些同学会认为all是先行词，而后面时what引导的定语从句。但是，what是不引导定语从句的。所以，Ｃ根本就是不存在的。
【考点三：that和whether的区别问题】
有时候，它们两个比较难以区别，因为，它们都是连接词，都在从句中不作成分。但是，它们之间最大的区别在于“意义”。即that在从句中既不作成分，也没有自己的意义；而whether就不同了。它虽然不在从句中作什么成分，但是它又意义，即“是否”。这就能够左右从句的意思，使从句所表达的意思变成一个还没有确定的因素。如：
I don’t know whether he can join us or not.
I’m sure that he can join us.
It is none of your business whether I love her.
It is none of your business that I don’t love her.
综上所述，区分that还是whether，重要一点就是看主句需要从句表达一个什么意思，是确定的，还是不确定的；是事实还是疑问。前者选that，后者选whether。如：
I have no doubt _____ Mr. Johnson will make it here on time.
A. that B. whether C. why D. when
No one can be sure _____ the board will accept our conditions.
A. that B. whether C. why D. what
【考点四：if和whether的区别问题】
二者在引导宾语从句时都有“是否”之意。但并不是永远可以互换。一般认为，二者可以互换的环境也只有在宾语从句中。如：
He didn’t give us explicit reply whether/if he will attend our wedding ceremony.
而在介词的宾语从句中，在主语从句中，在表语从句中，在同位语从句中，在和不定式搭配的结构中等等，习惯上只能用whether。如：
1. _______ we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. （1996）
A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where
2. The question of _______ they are old or young is not important.
A. which B. whether C. how D. if
3. The question is ______ the film is worth seeing.
A. if B. what C. whether D. how
4. He doesn’t know ______ to stay or not.
A. if B. when C. whether D. how
5. The news _____ our team has won the match is unknown.
A. which B. if C. whether D. then
值得注意的是：有些资料依然强调if不能与or not搭配的问题。过去有过这样的规定，只是在现代英语中，已经不再强调了而已。现在认为if… or not也可以接受。
【考点五：wh-词和wh-ever的区别问题】
一般认为，wh-词在引导从句时，依然保留了很大部分的疑问词的本色，所以，它们引导的从句在意思上应该表达的是一个“问题”，如：“谁？什么？何时？何地？为何？怎么？”等。而wh-ever已经没有这层色彩，不再关心这样的“问题”，而是充满了让步的意味，多有“无论．．．”之意。如：
The police wanted to know who will benefit most from the old man’s death.
警方想知道谁将从老人的去世中受益最多。
Whoever will benefit from the old man’s death will be questioned by the police.
能从老人的去世之中受益的所有人都将受到警方的盘问。
Who will be sent to help the people in the flooded areas hasn’t been announced.
谁将被派往洪灾区去救援还没有宣布。
Whoever will be sent to work in the flooded areas will spare no effort to help
the people in need. 不管是谁被派往灾区救援都会全力以赴地帮助灾民。
【考点六：no matter wh-和wh-ever的区别问题】
二者都有“无论．．．”之意。在引导让步状语从句时确实可以互换，没有什么区别。但是，no matter wh-只能引导状语从句，不能引导名词性从句。Wh-ever则二者兼收，来去自由。由此包含与被包含的关系决定，二者同时出现而必选其一时，答案肯定是wh-ever。如：
Whoever breaks the rules will be punished. (主语从句)
Whoever/ No matter who breaks the rules, he/she will be punished. (状语从句)
Don’t believe whatever he tells you. (宾语从句)
Don’t believe him, whatever/ no matter what he tells you. (状语从句)
【考点七：名词性从句中的虚拟语气问题】
先看宾语从句的虚拟语气。一般说来，如果从句作的是表示说话人某种观点、态度或要求等语气的动词的宾语时，从句中要求用should＋动词原形的虚拟语气（should经常可以省略）。这些动词常见的有：desire, demand, require, request, order, propose, command, advise, suggest等。如：
例：He insisted that she （should）spend more time studying.
He demanded that we （should）be on time.
The boss required that all waiters (should) keep standing all day long.
The publishing house suggested that I (should) type my book out.
有两个特例是suggest和insist。它们俩后面的宾语从句是否用虚拟语气还要看具体语境来定。如：
The doctor suggested that I had a cold。 (这个suggest的意思是“解释，说明”。后面不用虚拟语气)
The big smiles on her face suggested that she had passed the test. (这个suggest的意思是“表明”。后面不用虚拟语气)
The doctor suggested that I (should) stay in bed for a few day. (这个suggest的意思是“建议”。后面用虚拟语气)
The young man insisted that he was well enough to serve in the army. (这个insist坚持的是一个事实不是一种观点。后面不用虚拟语气)
That young man insisted that he should be sent to the front. (这个insist坚持的是一种观点，即“他应该被派往前线”。后面用虚拟语气)
以上是宾语从句中的虚拟语气现象。如果是其他三种名词性从句，只要和上述动词有关，也享受同样的待遇。如：
The headquarters’ suggestion is that we (should) wait for another few days. (表语从句)
His order that all the soldiers (should) swim across the river was refused. (同位语从句)
It is strongly recommended that you (should) take a taxi. (主语从句)
另外，在下面这几个特殊的句型中，后面的主语从句也用虚拟语气。
a. It is important/ necessary/ natural/ a wonder/ essential（必要的）/suggested that…should do… 如：
It is important that you （should）be on time.
It is necessary that you (should) exercise regularly.
b. I wish that … did…. 如：
I wish I were a bird.
I wish one day I could live on the moon.
c. I’d rather that… did… 如：
I’d rather you did it yourself.
I’d rather I hadn’t lent you that bicycle yesterday.
【考点八：宾语从句的反意疑问句的问题】
众所周知，反意疑问句是由句子的谓语和主语的代词形式共同构成。如：
He is ignorant, isn’t he?
He isn’t strong, is he?
但是，如果前面的句子中含有宾语从句，怎么办？答案是一定针对主句的主语、谓语。如：
You know he is ignorant, don’t you?
I told you he isn’t strong, didn’t I?
有一种例外，当主句的主语是I,且谓语动词是表示观点的动词如think, believe, suppose, expect, am afraid等时，就只能针对从句反问了。因为没有人会对自己的观点吗上进行反诘。如：
I think he is ignorant, isn’t he?
I believe he isn’t strong, is he?
【考点九：it在名词性从句中的作用问题】
代词it的用法有很多。但近几年的高考关注的却比较集中，即it作为普通回指代词的用法和在名词性从句中作形式宾语和形式主语的用法。如：
作形式主语：
It worried me a bit that he didn’t phone.
It occurred to me that she might have forgotten the date.
It doesn’t matter when you arrive--- just come when you can.
It wasn’t clear to anyone why he didn’t come.
It was surprising how many unhappy marriages there are.
作形式宾语：
I made it clear that I was determined to carry out the plan.
I find it necessary that we should spend more time practising spoken English.
I think it important that we should keep calm.
Don’t take it for granted that your parents should do everything for you.
He doesn’t want it to be known that he’s going away.
You may depend upon it that all the goods will be delivered in time.
【考点十：主语从句和强调句型的混淆问题】
从表面上看，it作形式主语的主语从句有时候和强调句型有些相似。如：
It is impossible that we can persuade him to join us. (主语从句)
It is with Tom’s help that we were able to persuade him to join us. (强调句型)
其实，强调句型其实很简单，即在It is/was 与that之间放上我们想要强调的某个句子成分。大部分考题都是考查that的选择问题。即考查考生判断某句是否是强调句型的问题。这个看似容易的问题在出题人的多种变化之下有时也会变得很令人头疼。下面是几种常见的出题形式：
1．基本式：It was on the top of the mountain that we met the foreign tourist.
2. 一般疑问句式：Was it on the top of the mountain that you met the foreign tourist?
3. 特殊疑问句式：Where was it that you met the foreign tourist?
4．复合句式：Can you tell me where it was that you met the foreign tourist?
5．套定语从句式：It was in the house which was built by his father that he was born.
6. 套定语从句加省略式：
--- Where did you meet the foreign tourist?
--- It was in the hotel where we lived (that we met the foreign tourist).
判断一个句子是否是强调句型是个关键。这里重要思路是当去掉强调句型、各个成分各归其位以后，该句子是否还成立。下面几个例子就不是强调句型：
It was not yet seven o’clock when he came back last night.
因为，*He came back last night