心理学专业英语总结(2).doc

心理学专业英语总结HXY随意传阅顺颂试安注释：1.“*”在书上是黑体字，但感觉不重要背了也没什么卵用 2.“ ”背景色项表示答案恰好有三项，可能出选择 3. 人名已加黑，可能连线或选择 4. 每章节的末尾有方便记忆的单词表（只包括这篇总结中出现的关键单词） 5. 方便理解记忆，已在各项下方注明中文释义 6.“,”大部分都是作为点之间的分割，类似于逗号，前后不连成句子Chapter 1Perspectives in psychology 心理学纵览Section 1: Approaches to psychology 心理学入门l What is psychology? 心理学是什么 Definitions: The scientific study of behaviour and mental processes. 定义：对行为和心理过程的科学研究 Psychology come from: philosophy, biology physics. 心理学来源于：哲学、生物学和医学 When: 1879 as a separate scientific discipline. 形成于：1879年，作为独立学科 History (develop): structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviourism, cognitive psychology, humanistic approach, biological approach. 历史发展：结构主义，机能主义，精神分析，行为主义，认知，人本主义，生理。 l The psychoanalytic approach to psychology 精神分析理论 Origins & history: Sigmund Freud, unconscious mental causes, treat as the causes of mental disorders, built up an theory. 历史来源：弗洛伊德提出潜意识心理动机，把它视为心理疾病的原因，并建立理论。 Assumptions: unconscious processes, psychic determinism, hydraulic drives, psychodynamic conflict, stages of development. 假设：潜意识过程，精神决定论，驱力（攻击、性），心理动力冲突，发展阶段 Methods of investigation: case study (method), free association (tech), dream analysis (tech). 研究方法：个案研究方法，自由联想技术，梦的解析技术 *Areas of explanation: personality development, moral/gender development, aggression, abnormality, memory. 可解释领域：人格发展，道德/性别发展，攻击性，异常，记忆 *Weaknesses: unrefutable, theoretically unscientific. 缺点：不可被其他事件驳斥，因此理论不具科学性l The behaviourist approach to psychology 行为主义理论 Origins & history: John Watson, empiricism, learning. 历史来源：华生，经验主义，学习 Assumptions: behaviour is learned from the environment, only observable behaviour should be studied. 假设：行为来源于环境，研究可观察的行为 *Areas of explanation: language acquisition, moral development, attraction, abnormality. 可解释领域：语言习得，道德发展，吸引，异常 l The humanistic approach to psychology 人本主义理论 Origins & history: conscious free will, aimed to investigate all the uniquely human aspects of experience, Maslow and self- actualise, Carl Rogers and client-centred therapy.历史来源：自由意志，人类特有的经验，马斯洛的自我实现，罗杰斯的来访者中心疗法Assumptions: study human not other animal, must be meaningful to human, study internal experience and free will, study the individual case, studied in their environmental context.假设：关于人的观点必须出于对于人的研究，研究应对人类有用，研究内部体验和自由意志，研究个案，研究应在具体环境下Areas of explanation: personality/self identity, motivation, abnormality.可解释领域：人格/自我认同，动机，异常l The cognitive approach to psychology 认知主义理论Origins and history: computer, information processors, internal mental processes.历史来源：计算机，类比人脑为信息加工者，内部心理过程。 Jerome Bruner*Areas: memory, perception, attention, artificial intelligence, social cognition, cognitive development. 可解释领域：记忆，知觉，注意，人工智能，社会认知，认知发展*Practical applications: memory, education, therapy, personality assessment.实践应用：记忆，教育，治疗，人格测评l The biological approach to psychology 生理心理学Roger Sperry 罗杰斯佩里*Areas of explanation: gender development, aggression, abnormality, memory, motivation, awareness.可解释领域：性别发展，攻击性，异常，记忆，动机，意识*Practical application: localisation of function, therapy.实践应用：功能定位说，治疗l The reductionism debate in psychology 关于还原论的争论1. Reductionism 还原论 Assumptions: explaining a phenomenon by breaking it down into its constituent parts and then analysing it. 假设：通过将现象拆分成组成部分并分析的方法解释现象Against: oversimplification value of explanation validity of reductionism.反对理由：过度简化，解释的价值（细节/有用性），效度 2. Holism & Interactionism 整体论（与互动论）Assumptions: the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. 假设：整体优于部分*Examples: humanistic psychology, social psychology, psychoanalysis, abnormal psychology, perception. 例子：人本，社会，精神分析，变态，知觉Against: practical difficulty, ignore the huge influence of biology, lack the predictive power.反对理由：难于实践研究，忽略生理影响，缺乏预测力l The nature-nurture debate in psychology 先后天之争1. Nature 先天遗传决定论Approach: roots of the approach(nativist philosophy, biology, evolutionary theory) 理论根源 causes of behaviour（genetic determinism, inherited influence, maturational blueprint, neurochemical and hormonal influences, brain activity) （基因、遗传、个体成熟、神经化学与荷尔蒙的影响和大脑活动。） methods (gene mapping, twin/adoption study, brain scanning, brain stimulation/damage study, drug test) implications (behaviour can only be changed through physical means) 启示 criticisms (reductionist, neglect environmental influences) 过于简单，忽视环境对人行为的影响2. Nurture 后天环境决定论Approach: roots (empiricism philosophy, behaviourism, social psychology) 经验主义哲学、行为、社会 causes of behaviour（blank slate at birth, experience, learning from environment) 源于经验和环境学习 methods (classical and operant conditioning techniques, manipulation of social environment) 研究方法（经典条件反射、操作性条件反射，改变社会环境） implications (Anybody could be trained to do anything) 启示 criticisms (reductionist, neglect innate influences) 过于简单，忽视遗传因素在人行为中的作用3. Both *Areas of explanation: perception, aggression, sex-role behaviour, abnormality, language acquisition.可解释领域：知觉，攻击性，性别角色行为，异常，语言获得*Interaction examples: perception, cognitive development, abnormality, sex-role behaviour.交互作用举例：感知觉，认知发展，行为异常，性别角色行为*The standing of the different: biopsychology, psychoanalysis, cognitive psychology, humanism, behaviourism.二者在心理学中作用：生理心理学，精神分析，认知，人本，行为l The freewill vs. Determinism debate in psychology 自由意志理论与决定论之争1. FreewillAssumptions: humans are free to choose their behabiour, self-determining, soft determinism(William James).假设：人类可以自由选择行为，人本质上是自我决定的，软决定论Against: difficult to define, evidence is mostly subjective, be incompatible with the deterministic assumptions of science.反对理由：很难定义，证据主观，与决定论的科学性不匹配2. DeterminismAssumptions: every physical event is caused, future events are entirely predictable, emphasis on causal laws.假设：所有物理事件都是被引起的，未来事件完全可以预测，注重因果法则l Idiographic vs. Nomothetic approaches to psychology 心理学特殊规律与一般规律1. Nomothetic approach 一般规律研究法Definitions: The approach of investigating large groups of people to try to find general laws of behaviour that apply to everyone. 定义：通过调查大群体的人，试图找到适用于每个人的普遍行为规律的研究方法。Methods: large scale experiments 研究方法：大样本实验2. Idiographic approach 特殊规律研究法Definitions: The approach of investigating individuals in personal,in-depth,detail to achieve a unique understanding of them. 定义：通过对个体进行单个的、深入的、详细的调查，以得出关于他们的独特的理解的研究方法。Methods: case study method(flexible, long term, detailed procedures) 研究方法：个案研究（灵活，长期，详细程序）Disadvantage: cannot generalise, unreliable, unscientific. 缺点：（不能归纳，信度低，不科学）Section 2: Controversies in psychology 心理学争论l Psychology and science 心理学与科学Psychology has come under attack as being a pseudo science, ande has been dismissed by some as noting more than common sense. Reasons: Everybody is a natural psychologist themselves.Oh, I knew that all along Most complex subject, so many variables. With many philosophical, practical, and ethical problems.心理学被称伪科学被误解的原因：1.每个人都是朴素心理学家，当提出观点时，大多数人感觉自己一直都知道 2.学科复杂，变量多 3.由于有哲学、实践和伦理问题而受到围攻A science consists of various components: a subject matter good theories and hypotheses scientific methodology 科学的构成因素：研究对象、良好的理论和研究假设、科学方法论The scientific method: Within a paradigm Hypotheses are derived From theories To be tested in scientific ways Against the world/reality To support or refute those theories科学的研究方法：范式 假设推导 理论 用科学方法检测 与事实相比较 支持或反驳这理论Kuhn used “paradigm” to describe this shared set of assumptions methods terminology.库恩用“范式”来描述：假设、方法和术语Paradigms go through 3 historical stages: pre-science normal science revolution.范式的三个历史性阶段：前科学时期，常规标准科学，科学革命时期The theories themselves should provide general laws or principles to fulfill the aims of science: understanding prediction control 理论本身应当提供一般性的法则或原理，以实现科学的三项目标理解、预测和控制Theories should provide understanding by：being orderly internally consistent parsimonious ture理论应当具有可理解性：有序性，内在一致性，简约型，准确性l Gender bias in psychological theory and research 心理学理论和研究中的性别偏见Examples: moral development, interpersonal relationships, childcare, socialisation举例：道德发展，人际关系，儿童照料，社会化Types: theory bias, reporting bias, researcher bias, methodological bias.种类：理论偏见，报告偏见，研究者偏见，方法论偏见Theoretical bias: bias(exaggerate), bias(minimise).理论偏见：偏见夸大了男女差异，偏见缩小了男女差异Reporting bias: interpretation of results, selection of material to be published, use of results.报告偏见：结果解释，对要发表出版的资料的挑选，对研究结果的应用Researcher bias: lack of researchers, nature of researchers(investigate stereotypical differences do not investigate importaant issues to women perpetuate biased ideas).研究者偏见：缺乏研究者，研究者特性（研究刻板模式差异而不是真正差异，不调查女性重要问题，永久偏见观）l Cultural bias in psychological theory and research 心理学理论和研究中的文化偏见Examples: social influence, interpersonal relationships, helping behaviours, abnormality, psychometric testing.举例：社会影响，人际交往，助人行为，异常，心理测试*Types: theory bias, reporting bias, researcher bias, methodological bias.种类：理论偏见，报告偏见，研究者偏见，方法论偏见（同上）*Reporting bias: interpretation of results, selection of material to be published, use of results.报告偏见：结果解释，对要发表出版的资料的挑选，对研究结果的应用（同上）*Researcher bias: lack of researchers, nature of researchers（到此同上）(ignore cultural influences and perpetuate the stereotypes cross-cultural differences or similarities).研究者偏见：缺乏研究者，研究者特性（研究刻板模式差异而不是真正差异，不调查女性重要问题，永久偏见观）l Controversial applications of psychology-psychometric testing 有争议的心理学应用心理测验Controversial aspects of psychometric testing: 心理测试有争议的方面 Is the test fairly conducted? 测试是否公平进行 Is the test fairly constructed? 测试是否公平建构 （validity, reliability, standardisation, discriminatory power.） 信度，效度，标准化，区分度 Is the test technically sound? 测试是否技术合理 Are the test results properly used and applied? 测试结果是否正确应用l “ A nation of morons Gould (1982) 古尔德“白痴的国家”*What was wrong with Yerkes findings: methodological problems, interpretation of findings errors,negative implications of faulty conclusions.Yerkes哪错了：方法论问题，对结果的错误解释，错误结论的消极含义l Controversial applications of psychology-advertising 有争议的心理学应用广告Two main routes to persuasion: the central route, the peripheral route.说服的两种主要途径：直通途径，边缘途径l Controversial applications of psychology-the psychology of warfare 有争议的心理学应用战争心理学Propaganda is similar to advertising in its: 宣传与广告相似处 use of biased, one-sided communication 对于偏见与片面信息的使用 objective of changing behaviour and attitudes 目的是改变行为和态度 use of emotion and occasional disregard for logical analysis 运用情感和偶然的忽视逻辑分析Propaganda is different to advertising in its: 宣传与广告不同处 political ideas and information are what is bought 政治观点是关于“购买”的是什么 a more complete and general behaviour and attitude change is sought 目标：较为完整通用的行为态度转变 being more socially sanctioned, use more bias and deception 为获得更多社会认可，使用更多的偏见与欺骗Section 3: Ethical issues in psychology 心理学的伦理问题l Ethic of animal experimentation-the arguments for testing animals 动物实验的伦理问题动物实验的争论The reasons for conducting animal research in psychology: ethical reasons, evolutionary continuum, convenience.心理学用动物研究的原因：伦理原因，演化机制（进化的连续性），方便性The contribution of animal research to psychology: theoretical knowledge, practical applications of animal findings, practical uses of animals.动物研究的贡献：理论知识，动物研究实际中的应用，动物的应用l Ethic of animal experimentation-the arguments against testing animals 动物实验的伦理问题反对动物实验Ethical criticisms of animal research in psychology: 对于心理学动物研究的伦理批评 suffer greatly 极其痛苦 unnecessary : a. Humans are physically qualitatively different to other animals 生理不同 b. Humans are mentally qualitatively different to other animals 心理不同 c. Lack ecological validity 缺乏效度Examples of animal suffering in psychological research:Obedience, biologically orientated research, deprivation studies, perception studies, learning studies.心理学研究中动物痛苦的例子：服从，生物学研究倾向，剥夺的研究，知觉研究，学习研究l Ethical issue in human experimentation in psychology 心理学人类实验研究的伦理问题Types: consent, deception, debriefing, confidentiality, withdrawal, observational research, protection of participants.种类：同意，诱导，告知，保密，退出，观察实验，对实验者的保护l Ethical issues in human behaviour change in psychology 心理学研究中改变人类行为的伦理问题to provide prediction and control for human betterment-issues: 若是为人类进步提供预测和控制，则有这些问题 should behaviour be controlled? 应当控制行为吗？ who should to the controlling? 应当由谁控制？ what behaviour should be controlled? 应当控制什么行为？ how should behaviour be controlled? 应当怎么控制行为？l The ethics of socially sensitive research 社会敏感问题研究的伦理性How: deciding what to research the use of knowledge the influence of the psychologist in society the basis of psychological knowledge the availability of research如何研究：决定研究主题，知识的应用，心理学家对社会的影响力，心理学知识，研究的可用性Vocabulary of Chapter 1Assumption 假设Mental process 心理过程Philosophy 哲学Structuralism 结构主义Functionalism 机能主义Psychoanalysis 精神分析Behavio(u)rism 行为主义Cognitive 认知Unconscious 潜意识Mental disorders 心理疾病Psychic 精神Psychodynamic 心理动力Drives 驱力Self- actualise 自我实现Client-centred tepapy 来访者中心Conscious free will 自由意志Artificial intelligence 人工智能Perception 知觉Reductionism 还原论Subjective 主观Difine 定义Interaction 交互作用Maturational blueprint 个体成熟Inherited 遗传 Nomothetic approach 一般规律研究Idiographic approach 特殊规律研究Paradigm 范式Terminology 术语Hypothesis 假设Internally consistent 内在一致性Parsimonious 简约性Bias 偏见Interpretation 解释Propaganda 政治宣传Ethic 伦理Deprivation studies 剥夺研究Deception 诱导Debriefing 告知Confidentiality 保密Withdrawal 退出Chapter 2Research methods 研究方法l Variables 变量What can be variables: any object quality changes or varies什么能做变量：任何物体、质量或者事件Investigating variables: observations, case studies, surveys, etc. correlations experiments.调查变量：观察法、个案研究及调查法，相关，实验l Hypotheses 假设Hypotheses: precise, testable statements.假设：是精确的，可检验的陈述Hypotheses can be: experimental hypotheses, correlational hypotheses.假设可以是：实验假设，相关性假设Hypotheses should be: bold, precise, refutable.假设应该是：大胆的，精确的，可驳的l Experimental methods 实验方法Types: laboratory field natural/quasi.种类：实验室研究法，现场实验，准实验*Laboratory-strengths: indicate cause and effect objectivity greater ability to replicate实验室研究法的优点：揭示因果关系，客观性，可重复性*Laboratory-weakness: total control is not possible lacks ecological validity may be biased ethical problems实验室研究法的缺点：不能完全控制，却仿生态效度，有误差，伦理问题*Field-strength: greater ecological validity less bias from sampling现场实验的优点：更具生态学效度，更少抽样偏差*Field-weakness: greater difficulty to control all aspects, more bias more difficulty to replicate exactly more time consuming ethical problems现场实验的缺点：更难控制额外变量从而产生更多偏差，很难精确重复研究，更耗时，伦理问题*Natural/quasi-strength: greater ecological valid