国际服务贸易双语2012版(1).doc

国际服务贸易双语2012版(1)

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个人收集整理 勿做商业用途
International Trade in Services

FOREWORD

The performance of the services sector is vital for growth and poverty reduction in developing countries。 Directly because services are already a large if not the largest part of their economy. Indirectly because services like finance， communication， and transport, as well as education and health, affect other sectors of the economy and the productive potential of the people. Today, in many countries around the world, inadequate access to services hurts people， not just in their role as consumers, it also perpetuates poverty by undermining the productivity of firms and farms as well as their ability to engage in trade.本文为互联网收集,请勿用作商业用途本文为互联网收集，请勿用作商业用途
When we talk about ‘‘trade’’ in services, it is not just trade in the conventional sense— where a product is produced in one country and sold to consumers in another country—but we mean the whole range of international transactions, including foreign investment and international movement of people, as consumers or providers of services. Thus， services ‘‘trade'’ encompasses: cross border trade in road and air transport； consumption by foreigners of tourism services； foreign direct investment in banking， communication, and distribution； and the temporary migration of doctors, teachers, and construction workers. Put this way, it is obvious that trade in services matters， not just for the state of the services sector but for overall economic performance.个人收集整理，勿做商业用途文档为个人收集整理,来源于网络
The World Bank and others have done considerable work on trade in goods. We have also been engaged in services sector reform in telecommunications， finance， transport, tourism， health， and education. What has received comparatively less attention is trade in services。 Many countries have， of course, implemented significant reforms in services sectors， often with World Bank support, and liberalization has been a part of these reforms。 But the outcomes have not always been satisfactory， especially in terms of improved access to services。 It is essential to understand why。 What could we have done better? What can we do better?个人收集整理，勿做商业用途文档为个人收集整理，来源于网络
This Handbook shows that while openness and competition are necessary parts of a reform program， they are not sufficient. There is a need to strengthen the regulatory framework and institute complementary policies that widen access to services。 Small countries in particular need also to pursue deeper regional integration to benefit from the economies of scale that are important in services from telecom to transport.
I am glad to see that this Handbook builds on previous services sector work and is the result of collaboration between sector experts and trade experts。 It builds on course materials that World Bank staff and many outside services trade experts prepared and presented at various learning and knowledge exchange events around the world。 It aims at providing an overview of the findings of theoretical and empirical research at the Bank and other international organizations and in academia, as well as the experiences of policy makers and negotiators in shaping the services trade reform agenda。 It aspires at being both a useful reference for services trade practitioners in governments and international and national advisory bodies and an indispensable learning tool for students and professionals approaching services trade for the first time。 Learning activities by the World Bank Institute （WBI） and research, operational, and advisory activities by the Bank related to services trade will continue to offer the opportunity to expand and update the content of this volume. This will allow future editions of this Handbook to reflect progress in knowledge and changes in the international policy regime and negotiating environment with respect to services trade. Hence, I see this Handbook not so much as a collection of established facts but as a contribution to a dynamic process of learning and discovering.文档为个人收集整理，来源于网络文档为个人收集整理,来源于网络

Part I

The framework of Trade in Services

Overview
Aaditya Mattoo and Robert M。 Stern

Introduction Much of what follows in this Overview has been adapted from Mattoo (2005a). See also Mattoo (2001, 2005b, and 2006), Hoekman and Mattoo (2006), and Hoekman (2006).

International trade and investment in services are an increasingly important part of global commerce。 Advances in information and telecommunication technologies have expanded the scope of services that can be traded cross-border。 Many countries now allow foreign investment in newly privatized and competitive markets for key infrastructure services, such as energy, telecommunications, and transport. More and more people are traveling abroad to consume tourism， education， and medical services， and to supply services ranging from construction to software development。 In fact, services are the fastest growing components of the global economy， and trade and foreign direct investment (FDI） in services have grown faster than in goods offer the past decade and a half. 个人收集整理，勿做商业用途本文为互联网收集，请勿用作商业用途
International transactions， however， continue to be impeded by policy barriers， especially to foreign investment and the movement of service-providing individuals. Developing countries in particular are likely to benefit significantly from further domestic liberalization and the elimination of barriers to their exports。 Indeed, income gains from a reduction in protection to services may be multiples of those from trade liberalization in goods. The increased dynamism of open services sectors can make the difference between rapid and sluggish growth。 本文为互联网收集，请勿用作商业用途本文为互联网收集，请勿用作商业用途
But the benefits from services liberalization are by no means automatic。 Significant challenges exist in introducing genuine competition, building the regulatory institutions that are needed to remedy market failures， appropriately sequencing service—sector reforms， and establishing mechanisms that promote the availability of essential services especially among the poor.
Even though governments can initiate reforms of services unilaterally， international engagement can play an important catalytic role. In recognition of their rising role in international trade and the need for further liberalization， services were included in the multilateral trade architecture of the World Trade Organization （WTO） in the form of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). Services have featured prominently as well in the process of WTO accession. And services are increasingly important in the large and growing network of regional, and especially， of North–South trade agreements concluded of late or still under negotiation. 个人收集整理,勿做商业用途本文为互联网收集，请勿用作商业用途

In the negotiations under the Doha Development Agenda, however, services have received surprisingly little attention. Much of the public discourse has focused on protectionist policies in agriculture. The neglect can be costly. The potential gains from reciprocal liberalization of trade in services are likely to be substantial， and progress in services may be necessary for a positive outcome in other areas. However, for these and future negotiations to be fruitful, countries must recognize mutual interests in reciprocal liberalization， supported by broader international cooperation. 个人收集整理，勿做商业用途本文为互联网收集，请勿用作商业用途
First of all, developing countries must see the advantages of international agreement to increase competition in services， enhance credibility of potential domestic reform， and strengthen domestic regulation。 But global cooperation is needed to provide support for developing countries at four levels： in devising sound policy, strengthening the regulatory institutions, enhancing participation in the development of international standards， and in ensuring access to essential services in the poorest areas. 个人收集整理，勿做商业用途文档为个人收集整理，来源于网络
Second, industrial and developing countries must see advantages to allowing the temporary movement of individual service providers. Facilitating such movement will require greater cooperation between source and host countries than has been provided for in the framework of GATS and other regional trade agreements and may be more feasible in a bilateral context. For example， source countries could undertake to screen services providers and to accept and facilitate their return, and host countries would undertake to ensure that skilled migration stays temporary。 个人收集整理,勿做商业用途本文为互联网收集，请勿用作商业用途
Third, all countries must lock in the current openness of cross-border trade in a range of services. Such trade is probably the most dynamic dimension of international trade, in which both industrial and developing countries have a growing stake, but offer which looms the specter of protectionism provoked by the potential costs of adjustment。
Finally， there is a strong case for regional cooperation in services。 Most regional agreements in services have followed mechanically the precedent of regional agreements in goods, and the framework of the GATS or NAFTA, and focused on the elimination of explicit barriers to the entry of service providers. Preferential liberalization in services is difficult because the required legislative changes are usually easier to accomplish on a non—preferential basis， and services markets are ideally opened on an MFN or non—preferential basis。 But perhaps the greatest cost of the existing approach is that it may have diverted attention and negotiating resources away from an area of much greater benefit in the regional context: cooperation on infrastructure services and regulation. Such cooperation we show is both more feasible and desirable in the regional context with proximate countries at a similar level of development than in the multilateral or EPA context. 个人收集整理,勿做商业用途文档为个人收集整理，来源于网络
In view of the increasing importance of international trade in services, ongoing domestic reforms， and the inclusion of services issues on the agendas of the multilateral， regional, and bilateral trade negotiations， there is an obvious need on the part of trade officials， advisors， analysts， representatives of business and consumer associations, and students to enhance their understanding of the economic implications of services trade and liberalization. A Handbook of International Trade in Services has been produced with the objective of contributing to this improved understanding.本文为互联网收集，请勿用作商业用途个人收集整理，勿做商业用途
Before turning to the individual chapters, some additional background information that places the services issues in context may be helpful for Handbook users。 In what follows, we first discuss the four modes of supply of services that are covered by the GATS, the sources of services data, and the services growth experiences of selected countries and regions。 We then discuss how services reform can promote efficiency and growth at the sectoral level and economy-wide, pointing out that the benefits of services liberalization may be diminished by flaws in reform programs, the failure to provide for greater services access for the poor， and the need to take adjustment costs into account。个人收集整理，勿做商业用途个人收集整理，勿做商业用途
We argue that domestic policy reforms should recognize the importance of increasing competition among service providers, the need for appropriate sequencing of reforms， and reduction of the importance of national monopolies。 Further， we stress that international engagement is crucial to buttress domestic reform in order to achieve reciprocal liberalization， greater credibility of reform， provision of external assistance to facilitate domestic adjustment, reinforcement of the reform process， and promotion of greater harmonization and integration of policies. The ongoing GATS negotiations are an important and essential framework to support the international liberalization of services and should include the design of arrangements for aid to developing countries to help promote services trade and promote greater cooperation on temporary migration. There may also be greater scope for achieving deeper integration of particular services sectors by means of regional services agreements.本文为互联网收集，请勿用作商业用途个人收集整理，勿做商业用途

Pattern of Trade in Services
Services include activities as disparate as transport of goods and people, financial intermediation, communications, distribution， hotels and restaurants, education, health care, construction, and accounting. In contrast to merchandise trade, services are often intangible， invisible and perishable, and usually require simultaneous production and consumption. The need in many cases for proximity between the consumer and the producer implies that one of them must move to make an international transaction possible。 Since the conventional definition of trade—where a product crosses the frontier—would miss out on a whole range of international transactions, the GATS took an unusually wide view of trade， which is defined （in Article I） to include four modes of supply:个人收集整理，勿做商业用途文档为个人收集整理，来源于网络
。 Cross—border （mode 1): services supplied from the territory of one Member into the territory of another. An example is software services provided by a supplier in one 8country through mail or electronic means to consumers in another country.
。 Consumption abroad （mode 2）： services supplied in the territory of one Member to the consumers of another. Examples are where the consumer moves， e。g. to consume tourism or education services in another country。 Also covered are activities such as ship—repair abroad, where only the property of the consumer moves。
。 Commercial presence （mode 3): services supplied through any type of business or professional establishment of one Member in the territory of another。 An example is an insurance company owned by citizens of one country establishing a branch by means of foreign direct investment (FDI） in another country。
. Presence of natural persons （mode 4）： services supplied by nationals of one Member in the territory of another. This mode includes both independent service suppliers and employees of the services supplier of another Member. Examples are a doctor of one country supplying through his physical presence services in another country， or the foreign employees of a foreign bank providing services on a temporary basis。
It would be useful if trade statistics for each service sector were available according to each of the modes of supply. This would enable an assessment both of the relative importance of different modes of supply in a particular