(研究生英语多维教程熟谙)考试内容总结.docx

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Unit1 从能力到责任
When today’s high-school seniors are asked what they plan to do after graduates, most say that they intend to get a bachelor’s degree. They have been told that their generation has only “one way to win”-by getting at least at least a bachelor’s degree, in the hope that it will eventually lead to a professional job.
In a recent survey of high-school seniors conducted by the Nation Center for Education Statistics, 85 percent of the respondents said they planned to get a bachelor’s degree. And, although 20 years ago only 45 percent of high-school graduates went on to college, today 68 percent actually matriculate (注册), with the majority enrolling in four-year or two-year programs designed to allow them transfer to four-year institutions.
According to conventional wisdom, the rapid rise in the number of students attending college is cause for national celebration. But our research suggests that, intend it may be cause for national concern. Why? Because for many young people, the “one way to win” paradigm (例子)is not realistic, given their academic talents and the labor-market projections. Students ranking below the top third of their high-school graduating class too often fail to earn as bachelor’s degree if they enroll in college. The cost of such failure –in both dollars and unmet expectations-is rising and beginning to erode public confidence in our system of high education.

A: Arnold Toynbee has said that all progress, all development come from a challenge and a consequent response. Without challenge there is no response, no development, no freedom. So first we owe to our children the most demanding, challenging curriculum that is within their capabilities.
A.德.汤说过，一切进步，一切发展均来自挑战及由此引起的反应。没有挑战就没有反应，没有发展，没有自由。所以，我们首先应该在我们孩子的能力允许的范围内为他们开设最严格最富有挑战性的课程。
B: The second opportunity we can give our boys and girls is the right to failure. “Freedom is not only a privilege, it is a test,” writes De Nouy. What kind of a test is it, what kind of freedom where no one can fail? The day is past when the United States can afford to give high school diplomas to all who sit through four years of instruction, regardless of whether any visible results can be discerned. We live in arrowed world where we must be alert, awake to realism: and realism demands a standard which either must be met or result in failure. These are hard words, but they are brutally true. If we deprive our children of the right to fail we deprive them of their knowledge of the world as it is.
B.我们可以向我们的孩子提供第二个机会是允许他们有失败的权力。德.纽伊写道：“不仅是一种特权，也是一种考验。”如果没有人可以失败，那它算什么考验，算什么自由呢？美国可以向所有在高中读者完四年课程而不管其是否取得任何明显收获的学生发放毕业文凭的日子已经一去不复返了。我们现在生活在一个外变得很狭隘的世界里，们必须同对现实保持警觉，有所认识；而现实主义要求树立一个要么成功要么失败的标准。这些话听起来很刺耳，但都是残酷的事实。如果我们剥夺了孩子的失败权力，实际上我们就剥夺了他们如实地认识世界的机会。

1、当今的大学生，尽管他们努力地想使自己成才，但对未来还是很模糊的。（establish oneself）
Today's university students are struggling to establish themselves, but they still have ambiguous feelings about their future.
2、一个人如果不能找到自我以外的中心，就不能实现他的自我价值。所以，理想的本科教育必须使学生超越自我。（transcend）
A man cannot find himself without finding a center beyond himself. So the idealism of the undergraduate experience must help the student transcend himself.
3、我们强烈地希望在大学所学到的知识在今后的工作与学习中能起到重要的作用。（reveal oneself）
We eagerly hope that the lessons leaned in the university will reveal themselves in our performance in the workplace and further education.
4、四年的本科学习是走向成功生活的唯一道路，这种说法是无法接受的。（go unchallenged）
It cannot go unchallenged to say that the 4-year undergraduate experience is the only path to success in life.
5、在对一个关键的问题作结论时，如果只相信所谓专家而不相信自己，不根据调查的结果，不根据实验的数据，那是在冒险。（run the risk of; blind faith in）
We run the risk of making critical decisions, not on the basis of what we know, the findings of investigations, and the data of experiments, but on the basis of blind faith in professed experts.
6、我们的事业需要一批受过良好教育又能关心他人的年轻人，他们能团结一致，相互学习，积极参加四化建设。（band together; participate in）
Our task needs a large group of well-informed, caring young people who can band together, learn from each other, and actively participate in the four modernizations.
7、如果这所新学校要有生命活力的话，它培养的学生不仅要有扎实的基础和熟练的专业技能，还要有奉献精神。（be to endure; commit oneself）
If it is to endure, the new school should help the students not only acquire a sold basic education and become competent in a specific field, but also be ready to commit themselves to others.
8、如果大学生对考试过于投入，就有可能把能力与奉献放到次要地位，这样说一点也不过分。（push to the fringes）
It is not too much to say that if undergraduates excessively devote themselves to examinations, the will push competence and commitment to the fringes.
9、我甚至没有跟他说话，当然更不用说与他讨论有关你们学校的改建问题。（much less）
I didn’t even speak to him; much less discuss the reconstruction of your school with him.
10、有人认为考试是很重要的，但也有人认为考试有不少弊端。所以考试留下了一个我能解决的问题——考试对教育有什么影响？（open question）
Some people think examinations are second to none, but some think examinations have a lot of disadvantages. Examinations leave us an open essential question --- what influence do examinations exert on education?

Unit 2家庭企业：下一代的前景
A small family-owned company, Eisai, was one of the original manufacturers of vitamin E, and it maintained a strong research commitment to natural pharmaceuticals. Over the years, it developed drugs for the treatment of cardiovascular, respiratory, and neurological diseases. The company experienced steady. Modest growth, and in 1992 sales reached 197 billion yen and profits approached 13 billion yen. Although it was the sixth-largest Japanese pharmaceutical company, Eisai was a relatively small player in an industry in which global competition was increasing while growth in the domestic market was slowing down.
In 1993, Haruo Naito took over as president from his father. Before that, he had chaired Eisai’s five-year strategic planning committee. During that time, he had become convinced that the company’s focus on the discovery and manufacture of pharmaceuticals was not sustainable for long-term growth against large, global competitors. Two years after becoming president, Naito formulated a radical new vision for Eisai that he called Human Health Care. It extended the company’s focus from manufacturing drug treatments for specific illness to improving the overall quality of life. To accomplish that mission, Eisai developed a wide array of new products. And that, in turn, would require broad involvement and commitment. He encouraged innovative activity and created an environment in which employees’ efforts would be accepted and rewarded. Soon there were proposals for 130 additional HHC projects and by the end of 1996, in the Japanese domestic pharmaceutical industry, and Eisai’s customers and competitors view the company as a leader in health care.

Owners/founders are extremely driven and dynamic. Often they excel at more than one skill. In ,many cases, production experts are also marketing geniuses or skilled financiers. Replacing them may require more than one person. Therefore, family business owners should determine exactly how the succession process should create his or her own chart. These charts should then be compared. The differences will point to gaps in the management structure and highlight areas of misunderstanding and differences in perception.
Ａ.业主/企业创建者不仅进取心强，而且精力充沛。他们往往擅长于多种技能。在很多情况之下，他们即是生产专家又是营销天才或经验丰富的金融家。要接替他们的工作则需要很多的人。因此家庭企业主应当通过制定组织机构图来明确规定该企业怎样运作。参与交接过程的每个主要成员也应当制定他们自己的组织构图。然后,对它们进行比较。各机构之间的不同点将表明管理体制上的差异、存在误会的主要方面及观念上分歧。
Few businesses, even family businesses, grow without the help of loyal employees. More often than not(多半，通常), they hold key positions in management. Therefore, you must keep your employees informed about long-rang succession plans. Key management must have a clear picture of where they stand and what their responsibilities will be in a succession-management structure. Develop a compensation and benefit structure that is sufficient to attract and retain key managers as well as to motivate them to perform in the best interests of the business and the family.
Ｂ.没有忠心耿耿雇员,很少企业能够发展壮大，即使是家庭企业也是如此。这些尽职的雇员多半担任了主要管理职务。因此，应当将关于产业继承的长远计划随时通报给他们，而主要的企业管理人员必须清楚知道他们在产业交接管理机构中的职责。改进企业的劳保福利制度以吸引和留住主要部门经理,激发他们的积极性,使他们能为企业和业主的最大利益而工作

1.他不但是位出色的银行家和公认的贸易专家，而且还是位经验丰富的企业主管。（not to mention）
He is an experienced banker and an acknowledged trade expert, not to mention an excellent managing director.
2. 意大利一个和平组织的志愿者不顾危险，已开赴伊拉克首都巴格达，组成“人体盾牌”，以阻止美国轰炸该地。（regardless of ）
Regardless of danger, volunteers from an Italian organization for peace have gone to Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, to form a "body shield" for the purpose of preventing the US from bombing the place.
3. 在这个家庭里，没有人比朱蒂更能致力于经营房地产生意。（be dedicated to ）
Nobody in the family is more dedicated to operating the real estate business than Judy.
4. 由于经济不景气，房地产经纪人正处于或降低房价或减少销售量的两难境地。（dilemma）
Because of the economic depression, real estate agents are in the dilemma of whether to lower prices or let sales fall off.
5. 史密斯先生往往靠慎重投资而获取巨额利润。（more often than not ）
More often than not（通常）, Mr. Smith earns great profits by careful investment of his capital.
6. 约翰在学校里各门功课的成绩都不怎样，但在体育方面倒是身手不凡。（excel at ）
John did not make much of a mark in his studies at school, but he excelled at sports.
7.有条不紊的职责交接是家庭企业长期繁荣的一个条件。（transition; long-range ）
Ordrly transition of responsibilities is a condition for the long-range prosperity of a family business.
8. 在制定投资计划之前，你最好对投资前景有个清楚的了解。( have a clear picture of )
You had better have a clear picture of prospects before formulating a plan for investment.
9.尽管雕塑费时，但是仍有一些人以雕塑为职业。（time-consuming）
Although sculpture is a time-consuming art, there are still some people following it as a profession.
10. 这家电脑软件公司正处于从独资经营到合资经营的转化过程中。（in the midst of ）
The software company is in the midst of being transformed from an individual proprietorship to a joint venture.

Unit3 美国人的酷爱
Today it can be said that wheels run America. The four rubber tires of the automobile move America though work and pay. Wheels spin, and people drive off to their jobs. Tires turn, and people shop for the week’s food at the big supermarket.
Down the highway. Hubcaps whirl, and the whole family spends a day at the lake. Each year more wheels crowd the highways as 10 million new cars roll out of the factories. One out of every six Americas works at assembling cars, driving trucks, building roads, or pumping gas. America without car? it’s unthinkable.
But even though the majority of Americans would find it hard to imagine what life would be like without a car, some have begun to realize that the automobile is a mixed blessing. Traffic accidents are increasing steadily, and large cities are plagued by traffic congestion. Worst of all, perhaps, is the air pollution caused by the internal-combustion engine. Every car engine burns hundreds of gallons of fuel each year and pumps hundreds of pounds of the smog that hangs over large cities. Some of these gases are poisonous and dangerous to one’s health, especially for someone with a weak heart or a respiratory disease.
One answer to the problem of air pollution is to build a car that does not pollute. That’s what several major automobile manufacturers are trying to do.
But building a clean car is easier said than done. So far, progress has been slow. Another solution is to eliminate car fume altogether by getting rid of the internal-combustion engine. Inventors are now working on turbine-powered cars, as well as on cars powered by steam and electricity. But most of us won’t be driving cars run on batteries or boiling water for a while yet. Many auto makers believe that it will take years to develop practical models that are powered by electricity or steam.

A.Historically, jeep’s reputation as a go-anywhere vehicle dates back to the Second World War when the original the Jeep, supplied by the Willys company, carried Allied forces through the Pacific and Europe.
The Macquarie dictionary of Motoring says the name Jeep stemmed from the United States Army’s decision to call the vehicle GP for General Purpose vehicle. The name was eventually corrupted to “jeep,” from the pronunciation of the letters GP, and became a trademark owned by the Willys company.
Jeep became part of Chrysler in 1998 and the company has since spent a lot of money to revitalize the Jeep production facilities, and to increase the number and style of models available. Chrysler says the jeep’s war-time reputation and rugged image undoubtedly helped it to carve out a new role in peacetime as a recreational vehicle. It says the Jeep created the original market for recreational, off-road vehicles using the powerful four-wheel drive traction (known commercially as 4 WD) for which the army jeep was famous.
在历史上，吉普车以其能适应各种路况的出众性能而著称于世。这种美名可以追溯到二战期间，当时由威利斯公司提供的最初型号的吉普车载着盟军部队驰骋于太平洋沿岸及欧洲战场。
<<麦氏汽车驾驶大全>>一书认为，“吉普”这个名字起源于美国军队决定把这种车辆叫做GP（for General Purpose）即多功能车之意。而后，GP这两个字母的读音被误发成为“吉普”，并成为威利斯公司享有的商标名称。
1988年吉普为克莱斯勒公司所有，此后该公司投入了大量资金更新改造吉普车的生产设备，提高吉普车的产量并开发各种新车型应市。克莱斯勒公司称吉普车在战争年代享有的盛名以及其坚固耐用的形象无疑会有助于它在和平时期树立其作为休闲娱乐车的新形象。该公司说，吉普为休闲,越野车开发了新市场，它有强劲的4轮牵引装置（商业上称为4轮驱动），过去军用吉普车曾因此而享誉四方。

1.汽车诞生后发展很快，不久就代替了马。（displace）
The automobile was improved very rapidly after it was invented and soon displaced horses.
2. 由于汽车污染环境并严重伤害人体，甚至杀人，我们可能不得不消减私人拥有汽车的数量而更多地依赖公共交通系统。（mass transit systems）
We may have to cut down on the number of privately owned cars and depend more on public mass transit systems because cars pollute and maim or even kill people.
3. 汽车轮子给我们带来了更好、更为便利的交通时，它也应对诸如空气污染、交通事故、交通拥挤之类的许多问题负责。（be guilty of ）
While wheels (automobiles) have brought with them better or more convenient transportation, they are guilty of many sins, such as air pollution, traffic accidents and traffic congestion.
4. 美国人对汽车的热爱以及他们较大的工作流动性是出了名的。（be noted for）
Americans are noted for their love for cars and great job mobility.
5.要是燃料质量和效率的提高和技术的进步能大大减少汽车的排放量，那该多好啊。（if only）
If only advances in fuel quality and efficiency and in technology would radically reduce the emissions from automobiles.
6. 在美国，高度发达的公路网使在各地之间来来往往成为可能。（from coast to coast）
A highly developed highway network has made possible the easy movement from coast to coast in the United States.
7.一想到这条林荫大道的建设速度，参观者都感到很吃惊：这条路不久前还在开挖及铺设排水管。（the very thought of; tear up ）
The very thought of the speed at which the beautiful avenue was constructed electrified every visitor; the road had only recently been torn up to lay drain-pipes not long ago.
8.环境保护主义者严厉谴责了汽车，认为汽车是产生空气污染的主要因素。（denounce ）
Environmentalists have denounced automobiles, believing they are a major factor in the production of dirty air.
9. 由于有便利的公共交通，在大都市的市郊，许多新建的住宅群拔地而起。（rise up ）
Many new residential complexes have risen up in the suburbs of metropolitan cities because of the availability of convenient public transportation.
10. 尽管非常喜欢汽车，许多人还是相信广泛地使用公共交通系统能缓解交通拥挤。（lend credence to ）Despite their love for cars, many people lend credence to the extensive use of th