外研版高中英语必修5-Cultural-Corner逐句翻译.doc

外研版高中英语必修5 Cultural Corner逐句翻译
B5 M1 Cultural Corner逐句翻译
The Man Who Made Spelling Simple简化拼写的人
In English the spelling of words does not always represent the sound. 在英语中，单词的拼写并不总是能表现出发音。 So people say /rait/ but spell it right, or write, or even rite. 因此人们发/rait/的音，却拼写为right，或是write，甚至rite。Combinations of letters (like ough) may be pronounced in a number of ways. 字母组合（像ough）可能会有好多种发音。And some words just seem to have too many letters.有些单词看起来有太多的字母。
For Americans things are a little bit easier, 对美国人来说，情况就较为简单，thanks to the work of Noah Webster, a teacher who graduated from Yale University in 1778.这多亏了诺亚﹒韦伯斯特的贡献，他是1778年毕业于耶鱼大学的一名教师。 as a young man he had fought against the British in the American War of independence, and he felt that written English in the newly independent United States should have a distinctive “American” look.年轻的时候，他参加了反对英国的美国独立战争，并且他觉得英语的书写在新生的美国应该有一个独特的“美国式”面貌。
So he began his work on American English. 因此他开始了关于美国英语方面的工作。His first book, the Elementary Spelling Book, suggested simplifying the spelling of English words. 他的第一本书——《基础拼写》，提出了简化英语单词的拼写。The book was extremely popular. By the 1850s it was selling one million copies a year, making it one of the most popular school books ever. 这本书极为畅销。到19世纪50年代，它的年发行量达到100万册，使它成为历史上最流行的校园读物之一。
Many of the suggestions were quickly adopted. 书中的很多建议很快就被采纳了。Center instead of centre, program instead of programme, and flavor instead of flavour. 如用center代替centre, program代替programme, flavor代替flavour。Others, however, such as removing silent letters like the s in island or the final e in examine, were not.如用center代替centre, program代替programme, flavor代替flavour。
Webster is best known for his American Dictionary of the English Language, which first appeared 1828.韦伯斯特最为著名的是他的《美式英语词典》，这本书是在1828年第一次出版的。 it introduced lots of new American words, with information about their pronunciation and use, and, of course, the new spelling.书中介绍了很多新的美式单词，并且带有发音和用法，当然还有新式拼写。 The British criticized the dictionary, but it quickly became a standard reference book in the States. Today, Webster’s dictionary is still the number one dictionary for American students.英国人批判这本词典，但是在美国它很快就成为一本标准的参考书。今天，韦伯斯特的词典仍然是美国学生的首选词典。

The Man Who Made Spelling Simple
In English the spelling of words does not always represent the sound. So people say /rait/ but spell it right, or write, or even rite. Combinations of letters (like ough) may be pronounced in a number of ways. And some words just seem to have too many letters.
For Americans things are a little bit easier, thanks to the work of Noah Webster, a teacher who graduated from Yale University in 1778. as a young man he had fought against the British in the American War of independence, and he felt that written English in the newly independent United States should have a distinctive “American” look.
So he began his work on American English. His first book, the Elementary Spelling Book, suggested simplifying the spelling of English words. The book was extremely popular. By the 1850s it was selling one million copies a year, making it one of the most popular school books ever.
Many of the suggestions were quickly adopted. Center instead of centre, program instead of programme, and flavor instead of flavour. Others, however, such as removing silent letters like the s in island or the final e in examine, were not.
Webster is best known for his American Dictionary of the English Language, which first appeared 1828. it introduced lots of new American words, with information about their pronunciation and use, and, of course, the new spelling. The British criticized the dictionary, but it quickly became a standard reference book in the States. Today, Webster’s dictionary is still the number one dictionary for American students.

简化拼写的人
在英语中，单词的拼写并不总是能表现出发音。因此人们发/rait/的音，却拼写为right，或是write，甚至rite。字母组合（像ough）可能会有好多种发音。有些单词看起来有太多的字母。
对美国人来说，情况就较为简单，这多亏了诺亚﹒韦伯斯特的贡献，他是1778年毕业于耶鱼大学的一名教师。年轻的时候，他参加了反对英国的美国独立战争，并且他觉得英语的书写在新生的美国应该有一个独特的“美国式”面貌。
因此他开始了关于美国英语方面的工作。他的第一本书——《基础拼写》，提出了简化英语单词的拼写。这本书极为畅销。到19世纪50年代，它的年发行量达到100万册，使它成为历史上最流行的校园读物之一。
书中的很多建议很快就被采纳了。如用center代替centre, program代替programme, flavor代替flavour。但是其他的一些，例如去掉单词中不发音的一些字母，像island中的s和examine中最后的e，都没有被采用。
韦伯斯特最为著名的是他的《美式英语词典》，这本书是在1828年第一次出版的。书中介绍了很多新的美式单词，并且带有发音和用法，当然还有新式拼写。英国人批判这本词典，但是在美国它很快就成为一本标准的参考书。今天，韦伯斯特的词典仍然是美国学生的首选词典。

B5 M2 Cultural Corner逐句翻译
Growing Jobs日益增长的工作

What sort of jobs will people de doing ten years from now? 从现在开始的十年里，人们将会从事什么样的工作？according to a survey published by an American university, the ten fastest growing jobs will be related to computers and health. 根据美国一所大学发布的一项调查结果，十种增长最快的工作将与电脑和健康有关。They include computer systems analysts, data analysts and database managers. 它们包括电脑系统分析师、数据分析师和数据库管理员。But there will also be a rise in the demand for health care professionals. 但是对健康护理专业人员的需求也会上升。其中的一些将会是新型职业。Some of these will be new jobs, such as bioinformaticians, who combine computer skills with knowledge of biology. 例如生物信息学人员，这些专业研究人员把电脑技能与生物知识结合起来。 Others will be more traditional. For example, more home care nurses will be needed to look after the rapidly ageing population. 其他的职业将会比较传统。例如，将会需要更多的家庭护士照看迅速老龄化的人口。But many youngsters will need professional care, too: 但是很多年轻人也需要专业护理：14 million Americans suffer from speech or language problems, and six million of them are under the age of 18. 1400万的美国人有说话或语言障碍，其中有600万人年龄在18岁以下。the number of speech pathologists (who help people who have problems speaking) is expected to double by the year 2012.到2012年，语言病理学家（帮助有语言障碍的人们的人）的数量有望增加两倍。 and social workers will continue to be in demand.对社会工作者的需求将继续增长。

Of course there will be plenty of other new jobs, some of which we probably can’t even guess.当然，还会有很多其他的新型职业，有些我们可能甚至猜不到。 But for those who love the outdoor life, a good bet could be the leisure industry. 但是对那些喜欢户外活动的人来说，最合适的可能是休闲产业。As more and more countries open up to tourism, more travel agents will be needed, 随着越来越多的国家对外开放旅游业，将会需要更多的旅行社。but the real demand will be for guides to take groups and even individuals on adventure holidays. 但是真正需要的将是能带领团队甚至还有为探险度假的个人做导游的人。For people doing this job, common sense, physical fitness and an outgoing personality are likely to be more important than computer skills.对于做这种工作的人，常识、健康的体格和外向的个性很可能会比电脑技能更重要。

Growing Jobs
What sort of jobs will people de doing ten years from now? according to a survey published by an American university, the ten fastest growing jobs will be related to computers and health. They include computer systems analysts, data analysts and database managers. But there will also be a rise in the demand for health care professionals. Some of these will be new jobs, such as bioinformaticians, who combine computer skills with knowledge of biology. Others will be more traditional. For example, more home care nurses will be needed to look after the rapidly ageing population. But many youngsters will need professional care, too: 14 million Americans suffer from speech or language problems, and six million of them are under the age of 18. the number of speech pathologists (who help people who have problems speaking) is expected to double by the year 2012. and social workers will continue to be in demand.
Of course there will be plenty of other new jobs, some of which we probably can’t even guess. But for those who love the outdoor life, a good bet could be the leisure industry. As more and more countries open up to tourism, more travel agents will be needed, but the real demand will be for guides to take groups and even individuals on adventure holidays. For people doing this job, common sense, physical fitness and an outgoing personality are likely to be more important than computer skills.

日益增长的工作
从现在开始的十年里，人们将会从事什么样的工作？根据美国一所大学发布的一项调查结果，十种增长最快的工作将与电脑和健康有关。它们包括电脑系统分析师、数据分析师和数据库管理员。但是对健康护理专业人员的需求也会上升。其中的一些将会是新型职业。例如生物信息学人员，这些专业研究人员把电脑技能与生物知识结合起来。其他的职业将会比较传统。例如，将会需要更多的家庭护士照看迅速老龄化的人口。但是很多年轻人也需要专业护理：1400万的美国人有说话或语言障碍，其中有600万人年龄在18岁以下。到2012年，语言病理学家（帮助有语言障碍的人们的人）的数量有望增加两倍。对社会工作者的需求将继续增长。
当然，还会有很多其他的新型职业，有些我们可能甚至猜不到。但是对那些喜欢户外活动的人来说，最合适的可能是休闲产业。随着越来越多的国家对外开放旅游业，将会需要更多的旅行社。但是真正需要的将是能带领团队甚至还有为探险度假的个人做导游的人。对于做这种工作的人，常识、健康的体格和外向的个性很可能会比电脑技能更重要。

B5 M3 Cultural Corner逐句翻译
The Life of Mark Twain马克﹒吐温的生平
Often the lives of writers resemble the lives fo the characters they create.作家的生活常常与他们所创作的人物很相似。 Mark Twain, who wrote The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, was no exception. 《哈克贝利﹒芬历险记》与《汤姆﹒索亚历险记》的作者马克﹒吐温也不例外。To start with, the author’s name, Mark Twain, is itself an invention, or “pen name”. 首先，作者的名字，或者说“笔名”——马克﹒吐温本身就是创造的。Twain’s real name was Samuel Clemens. 马克﹒吐温的原名是塞缪尔﹒克莱门斯。“Mark Twain”, which means “watermark two”, was a call used by sailors on the Mississippi to warn shipmates that they were coming into shallow water. “马克﹒吐温”的意思是“水深二英尺（水深两浔）”，是密西西比河上水手的一个口号，用来警告同船的伙伴他们到了浅水区。
Like Huck, Mark Twain led an adventurous life. 像哈克一样，马克﹒吐温也曾有过冒险的生活。He left school early, and as an adolescent, determined to make his fortune in South America, set off from his home in Hannibal, Missouri, for New Orleans.他很早就离开了学校，青少年的时候，他决定到南美洲闯一闯，于是他从密苏里州的汉尼拔家里出发去了新奥尔良。 He wanted to take a boat to the Amazon, where he thought he could get rich quickly. 他想坐船去亚马孙河，他认为在那里很快就会富起来。He arrived in New Orleans without a penny in his pocket only to find that there were no boats for South America.他身无分文地到了新奥尔良后才发现那里根本就没有去南美洲的船。 Forced to change his plans, he worked for several years as a pilot on a steamboat, taking passengers up and down the Mississippi, the great river which flows from the north of the US near the Canadian border, down to the Gulf of Mexico.他被迫改变了计划，在密西西比河的一艘汽船上当了几年的领航员，带着乘客在这条河上来来往往。这条著名的河流从美国北部靠近加拿大边界的地方流出，最后注入墨西哥湾。

Later he became a journalist and began writing stories about life on the river. 随后，他当一名新闻记者，并开始写有关在河上生活的故事。Twain’s vivid and often amusing descriptions of life on the river quickly became popular, and established the reputation he still enjoys today as one of America’s greatest writers.吐温对河上生活生动幽默的描述使得他的作品很快受到了欢迎，并且确立了他至今仍享有的美国最伟大的作家之一的美誉。

The Life of Mark Twain
Often the lives of writers resemble the lives fo the characters they create. Mark Twain, who wrote The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, was no exception. To start with, the author’s name, Mark Twain, is itself an invention, or “pen name”. Twain’s real name was Samuel Clemens. “Mark Twain”, which means “watermark two”, was a call used by sailors on the Mississippi to warn shipmates that they were coming into shallow water.
Like Huck, Mark Twain led an adventurous life. He left school early, and as an adolescent, determined to make his fortune in South America, set off from his home in Hannibal, Missouri, for New Orleans. He wanted to take a boat to the Amazon, where he thought he could get rich quickly. He arrived in New Orleans without a penny in his pocket only to find that there were no boats for South America. Forced to change his plans, he worked for several years as a pilot on a steamboat, taking passengers up and down the Mississippi, the great river which flows from the north of the US near the Canadian border, down to the Gulf of Mexico.
Later he became a journalist and began writing stories about life on the river. Twain’s vivid and often amusing descriptions of life on the river quickly became popular, and established the reputation he still enjoys today as one of America’s greatest writers.\

马克﹒吐温的生平
作家的生活常常与他们所创作的人物很相似。《哈克贝利﹒芬历险记》与《汤姆﹒索亚历险记》的作者马克﹒吐温也不例外。首先，作者的名字，或者说“笔名”——马克﹒吐温本身就是创造的。马克﹒吐温的原名是塞缪尔﹒克莱门斯。“马克﹒吐温”的意思是“水深二英尺（水深两浔）”，是密西西比河上水手的一个口号，用来警告同船的伙伴他们到了浅水区。
像哈克一样，马克﹒吐温也曾有过冒险的生活。他很早就离开了学校，青少年的时候，他决定到南美洲闯一闯，于是他从密苏里州的汉尼拔家里出发去了新奥尔良。他想坐船去亚马孙河，他认为在那里很快就会富起来。他身无分文地到了新奥尔良后才发现那里根本就没有去南美洲的船。他被迫改变了计划，在密西西比河的一艘汽船上当了几年的领航员，带着乘客在这条河上来来往往。这条著名的河流从美国北部靠近加拿大边界的地方流出，最后注入墨西哥湾。
随后，他当一名新闻记者，并开始写有关在河上生活的故事。吐温对河上生活生动幽默的描述使得他的作品很快受到了欢迎，并且确立了他至今仍享有的美国最伟大的作家之一的美誉。

B5 M4 Cultural Corner逐句翻译
The Meaning of Carnival狂欢节的意义
Carnival today is an international, multicultural experience. 今天的狂欢节是一个国际性的、多元文化的体验。But how did it become so? 但是它是如何变成这样的呢？To understand what carnival is all about, we need to look at the history of America and the meeting of two cultures – European and African.想要全面了解狂欢节，我们需要看一下美国的历史和两种文化的碰撞——欧洲文化和非洲文化。

The arrival of Europeans in America, and the opening of huge farms and plantations to grow cotton, fruit and vegetables,欧洲人到达美洲，开辟了大农场和种植园，他们种棉花、水果和蔬菜， meant there was an immediate need for people to work on them.这意味着那里急需人手干活， This marked the beginning of the slave trade.这标志着奴隶贸易的开始。 For more than two hundred years, until the beginning of the 19th century, when the trade was finally stopped, millions of people were taken by force from their homes in Africa and transported to the New World to work as slaves.经过200多年，直到19世纪初，当这种贸易最终结束时，有上百万的非洲人被迫离开他们的家园——非洲，作为奴隶被运送到了新大陆。 Six million were taken to the Caribbean islands where there were British and French landowners. 有600万人被带到了加勒比海的群岛上，那儿有英国和法国的种植园主。
Naturally, the Europeans also imported their own festivals.自然，欧洲人也带来了他们的节日。 So the slaves were forced to watch as their masters celebrated carnival with food, drink, and masked dances.所以奴隶们被迫观看他们主人用食物、喝酒，举行戴面具的舞会来庆祝狂欢节。 In Trinidad, the slaves began to hold their own carnival celebrations: 在特立尼达岛，奴隶们开始举行自己的狂欢节庆祝仪式：they painted their faces white, imitating their masters and making fun of them.他们将脸涂成白色，模仿并且取笑他们的主人。 But at the same time they were continuing their own African traditions – such as walking round a village wearing masks and singing a custom which they thought would bring good luck.但在同时他们还保持他们自己非汴的传统——例如戴着面具唱着歌围着村庄行走——这是一种他们认为会给他们带来好运的习俗。
When the slave trade was abolished in 1838 the former slaves took over the carnival.当奴隶贸易在1838年被废除时，原先的奴隶们把狂欢节保留了下来。 It became more colourful and more exciting than it had been before. 它变得比以前更加丰富多彩、更加激动人心。Magnificent costumes were made and musical bands created.它变得比以前更加丰富多彩、更加激动人心。 Carnival became a celebration of freedom.狂欢节变成一个庆祝自由的节日。

With the passing of time, the white inhabitants of the island began to take part in the carnival, too – and they were welcomed by their former slaves.随着时间的流逝这，这个岛上的白种居民也开始参与到狂欢节中——并且还受到了他们以前的奴隶们的欢迎。 Carnival became a way to unite different communities, as people forgot their everyday problems and enjoyed themselves eating, drinking, and dancing.狂欢节成为团结不同团体的一种方式，因为人们忘记了他们的日常烦恼，而开心地吃、喝并跳舞。 Today, visitors from all over the world come to this small state in the Caribbean to join in the fun. Carnival has become a celebration of life itself.今天，全世界的参观者来到这个位于加勒比海的小国家来享受这份乐趣。狂欢节已经成为一种对生活本身的庆祝。

The Meaning of Carnival
Carnival today is an international, multicultural experience. But how did it become so? To understand what carnival is all about, we need to look at the history of America and the meeting of two cultures – European and African.
The arrival of Europeans in America, and the opening