初中英语语法之名词.docx

初中英语语法之名词
名词
考点一：可数名词&不可数名词
1. 可数名词
(1) 初中学过的名词复数形式不规则变化的有：
a. child→children, tooth→teeth, mouse→mice,
foot→feet, leaf→leaves
b. 单复数同形：Chinese, Japanese, sheep, fish (注意：fish的另一种复数形式为fishes)
c. man和woman及由它们构成的合成词：
man→men, woman→women,
Englishman→Englishmen, Frenchman→Frenchmen,
policeman→policemen,
policewoman→policewomen, postman→postmen
温馨提示：
以下名词复数形式虽然是规则变化的，但需要特别记忆：
German(s), bamboo(s), radio(s), piano(s), potato(es),
tomato(es), hero(es), zero(s/es)
(2) 集体名词
a. 以单数形式出现，但实为复数。如：people, police。
b. 既可作单数也可作复数，视它们在句中的含义而定，如被看作一个整体，就作单数用；如被看作组成该集体的成员，则作复数用。如：class, family, public, government。
(3) 名词修饰名词时，若前面的名词是man和woman，变复数时，两个名词同时变为复数形式，如 a woman doctor→two women doctors；如果是其他名词，变复数时，只需把后面的名词变为复数形式，如a boy student→five boy students。
(4) 由“数词带连字符+名词+形容词”作定语时，该名词用单数形式，如a ten-week-old baby。
2. 不可数名词
没有单、复数形式的变化。但若要表示不可数名词的量，通常可用相应的单位词，复数形式常体现在单位词上。
a. 表示个数的单位词，如piece，构成a piece of meat / paper / cake / bread / music / advice / news。
b. 以形状表示个数的单位词，如drop，构成 a drop of water / oil。
c. 表示容积的单位词，如bottle, bowl, spoon, glass, cup，构成 a bottle of juice, a bowl of rice, a spoon of sugar, a glass of water, a cup of coffee。
d. 表示度量单位的词，如kilo, pound，构成a kilo / pound of meat。
3. 兼作可数和不可数的名词
这类名词需在句中根据语法及句意判断是可数还是不可数。如：
glass(玻璃)→a glass(玻璃杯)
chicken(鸡肉)→a chicken(小鸡)
orange(橙汁)→an orange( 橙子)
experience(经验)→an experience(经历)
surprise(惊奇)→a surprise(令人惊奇的事)
room(空间)→a room(房间)
4. 可数名词和不可数名词的修饰词
修饰可数名词：基数词(如one)，不定冠词(a, an)，many, several, few, a few, a number of
修饰不可数名词：much, little, a little
既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词：
some, a lot of, lots of, enough, plenty of
5. 对可数名词及不可数名词的数量提问时使用的疑问词
a. 对可数名词的量提问时用how many。
b. 对不可数名词的量提问时用how much。
【考例链接】
Ⅰ. 单项选择
( )1. Hurry up! Some _______ and _______ are on sale in the supermarket.
A. tomato; egg
B. tomatoes; egg
C. tomatoes; eggs
D. tomato; eggs
( )2. —Look! They are _______.
—Yes. We are proud of them.
A. man scientist
B. women scientists
C. woman scientists
D. man scientists
( )3. —What else do we need to make cold beef ?
—_______.
A. Two spoons salt
B. Two spoons of salts
C. Two spoons of salt
( )4. Jane is very thirsty, so she needs some _______.
A. water
B. bread
C. cakes
D. rice
( )5. I’m not hungry at all because I have just had much _______.
A. bread
B. pears
C. eggs
( )6. We should brush our _______ every day.
A. tooth
B. teeth
C. hand
( )7. The three _______ upstairs are too small to have enough _______ for a double bed.
A. room, room
B. room, rooms
C. rooms, room
D. rooms, rooms
( )8. —Jason, ______ pocket money does your mother give you every month?
—100 yuan.
A. how many
B. how much
C. how often
D. how long
Ⅱ. 写出所缺单词
1.The _______(发明) of the Internet has changed the world greatly.
2.The old couple have two sons and both of them are _______(邮递员).
3.No matter what time we are getting through, _______(英雄) are always around us.
4.In autumn, quite a few _______(树叶) turn yellow and fall off the trees.
5.There will be a big p (聚会) for the school-leavers this evening.
6.Because of the COVID-19, only a few _______(市场) were open in our city last spring.
7.Tim’s _______(家人) are watching TV in the living room now.
8.Mom bought two _______(公斤) of eggs and some milk in the supermarket.
9.Mr. Smith has a(n) _______(五岁的) daughter. He loves her very much.
10. My aunt is an English teacher who has lots of teaching _______(经验).
考点二：名词词义辨析
解题关键：通过分析具体的语境来辨析名词的词义。
【考例链接】 单项选择
( )1.For his son’s birthday, Steven is taking him to the new movie as a _______.
A. task
B. treat
C. choice
D. visit
( )2.One _______ of the book is missing, so I can’t learn the whole story.
A. copy
B. page
C. writer
D. reader
( )3.You can see the _______ in our faces when we talk about the great achievements in the past 70 years.
A. doubt
B. pride
C. regret
D. ability
考点三：名词所有格
1. 构成
单数名词、人名和不以-s结尾的复数名词的所有格通常在词尾加’s；以-s结尾的复数名词的所有格在词尾加’。
2. 用法
(1) 表示“某人的”，如Tom’s。
(2) 表示两者共同拥有，只在第二个名词后加’s即可；表示两者各自拥有，则每个名词后都加’s。
(3) 时间、距离、价格、国家、城市等名词作定语，如 last month’s trip, a hundred meters’ distance, five dollars’ food, China’s development, Beijing’s hutongs。
3. 与of短语的关系
(1) 有时’s所有格和of短语可以互换使用，如 the house’s door = the door of the house。
(2) 有时两者不能互换使用，如men’s shoes = shoes for men，children’s stories = stories for children。
【考例链接】
Ⅰ. 单项选择
( )1.If I leave my house at 9 o’clock and drive to the airport, I’ll arrive at about 11. So it’s about two _______ drive from my house to the airport.
A. hours’
B. hour’s
C. hours
( )2._______ room looks very clean.
A. Bob and Dave’s
B. Bob’s and Dave’s
C. Bob’s and Dave
Ⅱ. 写出所缺单词或短语
1.These _______(艺术家) design won an international award.
2._____________________(这个女孩的声音) sounds sweet.
3.There are different kinds of _______________________(女式毛衣) in this clothes store.

参考答案
考点一：
Ⅰ. 1-5 CBCAA 6-8 BCB
Ⅱ. 1. invention 2. postmen 3. heroes 4. leaves
5. party 6. markets 7. family 8. kilos
9. five-year-old 10. experience
考点二： 1-3 BBB
考点三：
Ⅰ. 1-2 AA
Ⅱ. 1. artists’
2. The girl’s voice / The voice of the girl
3. women’s sweaters / sweaters for women