2022届高考英语一轮总复习-专题三-介词和介词短语学案新人教版.doc

2022届高考英语一轮总复习 专题三 介词和介词短语学案新人教版

2022届高考英语一轮总复习 专题三 介词和介词短语学案新人教版

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专题三　介词和介词短语
　　考点精讲
　　介词
考点一
按词汇意义分类
1．表示时间的介词
介词
用法
短语/例句
at
at表示某个时间点、时刻等
at midnight，at dawn/daybreak，at sunrise/sunset，at dusk
on
on表示在具体的日子或具体某一天的上午、下午、晚上
on October the first，on a rainy day，on National Day，on Christmas Eve，on the afternoon of his arrival
in
in表示在某段较长的时间内(如：世纪、朝代、年代、月份)或泛指上午、下午和傍晚等
in the 1980's/1980s，in the Qing Dynasty，in October，in the morning/afternoon/evening
after和in
“after加一段时间”作时间状语，相当于“一段时间加later”，句子用过去时态；“in加一段时间”作时间状语，指离说话时多长时间以后，句子用将来时态
He returned home after a week (a week later)．
They will come to visit us in a week．
for和since
(1)“for加时间段”意为“多长时间”，表示动作持续的时间长短，一般作完成时态或过去时态句子的时间状语
(2)“since加时间点”意为“自从……，”作完成时态句子的时间状语
He has lived in the small village for five years．
I studied in Shandong University for four years．
I haven't heard from him since three years ago．
He has been waiting here since 2 o'clock．
2．表示方位的at，in，on，to
介词
用法
例句
at
表示地点时，后常接相对较小的地方
Mr．Smith met his wife at the shop in 1941．
in
表示地点时，后常接相对较大的地方或在某一个大的范围之内
The athletes from all over the world arrived in Beijing yesterday．
on
表示地点时，常表示相邻并接壤的两个地域
Mongolia，which lies on the north of China，is a beautiful country．
to
表示地点时，常表示在某个范围外不接壤的位置
As is known to all，Japan is to the east of China．
3．表示方位的across，through，over，past
介词
用法
例句
across
表示“从……的表面穿过”
He walked across the square to meet us．
through
表示“从……的内部穿过”
The guide led us through the forest．
over
表示“从……的上面跨过”
The thief jumped over the fence and fled away．
past
表示“从……的旁边经过”
She walked past the shop．
4．表示范围的between，among
介词
用法
例句
between
一般用于两者之间
I'm usually free between Tuesday and Thursday．
among
一般用于三者或三者以上的“在……中间”
I found it among a pile of old books．
特别提示：①between有时可用于涉及事物之间的区别或各国之间的关系。
the difference between the three of them
他们三者之间的区别
the relations between various countries
各国之间的关系
②among可用来引出最高级的比较范围。
The book is the best among the modern novels．
在现代小说中这本是最好的。
考点二
其他常用介词
1．表示交通方式的by，in，on
“by＋名词”表示交通方式时，名词前不加冠词；但是in，on 后的名词必须有冠词或代词等。
He goes to work by car every day．
他每天开车去上班。
He goes to work in his car/on his bike every day．
他每天开车/骑车去上班。
2．表示“用……”的by，in，with
by侧重方式、方法，多用于表示无形的工具或手段的名词前； in多用于表示语言、材料的名词前；with多用于表示有形的工具、表示身体器官的名词前。
He earned his living by selling newspapers．
他通过卖报纸谋生。
Please write the answer in ink．
请用墨水写答案。
They are digging with spades．
他们在用铁锹挖。
3．表示“除……外”的 except，besides
except表示“除……之外(其他的都)”，其后的宾语是被排除在外的，侧重同类事物的排除；besides表示“除……之外(其他的也)”，其后的宾语是被包括在内的。
All my friends took part in the competition except John．
除了约翰我所有的朋友都参加了竞赛。
He has learned German and French besides English．
除了英语他还学了德语和法语。
4．表示原因或理由的for, at, from, of, with
for表示原因，常与sorry, famous, punish, praise, thank, blame等词连用。at指情感变化的原因，意为“因听到或看到而……”。from指“外在的原因”，如受伤、车祸等。of指“内在的原因”，如疾病、饥饿等。with指生理上或情感上的由外界到内心的原因。
I am sorry for what I said to you．
我很抱歉对你讲那些话。
He was surprised at the news．
听到这消息他大吃一惊。
He died from the wound．
他因受伤而死亡。
The old man died of hunger．
老人死于饥饿。
He was shaking with anger．
他气得浑身发抖。
5．表示“如，像”的as，like
as表示“如，像”时，可以用作介词，也可用作连词。like表示“如，像”时，通常用作介词。like含有“好像是”之意，意指“实际上不是”。而as表示“作为”，意指“实际上是”。二者不可在同一个语境中同时使用。
I long to fly like a bird in the sky．
我渴望像鸟儿一样在空中飞翔。
They were all dressed as clowns．
他们都打扮成小丑。
　　介词短语
介词可以和名词、动词、形容词等构成固定搭配。常见的有：
(一)介词与名词的常用搭配
1．at＋名词
at sea 　 茫然，在大海上
at table 在吃饭
at will 任意地
2．beyond＋名词
beyond description 难以形容
beyond doubt 无疑
beyond one's reach 够不着
3．by＋名词
by mistake 错误地
4．in＋名词
in advance 事先，提前
in common 共有，共同
in need 需要
in turn 轮流
in sight 看得见
in the way 挡道，妨碍
5．in＋名词＋of
in terms of 就……而言
in need of 需要
in favor of 支持，赞成
in search of 寻找
in the form of 以……形式
in place of 代替
in front of 在……前面
in case of 假使
in honour of 为纪念
in spite of 尽管
in charge of 掌管，负责
6．on＋名词
on purpose 故意地
on behalf of 代表
on leave 在休假
on time 准时
7．out of＋名词
out of sight 看不见
out of reach 够不着
out of order 发生故障
out of control 失去控制
(二)介词与形容词的常用搭配
1．be＋adj．＋about
be anxious about 忧虑……
be curious about 对……好奇
be particular about 对……讲究/挑剔
be worried/concerned about 对……担心
2．be＋adj．＋at
be angry at 因……生气
be good at 擅长
be astonished at 对……吃惊
be present at 出席
3．be＋adj．＋in
be absorbed in 专注于……
be active in 积极于……
be dressed in 穿着……
be engaged in 忙于……
be rich in 富含……
be occupied in 忙于……
4．be＋adj．＋for
be eager for 渴望……
be famous for 以……著名
be fit for 适合，胜任……
be ready for 准备好……
be sorry for 对……感到抱歉
be prepared for 为……做好准备
5．be＋adj．＋from
be absent from 缺席
be different from 不同于
be far from 远离
be free from 不受……影响
6．be＋adj．＋to
be close to 接近……
be devoted to 致力于……
be equal to 等于……
be familiar to 对……来说熟悉
be friendly to 对……友好
be harmful to 对……有危害
be kind to 对……友好
be similar to 与……相似
be grateful to 对……心存感激
7．be＋adj．＋of
be aware of 意识到……
be fond of 喜欢……
be proud of 因……而自豪
be short of 缺乏……
8．be＋adj．＋with
be busy with 忙于……
be familiar with 对……熟悉
be combined with 与……结合
be patient with 对……有耐心
be popular with 受……的欢迎
be pleased with 对……感到满意
be angry with (sb．) 对(某人)发怒
(三)与名词构成的常用搭配
1．“at＋n．”表示状态
at peace处于和平中 at a loss不知所措
at work在工作 at war 在战争中
2．“on＋n．”表示状态
on exhibition/show在展出 on fire 着火
on sale出售；打折 on the way在途中
3．“by＋n．”表示方式
by accident偶然 by air/plane乘飞机
by chance偶然 by coincidence 碰巧
4．“in＋n．” 表示方式
in cash用现金付款 in depth在深度上
in detail详细地 in height在高度上
5．“of＋n．”表示特征(等于相应的形容词)
of benefit 有益处的
of help 有帮助的
6．“out of＋n．”表示状态
out of balance 失去平衡
out of breath 上气不接下气
7．“with＋n．”表示方式
with delight/joy 高兴地
with difficulty 困难地
　　难点释疑
难点一　介词的省略
1．当表示时间的词前有this，that，next，last，every，each, some，any，all等时，介词常省略。
We watched an exciting football match last week．
上周我们看了一场激动人心的足球赛。
Come any day you like．
你想哪天来就哪天来。
2．表示时间的名词前有不定冠词，且不定冠词作“每一……”讲时，其前不用介词。
An apple a day keeps the doctor away．
每天一个苹果，医生远离我。
3．习惯搭配中介词的省略
一些常和动词、名词或形容词搭配使用的介词常可省略，常见的此类搭配有spend some time(in) doing sth．，waste some time(in)doing sth．，have difficulty/trouble(in) doing sth．，be busy(in)doing sth．, stop/prevent sb．(from) doing sth．等。
【典例】 I had great difficulty __finding__ (find) the suitable food on the menu in that restaurant．
解析：分析句子结构可知，题干中含有have difficulty (in) doing sth．结构，在该结构中介词in常可省略。所以填finding。
难点二　介词不可遗漏的问题
1．在被动语态中，动词短语中的介词不能遗漏。
The children have been taken good care of in the kindergarten．
这些孩子在幼儿园里得到了很好的照顾。
2．当非谓语动词表示被动意义时，相关介词也不可省略。
The problem is well worth paying attention to．
这个问题很值得关注。
3．在定语从句中，当从句的谓语和先行词构成动宾关系且从句谓语为不及物动词时，必须加上介词。
The library which we often go to is not far away from our school．
我们常去的那个图书馆距离我们学校不远。
　　解题策略
策略一　分析句子成分
如果句子中不缺少主语或表语，动词后又不缺少宾语，则在名词、代词或动名词前一定是填介词。然后再根据句意确定合适的介词。
【典例】　We should talk about the things __beyond__ the children's understanding in a simple way．
解析：句意：我们应当用一种简单的方式谈论超出儿童理解能力的事物。beyond“超出，为……所不能及”，符合句意。
策略二　记牢搭配
1．注意短语搭配中介词的正确使用；
2．注意有特殊用法的介词，如接复合宾语就只能用with或without。
【典例】　 In some cases，different approaches __to__ the same scientific problem lead to conflicting theories．
解析：句意：在一些情形下，对同一个科学难题进行研究所采用的方法不同，就会得出互相矛盾的理论。approach to “……的方法”，是固定搭配。
策略三　注意一词多义
【典例】　You should fly your kite __against__ the wind，or it cannot fly high．
解析：句意：你应该逆着风放风筝，否则它飞不高。against“逆着，迎着”，符合语境。
　　易错聚焦
1．句尾介词往往由于受到汉语的影响而缺少

2．因不熟悉介词的语法功能和不同搭配而造成的语句混乱、搭配不当等错误
(误)I often come to school take bus, but sometimes I come by my father's car．
(正)I often come to school by bus, but sometimes I come in my father's car．
3．英汉差异造成的介词错用

达标检测

Ⅰ．单句语法填空
1．(2020·浙江卷)Some time after 10,000 BC，people made the first real attempt to control the world they lived __in__，through agriculture．
解析：考查介词。句意：公元前10 000年以后，人们第一次真正尝试通过农业来控制他们所居住的世界。分析可知，“they lived ________”应是之前名词the world 的定语从句，定语从句引导词被省略，可推知先行词应是在从句中作宾语，即：they lived in the world。 live in＋名词，意为“居住在某地”。故填in。
2．(2020·浙江卷)Farming produced more food per person __than__ hunting and gathering，so people were able to raise more children．
解析：考查固定搭配。句意：农业比狩猎和采集的人均粮食产量更高。结合句意可知，此句中将农业生产与狩猎和采集相比，应用比较连词than。more．．．than，意为“比……更。”故填than。
3．(2020·新课标卷Ⅰ)The far side of the moon is of particular interest to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters (环形山), more so __than__ the familiar near side．
解析：考查介词。句意：因为它比熟悉的一面有更多的深环形山。根据空前的比较级more so可知，此处填介词than，表示“比……更”。故填than。
4．(2020·新课标卷Ⅲ)The artist was finally humbled (谦卑) by the greatest artist __on__ earth, Mother Nature．
解析：考查介词。句意：这位艺术家最终被世界上最伟大的艺术家——大自然母亲所折服。结合句意表示“在世界上”短语为on earth。故填on。
5．(2019·浙江卷)The answer __to__ this question is not clear．
解析：考查介词。句意：这个问题的答案不清楚。the key/answer to ．．．这是固定搭配，“……的答案是……”。故填to。
6．(2018·浙江卷)If you are not going to suffer this problem, then I suggest that the next time you go to your mum's home __for__ dinner, get a few cooking tips from her．
解析：考查介词。表示去母亲家去吃饭，表示去向、目的用介词for。故填for。
7．(全国卷Ⅰ)This trend, which was started by the medical community(医学界) __as__ a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side effects such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight．
解析：此处指作为抵抗心脏病的一种方法，所以用介词as。
8．(全国卷Ⅲ)After school she plans to take a year off to model full-time before going to university to get a degree __in__ engineering or architecture．
解析：关于某个专业的学位要用介词in。a degree in engineering or architecture“工程学或建筑学学位”。
9．(全国卷Ⅲ)Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia． In India, for example, most people traditionally eat __with__ their hands．
解析：with one's hands“用某人的手”。介词with意为“用”。
10．(全国卷Ⅰ)For those who fly to Guilin, it's only an hour away __by__ car and offers all the scenery of the better known city．
解析：根据句意可知，此处表示“驱车只有一个小时的路程”。“by＋交通工具名词”表示乘坐交通工具。故填by。
11．(广东)One day, the cow was eating grass when it began to rain heavily． While making great efforts to run away, she fell over the hill and died． Then the Johnsons had to make a living __without__ the cow．
解析：根据句意可知，奶牛在慌忙躲雨的时候，不小心摔死了，因此Johnson一家就不得不在没有了奶牛的情况下生活。故填without。
12．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Modern methods __of/for__ tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive to perform consistently over a large area．
解析：考查介词。此处tracking polar bear populations作modern methods的定语，用of 连接，“methods of doing sth．”，意为“……的方法”，构成固定结构。或者意为“对于跟踪北极熊的方法”用for。故填of/for。
13． (2019·全国卷Ⅲ)We were first greeted with the barking by a pack __of__ dogs，seven to be exact．
解析：考查介词。a pack of意为“一群”。故填of。
14．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I was searching __for__ these three western lowland gorillas I'd been observing． No one had seen them for hours, and my colleagues and I were worried．
解析：考查动词短语搭配。search for是固定搭配，表示“寻找”，表示“我”在寻找“我”研究的三只西部低地的大猩猩。故填for。
15．(全国卷Ⅱ)It(the first underground passenger railway) ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and __from__ work．
解析：travel to and from work“上下班”。故填from。
16．(全国卷Ⅰ)But my connection with pandas goes back __to__ my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s．
解析：go back to为固定短语，意为“回到，追溯到”。故填to。
17．(全国卷Ⅱ)Most of us are more focused __on__ our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day．
解析：句意：我们中的很多人早晨的注意力要比一天中晚些时候的注意力更集中。 be focused on“专心于，集中于”，为固定短语。故填on。
18．(全国卷Ⅱ)When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough to cool the house during the hot day; __at__ the same time, they warm up again for the night．
解析：at the same time意为“同时”，是一个常用的介词短语。故填at。
19．(新课标全国Ⅱ)When the bus finally came, we all hurried on board． I got a place next __to__ the window, so I had a good view of the sidewalk．
解析：此处考查一个固定短语next to，意为“挨着”。故填to。

Ⅱ．单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)
1．(2020·新课标卷I)After that I poured oil into a pan and turned off the stove, I waited patiently until the oil was hot．
__将off改为on__
解析：考查介词。句意：之后我把油倒进一个平底锅，然后开火。根据I poured oil into a pan及常识可知，把油倒进锅里后应是打开炉子，所以此处应使用短语turn on，故将off改为on。
2．(2020·新课标卷II)Then I can spare some time to learn it again, such that we can practice together on every day．
__去掉on__
解析：考查介词。句意：我们就可以每天一起练习。介词on后接的是具体时间。every day 译为“每一天”，前不能用有任何介词修饰。故on多余，应去掉。
3．(2020·新课标卷Ⅱ)I'm glad to know that you've come China to learn kung fu in a school in my hometown．
__come后加to__
解析：考查介词。句意：我很高兴知道你来中国在我家乡的一所学校学习功夫。分析句子，此处come为不及物动词，后接宾语是需加相应介词。come to 译为“来到”是固定短语。故在come 和China之间加to。
4．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)At the end of our trip, I told my father that I planned to return for every two years, and he agreed．
__去掉for__
解析：考查介词的用法。时间名词有every，each，last等词修饰时，其前不用介词。故删除for。
5．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Still I was unwilling to play the games for them sometimes．
__for→with__
解析：考查介词。play the games with sb．表示“和某人一块玩游戏”，故把for改为with。
6．(全国卷Ⅱ)One day, little Tony went to a shopping center with his parents． It was very crowded． Tony saw a toy on a shop window．
__on→in__
解析：玩具是摆放在商店的橱窗里面的，故用介词in。
7．(陕西)My soccer coach retired in last week．
__去掉in__
解析：last week上个星期，前面无需加介词。
8．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)When I studied chemistry high school, I reconsidered my goal and decided to be a doctor．
__在high school前加in/at__
解析：考查介词。“在高中”需要用介词in或者at，故在high school前加in/at。
9．(2019·全国III卷) I want my cafe have a special theme such as like “Tang Dynasty”．
__去掉like__
解析：考查介词。such as和like都是用来举例子，重复了。故把like删除。
10．(全国卷Ⅰ)It was a relief and I came to a sudden stop just in the middle on the road．
__on→of__
解析：in the middle of．．．在……的中间，是固定搭配。
11．(全国卷Ⅱ)They have also bought for some gardening tools．
__去掉for__
解析：表示“买某物”直接用buy sth．。buy还可用于buy sb． sth．或buy sth． for sb．表示“为某人买某物”。
12．(全国卷Ⅲ)When I look at this picture of myself, I realize of how fast time flies．
__去掉of__
解析：realize“认识到，意识到”，是及物动词，后面直接跟宾语。
13．(全国卷Ⅰ)My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in a short period of time．
__dreams后加of__
解析：固定短语dream of doing sth．意为“梦想做某事”。
14．(浙江)While they chatted, my father would lift my sister and me up to sit in the top of the fridge．
__in→on__
解析：on the top of．．．为固定搭配，意为“在……的上面/顶端”。故将in改成on。
15．(四川)Dad cleaned the house, and then went on shopping．
__去掉on__
解析：go shopping去购物；go on shopping继续购物。
16．(四川)Please help with me and give me some advice．
__去掉with__
解析：动词help为及物动词，其后接宾语时无需加介词，故删除with。
Ⅲ．语法填空(介词专练)
I was in a restaurant． I noticed an elderly couple __1．with__ a balloon tied to their table． When I asked them what the occasion was, they told me it was their 50th wedding anniversary． I was glad and sad __2．for__ them at the same time． I was glad because they still cherished each other． I was sad because they were __3．on__ their own, without any children or friends． After I went back to my table I thought I should pay their bill． I tried to do it, and the restaurant manager and the waitresses asked me curiously who they were __4．to__ me． Finally，I told them I worked in a church and felt it was my duty to do so． The elderly couple were surprised and speechless when told a total stranger had paid __5．for__ them． All of us were nearly __6．in__ tears: the couple, the manager, the waitresses and me．
Two months later I got a call __7．from__ a newspaper telling me my simple act of kind