高考英语一轮特殊句式讲义.doc

特殊句式
引言：
1、高中英语涉及的特殊句型包括强调句、倒装句、省略句和反意疑问句。高考对于这四种句型的考查很灵活。学习的关键是记准确各个句型出现的条件。2013年高考考生应特别注意1、基本的句型条件；
2、句型中的时态。
交际用语的考查重点应注重文化差异，在平时的学习中注意英语的交际规则和交际模式，防止母语思维定势的干扰和影响，形成英语思维方式。
强调
讲解：
一、倒装
倒装分两类：全部倒装和部分倒装。全部倒装是将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。实义动词、情态动词或be 动词放在主语之前。部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态动词倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。[来源:Z.xx.k.Com]
口诀速记：
副词开头要倒装，人称代词则如常。only修饰副介状，位于句首半倒装。否定意义副连词，“既不……也不”需倒装。表语前置主语长，衔接自然常倒装。such代词作表语，引起主谓要倒装。not only开头句，前一分句需倒装。had，were，should虚拟句，省略if半倒装。
1．下列情况句子需要全部倒装
(1)表示方位的副词(如there，here，up，down，out，in，away等)位于句首，句子谓语是go，come，run等表示位置的动词，可将谓语动词全部置于主语之前。
There goes phone again.It’s not stopping ringing all morning.
电话铃又响了。整个上午都响个不停。
There goes the bell.铃响了。
注意：主语是人称代词时，主语仍置于动词之前。
Here he comes.他来了。
例题：(2011·湖南十二校第二次联考)—We have to stop talking here outside.Listen，________！
—Hurry up，or we’ll be late.
A．there goes the bell B．there does the bell go
C．there the bell goes D．goes the bell there
解析：　考查倒装句。当here，there等表示方位的副词置于句首时，句子要倒装，且用全部倒装。
(2)由一些表示方位的介词短语引起。
In the middle of the mountain lies a temple.
例题：(2012·信阳期中)In the far south ________ Stewart Island the largest of New Zealand's many smaller islands.
A．lying B．lays
C．lie D．lies
解析：本题考查倒装句。当介词短语in the far south放到句首的时候，后面用完全倒装，主语是Stewart Island，故选D项。
答案：D
(3)一些作表语的形容词放在句首。
Seated in the lecture hall are hundreds of students.
2．下列情况需要部分倒装
(1)句子以never，seldom，rarely，little，hardly，scarcely等否定意义的副词以及by no means，not until，not a word，not a single等否定词开头的词组一般都用部分倒装语序。
Never in all my life have I felt so humiliated.
我这辈子从未感到如此受辱。
Not a word did he say at the last meeting.
在上次会议上他一句话都没说。
例题：[2010·四川卷] We laugh at jokes，but seldom ________ about how they work.
A．we think B．think we
C．we do think D．do we think
解析：　考查倒装用法。seldom，hardly，never，no等具有否定意义的词位于句首句子用部分倒装语序。
答案：D
(2)hardly...when，no sooner...than，not only...but also引导两个分句时，将前一个分句中的主谓作部分倒装，后一个分句中的主谓语序不变。
Hardly had he began to speak when his father stopped him.
他刚开口发言就被父亲制止了。
(3)当句子用so，nor，neither开头，来说明前面一句话中谓语表示的情况，也适用于另外一些人或物时，主语和谓语部分倒装，这时谓语只是用助动词、情态动词或系动词来表示。其常见句型是：so/neither/nor＋be (have/do等助动词或情态动词)＋主语。
Frank adores dogs and so does his wife.
弗兰克非常爱狗，他妻子也一样。
She couldn’t work out the answer，and nor could I.
她算不出答案，我也算不出。
例题：【2011全国卷II13】Jane won’t join us for dinner tonight and .
A. neither won’t Tom B. Tom won’t either
C. Tom will too D. so will Tom
解析：句意：简不会来参加我们今晚的宴会，汤姆也不会来。此处是否定句，故使用either，而too一般用于肯定句中。此处也可以用so倒装的否定式，即neither/nor will Tom．注意A项中neither表否定意义，所以不能用won’t。
答案：B
4)当only所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句位于句首时，采用部分倒装形式。
Only when I see it with my only eyes do I believe it.
只有亲眼见到，我才相信。
例题：(2011·东城练习二)Only when Tom fully recovered________back to work.
A．did he go B．he went
C．had he gone D．he had gone
解析：　本题考查倒装句型。only位于句首，后面的句子需要部分倒装。所以用did he go。
答案：　A
(5)在so/such...that引导的结果状语从句中，当为了强调把so/such提到句首时，主谓要倒装。
So moved was she that she could not say a word.
她激动得一句话也说不出来。
例题：(2011·东北三省四市联考)Such a great event ________that it will attract governments and people from across the world to Shanghai.
A．is World Expo 2010
B．World Expo 2010 is
C．has World Expo 2010 been
D．World Expo 2010 has been
解析：　考查倒装句。在such...that...结构中，当such置于句首时，句子要倒装，由此可以排除B、D两项；根据从句谓语动词的时态可知，A项正确。
答案：　A
二、强调
1．强调句型的结构：
“It is/ was + 被强调部分 + that/ who + 其他成分”强调句型可以强调一个句子的主语、宾语、表语及状语等成分。如果被强调的成分是表示人的词，可以用that或who(whom)连接其他成分；被强调的成分是表示人以外的词，例如表示事物、时间或地点的词，用that连接其他成分。一般疑问句：Is /was +被强调部分 + that/ who + 其他成分.特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+is /was + that/ who + 其他成分.
It is I who am right.(强调主语)是我对了。
It was him that/whom we met at the school gate.
(强调宾语)我们在学校门口见到的是他。
It was in the park that Tom lost his watch.(强调状语)
汤姆是在公园里丢了手表。
It was because her mother was ill that she didn’t go to work.
(强调状语从句)因为母亲病了，她才没有来上班。
2．强调句型应注意的要点：
(1)强调句型的一般疑问句只需把is/was提前。
Was it during the AntiJapanese War that he died?
他是在抗日战争期间去世的吗？
(2)强调句型的特殊疑问句即对特殊疑问词进行强调，结构是：特殊疑问词＋be＋it＋that/who＋原句剩余部分。
Who was it that broke the window？是谁打破了窗子？
What is it that you want me to do?
你想要我做的是什么？
3．如何判断强调句型：
判断“It is...”句型是否是强调句型主要是看能否将此句还原成一个完整的句子，即把It is/was...that/who...去掉，如果剩下的成分仍然能线成一个完整的句子，那么该句就是强调句型，否则就不是。
It is there that he met one of his old friends.(＝He met one of his old friends there.)他在那里遇到了一个老朋友。
以上就是强调句型，被强调部分是状语，去掉It is...that...后，可以还原成了一个完整的句子。
It is clear that not all the boys like football.去掉It is...that...之后就成了“Clear not all the boys like football.”这很显然不是一个完整的句子，因此此句不是强调句型
4．几组易混句型比较：
(1)强调句与“It is/was＋时间＋when从句”：
在这种句型中it指时间，when引导的是时间状语从句。
注意以下两种句型“时间”表达方式的不同。
It was at midnight that I got back home yesterday.
我昨天是半夜到家的。
It was midnight when I got back home yesterday.
我昨天到家时是半夜了。
第一句是强调句型，被强调的是时间状语，因此用介词短语表达；而第二句是一般句型，以名词的形式表达时间，用来作表语。
(2)强调句型与“It is/has been＋时间＋since从句”
It is/has been...since...表示“自从……以来已有……(时间)”注意以下两种句型的时态一般不同，句意也不同。
It was two years ago that I began to learn English.
我是两年前开始学英语的。
It is two years since I began to learn English.
我开始学英语有两年时间了。
第一句为强调句型，强调的是过去的时间，用一般过去时；而第二句表示“从过去到现在已经有多长时间”，用一般现在时或现在完成时。但要注意强调句同样也可以用一般现在时。
It is two hours that he spends on English every day.
他每天花两个小时学英语。
注意：强调谓语动词，用助动词do，does或did。
Do come this evening！今晚一定要来啊！
He did be late for the meeting yesterday.
他昨天确实开会迟到了。
三、省略
1．在以if，when，though，as if (好像)，while，once，unless，until等连词引导的从句中。
If (it is) necessary，we shall send a telegram home.
如有必要，我们就往家里打电报。
While (you are) cycling，don’t forget the traffic lights.
骑车时，不要忘记看红绿灯。
Errors，if (there are) any，should be corrected.
如果有什么错误，就应当改正。
The letter is to be left here until (it is) called for.
这封信留在这里待领。
例题：（10浙江）The experiment shows that proper amounts of exercise, if regularly, can improve our health.
A. being carried out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out
解析：本句的句子的主语是the experiment；谓语动词是shows；that引导宾语从句, 宾语从句的主干事：proper amounts of exercise can improve our health, if_____ regularly是插入的条件从句, 从句的主语是proper amounts of exercise, 此时应用it代替前面提到的主语, 条件句的主语与主句的主语一致, 并且含有is, 故省略了it is, 完整形式是：if it is carried out。句意为：这项实验表明, 适当的运动, 如果有规律的进行, 能够有助于我们的身体健康。
答案：C
2．不定式省略，单独使用不定式符号to。
(1)代替动词不定式后被省略的动词，常在be afraid，expect，forget，hope，intend，like，love，mean，prefer，refuse，seem，try，want，wish等后面。
I asked him to see the film，but he didn’t want to.
例题：(2009年高考江苏卷)—What’s the matter with Della?
—Well，her parents wouldn’t allow her to go to the party，but she still________.
A．hopes to B．hopes so
C．hopes not D．hopes for
解析：。句意：——Della怎么了？——哦，她父母不让她去参加晚会，但她仍然希望去参加。本句属省略句，完整形式应为：...，but she still hopes to go to the party.
答案：选A
(2)在have，need，ought，be going，used等后面。
I didn’t want to go there，but I had to.
(3)在某些形容词glad，happy，pleased，delighted等后面。
—Will you join in the game?
—I’d be glad to.
(4)否定形式的省略用not to。
—Shall I go instead of him?
—I prefer not to.
(5)如果不定式中含有be，have，have been，通常保留be，have和have been。
—Are you a sailor?
—No，but I used to be.
误区提示：
1．分不清倒装句与相似句型的区别
“so＋助动词＋主语”与“so＋主语＋助动词”无论形式还是意义上均有明显差别，前者表示“……也如此”，后者意为“的确如此”，一定要细心观察其不同之处。
—Well，I do think the rabbit is a beautiful，gentle animal which can run very fast.
—________.
A．So it is　　　　　　　　　B．So is it
C．So does it D．So it does
So it is是对上文的肯定，理解为“的确如此”。So is it是倒装结构，意为“它也是”，显然与上句不符。故答案为A。
2．不了解特殊疑问句的强调句形式及意义
特殊疑问句的强调句形式为“特殊疑问词＋is/was＋it＋that...”选什么特殊疑问词，要依据上下文的意思来确定。
—________that he managed to get the information?
—Oh，a friend of his helped him.
A．Where was it B．What was it
C．How was it D．Why was it
本句是强调句的特殊疑问形式。由答语“他的一位朋友帮助了他”判断，问句应为“他是如何得到这个消息的”。C项答案符合题意。由此可见上下文联系起来判断题意的重要性。
四、反意疑问句：
1、反意疑问句的结构形式：
反意疑问句提出情况或看法，问对方同不同意，这种问句都由两部分组成，前一部分用陈述句的形式，后一部分是一个附着在前一部分上的简短问句，中间用逗号隔开，如前一部分为肯定形式，后一部分通常用否定形式，前一部分为否定形式，后一部分就用肯定形式，两部分的时态要一致。
You are to go home via Hongkong, aren’t you?
（肯定的陈述句+否定的反意疑问句）
They didn’t raise many questions at the press conference, did they?
（否定的陈述句+肯定的反意疑问句）
2、反意疑问句的答语
在回答反意疑问句时，应根据事实来回答，如果事实是肯定的，前面要用yes,否则用no, 在第一部分为否定句时要特别注意，这时英语回答和汉语回答是不一致的。
　----You are not going out today, are you?　　----No, I am not.
　　你今天不出去，是吗？　是的，我今天不出去。
（“不出去”属于否定的事实，所以在英语中应用“no”来表示此义，不要用 “yes”来回答。）
构成反意疑问句时应注意的问题：
1）、当陈述部分的主语是everybody, everyone, someone, no one, nobody, somebody等不定代词时，反意疑问句部分中的主语常用they (有时也可用he.)
Somebody borrowed my pen yesterday, didn’t they?　
No one was hurt, was he?　
2）、当陈述部分的主语是everything, anything, nothing, something等表物的不定代词时，反意疑问部分的主语常用it.
Everything has been done on how to prevent the pollution, hasn’t it?
3）、当陈述部分的主语是one时，反意疑问部分的主语常用one或you。
One should study hard, shouldn’t one/ you?　
4）、当陈述部分的主语是man(人类)时，反意疑问部分的主语常用he。
Man is the master of his own fate, isn’t he?　
5）、当陈述部分是there be结构时， 反意疑问部分用there,省略主语代词。
There used to be a shop, didn’t there?
6）、当陈述部分含有seldom, hardly, never, rarely, few, little, nowhere, nothing等否定词或半否定词时，反意疑问部分的动词应用肯定形式。
Few people know him, do they?　
Bob rarely got drunk, did he?　
You have nothing else to say, have you?
例题：1、（2012江苏卷,25） There is little doubt in your mind that he is innocent, _______________?
A. is there B. isn't there C. is he D. isn't he
解析：根据前面there be 句里含有否定意义的词little，所以反意疑问句用肯定形式，其主谓应与陈述部分的主谓保持一致，故选A项。
答案 A
2、(2009年高考湖南卷)You and I could hardly work together，________？
A．could you B．couldn’t I
C．couldn’t we D．could we
解析：考查反意疑问句。主语是“你和我”，因此，疑问部分应该用we；句子中含有hardly，为否定意义，疑问部分用肯定形式。故答案选D。
答案：D。
7）、当陈述部分中含有im, in, dis, un等否定前缀或less等否定后缀时，应把陈述部分看成是肯定的，反意疑问部分要用否定式。
Your mother dislikes seeing you with me, doesn’t she?
He is unfamiliar with this type of computer, isn’t he?　
8）、当陈述部分是I’m …结构时，反意疑问部分常用aren’t I
I am late, aren’t I?　
9）、 当陈述部分是主从复合句时，反意疑问部分中的动词和主语代词通常应和主句中的动词和主语保持一致。
If you don’t start early, you will be late, won’t you?
Peter believes that his dream will come true some day, doesn’t he?
10）、当陈述部分的主句是I suppose, I think, I believe, I imagine等结构时，反意疑问部分往往与从句保持一致，而且要注意否定转移。
I think he is a thief, isn’t he?　　
I don’t think he can do it well, can he?
11）、当陈述部分含有have，而且have作“有”解时，反意疑问部分用have/has或借助助动词do, does, did等来完成；如果陈述部分中的have是实义动词，则反意疑问部分应需借助助动词do, does, did等来完成。
He hasn’t a lot of time to spare, has he?　
He doesn’t have an English dictionary, does he?
12）、当陈述部分的谓语动词包括have to, had to时，反意疑问部分通常用do的适当形式。
You had to take the early bus, didn’t you?
We have to do it, don’t we?　
13）、当陈述部分含有情态动词used to时，反意疑问部分可用used to形式或did形式。
He used to get up late, didn’t/ usedn’t he?　
14）、当陈述部分是祈使句时，反意疑问部分常用will you.
Help me to do it, will you?　
Don’t go there, will you?　　
◆ Let’s 和Let us都表示“让我们”，但用法上不同。前者包括听话人，后者不包括听话人。正因如此，它们的反意疑问句的形式常常不同：
以Let’s 开头的祈使句，反意疑问部分常用shall we.
以Let us开头的祈使句，反意疑问部分常用will you.
Let’s go now, shall we?　（我们去，你也去）
Let us go shopping, will you?　（我们去，你不去）
15）、当陈述句部分含had better/best, would like to, would rather等约定俗成特殊短语时，反意疑问部分应保留第一个词。
He had better do more speaking, hadn’t he?　
16）、当陈述句部分是强调句或类似强调句的结构时，反意疑问部分常和句首的It is/was保持一致。
It is the first time that he has gone there, isn’t it?　　
17）、当陈述句部分为感叹句时，反意疑问句部分常用否定形式，且问句部分的动词常用be.
What a cold day, isn’t it?　
18）、当陈述部分含有情态动词must, may, can’t, 且表示推测时，反意疑问部分不能用must, may, can’t自身，应和后面的实义动词保持一致；
◆ must/ may/ can’t + do 表示对现在情况的推测，反意疑问部分用一般现在时。
He can’t be Mr. Chen, is he?（相当于I don’t think he is Mr. Chen.）
He must be very tired, isn’t he?　(相当于：I believe he is very tired.)
◆ must/ may/ can’t + have done +过去时间状语，表示对过去情况的推测，反意疑问部分常用一般过去时。
You must have seen the film last week, didn’t you?
(相当于：I think you saw the film last week.)
It can’t have snowed last week, did it?　(相当于：I don’t think it snowed last week.)
◆ must/ may/ can’t + have done , 反意疑问部分常用现在完成时。
You may have been to Tibet, haven’t you?　(相当于：Maybe you have been to Tibet.)
He can’t have known the news, has he?　(相当于：I don’t think he has known the news.)
You must have waited for a long time, haven’t you?
（相当于：I think you have waited for a long time.）
19）、当陈述部分含有情态动词mustn’t表示“禁止”时，反意疑问部分常用must.
You mustn’t walk on grass, must you?
20）、当陈述部分含有情态动词need, dare时，反意疑问部分有两种形式：作情态动词时保留自身；作实义动词时反意疑问句应借助于助动词do/does/did来完成。
He needs to start at once, doesn’t he?　　
She dare not go out alone at night, dare she?　
21）、当陈述部分含有情态动词ought to时，反意疑问部分常用oughtn’t (有时也可用shouldn’t.)
The child ought to be punished, oughtn’t he?　

基础题：
1.（2010吉林市高三第二次市统考）So little _______ that the neighbor could not settle their difference.
A. they agreed B. they did agree C. agreed they D. did they agree
2.（2010年海淀区三模）If we had taken such effective measures much earlier, the fiver _______so seriously now.
A．is not polluted B．would not be polluted
C．had not been polluted D．would not have been polluted
3.（2010年重庆市高考仿真试卷三）Everybody’s excited because Thanksgiving is _______．It’s time to plan for it．
A．ahead of time B．right away
C．in time D．just around the corner
4.（安徽省蚌埠市2010届高三第三次质检）---Why didn’t you reared him of the possible danger?
---But what ______otherwise? He never listens to me.
A．could I do B．could I have done C．should I do D．must I have done
5.（安徽省蚌埠市2010届高三第三次质检）It wasn’t until the 2010 CCTV Spring Festival Gals（央视春晚） .
A．did the former pop band Little Tiger reunite
B．that the former pop band Little Tiger reunite
C．then did the former pop band Little Tiger reunite
D．when the former pop hand Little Tiger reunited
6.（河北省正定中学2010届高三下学期第二次考试）If I can help ____, I don’t like working late into the night.
A. so B. that C. it D. them
7.（河南省郑州智林学校2010届高三下学期模拟测试二）--Ann looks hot and dry.
---So ______you if you had a high fever.
A. do B. are C. will D. would
8.（河南省郑州智林学校2010届高三下学期模拟测试二）_____in a science competition, the three students were awarded scholarships totaling $ 21, 000.
A. To be judged the best B. Judged the best
C. Having judged the best　 D. Judging the best
9.（湖南省长沙市一中2010届高三第九次月考）Yesterday his father bought a ________desk for the decoration of his study.
A. long Chinese wooden red B. red Chinese long wooden
C. Chinese red long wooden D. long red Chinese wooden
10.（湖南省长沙市一中2010届高三第九次月考）She was regretful and wasn’t interested in anything around her. __________ her coach.
A. So was B. Neither was C. So it was the same with D. So it was with
11.（拉萨中学2010届高三第七次月考试题）---Why can't I smoke here?
---At no time__________ in the meeting-room
A. is smoking permitted B. smoking is permitted
C. smoking is it permitted D. does smoking permit
12.（拉萨中学2010届高三第七次月考试题）______, a small advertisement held my attention, which read “Easy job. Good wages. No experience necessary.”
A. Looking through the newspaper  B. While I was looking through the newspaper
C. To look through the newspaper D. I was looking through the newspaper
13.（山东省临沭县2010届）—Did you know any French before you arrived in Paris？
—Never _______it, actually.
A. I learned B. have I learned C. had I learned D. was I learned
14.（山东省淄博市2010届高三二模）As you can see, we need the equipments, ___________ are necessary to make t