00015英语二(自考).doc

(完整版)00015英语二(自考)
00015英语二
重点语法 （结合考题讲解）

综合英语（二）常考的语法为：名词单数变复数，定语从句，虚拟语气，反意疑问句，非谓语动词，时态，名词性从句，形容词副词的比较级，主谓一致,倒装等等.下面我们把这些语法项目进行详细的有重点的讲解.

名词
1。 大多数集体名词可作单数，也可作复数，如： army ， audience ， class ， committee ， crew （ 全体船员，乘务员 ） ， crowd ， faculty , family ， government ， group , orchestra ， team , union 等。强调整体时谓语动词用单数，强调个体时谓语动词用复数。如： The government is paying close attention to economic development.
The government are having a heated discussion on this matter。
2。有些名词形式为复数，却用作单数，如 :electronics（ 电子学 ） ， mathematics（ 数学 ） ， optics( 光学 ） , politics ， statistics( 统计学 ）， economics (经济学）, physics 等。例如 ：
Linguistics is a difficult subject to study.

3. 名词作定语时，除了man和woman要和中心词一起变成复数之外，其它修饰词不能变成复数。例如
a woman teacher ———- two women teachers
a man doctor -—-- two men doctors
a girl student -—-— five girl students
a boy student -——-six boy students
4。 复合名词的复数只把其中所包含的主体名词变成复数.如 ： looker(s)—on ， runner（s)—up ，
sister(s）-in-law ， editor（s）—in—chief ，
passer（s）—by ， grand-child（ren） ，
shoe lace（s） ， blood type(s) 等.

5。 如果没有主体名词，就在最后一个词上加复数词尾。如 ：
go-between(s） ， drawback(s)， grown—ups
“Of+抽象名词”相当于形容词
Of interest———-interesting
Of importance——-important
Of value-——valuable
Of necessity-——necessary
Of possibility——-possible
Of great importance—-- greatly important/very important
Of no value—-—valueless
切记invaluable=priceless

这里主要讲一下 不定代词some和any。通常some用于肯定句，any 用于疑问句和否定句。但在下列情况下例外：
(1）在表示请求、建议时，some及其派生词可以用于疑问句.如：
Would you like some coffee？
Can somebody come and help me？
Could you lend me some books？
Why don’t you buy some flowers for her birthday?
注意“any +单数名词”和“any other +单数名词”的区别。现在用两个例子进行说明.
China is larger than any other country in Asia. （China belongs to Asia。）
China is larger than any country in Africa。 (China does not belong to Africa.）
(2）any及其派生词用于肯定句时，起强调作用，意思是 “任何的……" 。如：
You can come any day you like。 你哪天来都行
He is taller than any of the other boys in the class. （any of the other boys=any other boy)

形容词和副词

以下情况形容词常用于后置定语 :
1） 一些表语性形容词要后置，如 ：present (到场的，出席的） ， available ， involved ， concerned ， etc 。
2) 形容词修饰不定代词 something , anything ， everything 时要后置。例如 :
There was something wrong with her.
I came across a tricky question hard to answer.
I wondered if there was a room available。

注意enough的位置：enough 修饰名词时放在名词前后均可,修饰形容词或副词时要放在后面.如：
enough water /water enough
careful enough/ well enough

形容词和副词的原级比较由 “as + 形容词或副词原级 ( 或后跟名词或短语 ）+as" 构成， “as…as” 前可加 not ， just ， almost ， nearly ， quite ， twice ， several times 等词修饰.否定式中 not 后面的 as 可改为 so 。如：
He is as tall as I.
He is not as/as careful as his brother.
形容词与副词的比较级形式为 :“ 形容词 ( 副词 ） 比较级 +than+…” ，应注意 than 前后相比较的人或物要一致 （否则没有可比性）。比较级前可以跟 even ， much ， stilI, far， a lot 等副词修饰比较级，表示强调.
You voice is more beautiful than your classmates’/that of your classmates.
The population in China is much larger than that in America。
The values of the young differ from those of their elders。 不可数名词或名词单数，后面用that代替，可数名词复数后面用those代替。

注意一些以-ior结尾的来自于拉丁语的单词，虽表示比较的含义,但后面要用to而不是than。常用的有七个：
be junior to —--be younger than
be senior to —-—be older than
be posterior to ---be later than
be anterior to —--be earlier than
be prior to —--be earlier than/be more important than be inferior to ——-be worse than
be superior to --—be better than

还要注意比较级重要结构：
the +比较级， the +比较级 ( 越 …… 就越 ……) ,常考选择或翻译。如：
The more careful you are， the fewer mistakes you make.
The earlier you come, the better (it is）。
形容词与副词的最高级的形式分别为 ：“the+ 形容词最高级 + 名词十范围表达 ” 和 “ 副词最高级十名词 + 范围表达 ” ，副词的比较级和最高级不需要加 the 。例如 :
We are the happiest when staying with friends.
I carried out the task more successfully than he had expected.
Most 有时并不都是最高级形式，相当于very，该用法比较正式。如：
It is a most touching film. 这是一部非常感人的电影。
They shall most certainly come. 他们很可能回来。

时态
国考中的考试重点是完成时态，现在我们详细讲完成时态的用法.

只有延续性动词可以和时间段连用,瞬间动词要改为相应的持续性的表示状态的短语.
die—be dead
leave/go—be away
buy/borrow—keep/have
start/begin-be on

注意重要句型:
It is （has been）…since…这一结构也常用于现在完成时。
It has been (也可用is） a long time since they last met each other.

“This/It/That be the first (second) time that…”句型中,从句常用完成时态。
例如:Is this the first time that you have visited Hong Kong？
This will be the second time that I have broken a cup this week。
That was the third time he had been interrupted that afternoon。

＊＊现在完成进行时表示一种不间断的动作，因此在提到做某事的次数或所做事情的种类时,不能用该时态,而只能用现在完成时．
I have knocked at the door five times， but I’m afraid nobody is in.
The pop singer has sung three songs.

关于过去完成时
1. 由had +过去分词构成，表示在过去某一时刻以前已经完成的动作，常与由by， before,until等介词或连词引起的表示到过去某一时间为止的时间状语连用。
The girl had learned a lot of English words before she went to school。
2.用在表示与过去情况相反的虚拟句的从句中。
If he had studied hard last term， he would have passed the examination.
I wish I had gone to the party last night。

关于将来完成时
由shall (will) + have +过去分词构成，表示将来某个时间之前会发生或可能完成的事情,常与by, before， when等介词或连词引导的表示将来的时间短语或从句连用。
When we get there they’ll probably have left。
By the end of this century China will have become one of the strongest and wealthiest country in the world。

下面我们要讲的是语法中的重中之重：
情态动词+完成式

（1）could+have+过去分词
有时表示过去的时间,说明某事可能已发生,有时也表示与事实相反，表示本来有能力做某事，但却未做。
例 What happened in the airport could have been true。
The director could have produced a better film。
He could have helped me, but he didn’t。
(2） might/may+have+过去分词 表示对已经发生的情况进行揣测,但语气相当不肯定，表示近乎未实现的行为.
例：You might have done the work better.
你本来可以把工作做得更好一些。
(3) must+have+过去分词 是对发生在过去的一种行为的推测,表示过去必定发生过的事情 ,语气相当肯定，表示“肯定,一定”。
例:It must have rained last night. The ground is wet.
昨夜一定下雨了,地上湿乎乎的.
(4） should/ought to +have+过去分词 表示该做而未做到的事，表示“本应"。
例：They should have made a good job of it。
他们本来可把工作做好。
（5) should not/oughtn’t to+have+过去分词 表示做了不该做的事,表示“本不应该”。
例：You should not have done such things.
你不该干出这种事情来。
(6) can’t（couldn’t）+have+过去分词 表示对过去的动作进行否定性推测。意为“肯定没有，肯定不是"。
例：The poem can’t have been written by the little girl； she is only four。
这首诗肯定不是这个小女孩写的，她才刚四岁。
(7） would+have+过去分词经常用于虚拟条件句中，表示与过去事实相反的猜测.
例：If she had known about it, she would have talked about it.
她要是知道这件事的话， 早就对此说东道西了。
(8） needn't +have + 过去分词 表示不必做的事情却做了，可译为“原本不必”“其实不必”。
例：You needn’t have done all these calculations. We have a computer to deal with that sort of thing.

Exercises
1. The streets are all wet。 It ______ during the night。 （2005/4)
A. must rain B. must have rained
C. must be raining
D. must have been raining
2。 I ______ this three-room apartment without the money I borrowed from the bank. (2004/10)
needn’t have bought
mustn't have bought
C. shouldn't have bought
D。 couldn’t have bought
D B
3. When we reached the cinema, the film _____ started， for there were no people at the entrance。 (2004/4）
A. should have B。 ought to have
C。 had to have D。 must have
4。 I think you ought ______ me about the matter and not have let me make such a fool of myself. (2002/4)
A。 have told B. tell
C。 had told D. to have told
D D
5. In the past few months the project _____held up by the heated discussion about whether it is worthwhile。 （2005/10)
A．is B．was
C．has been D．had been
6. This is the first time I ______ on an English—speaking soil. (2003/10)
A. set my foot B. have set foot
C. set my feet D. have set feet
C B
7. The job ______ by the time he comes back。 (2003/10)
A。 will have been done
B。 will have done
C。 is being done
D。 has been done
8.It is the first time that I ______ really relaxed for months。 （2002/4)
A。 feel B. have felt
C。 felt D。 will have felt
B A

语态

主动形式表示被动含义:
A. need/require/want/deserve doing= need/require/want/deserve to be done
B。 smell /sound /taste /feel /prove +adj。
The story proved quite false。
The flowers smell sweet。
C. Can't, won’t…+vi。 (move， lock， open，…）
The door won’t shut.
D. read, write, wash, clean， draw， burn， cook， wear…+adv. （well， easily…。）

下面请看几个例子:
This kind of rice cooks more quickly。
The cloth washes easily.
His blue jeans have worn thin。

还要注意一些主动形式表示被动含义的短语:
Be to blame: be responsible for
don't know who is to blame。
sink in: be understood
come out： be published

重点短语:have/has sth。 done （考试中出现的频率极高) 该短语有三个意思：
(１）请／让某人做某事
I will have my hair cut tomorrow.
He has just had his bicycle repaired.
（２)某物遭受到某一消极动作
He had his finger burnt yesterday.
He had his face cut when he was shaving his face。
(３）主语自己做某事
We’ll have all the dishes cleared away before seven p。m. every day。
国考中主要考前两个意思。
还要注意介词的使用:被动形式有时by要被其它介词代替
be known to sb。
be popular with/among sb.
be covered with sth。
be engaged to sb。
be married to sb。

接不带to的不定式(也称秃头不定式）做宾补的词改成被动时要加to。
常用的动词有(十个半动词)
一感 feel
二听 listen to/hear
三让 make/let/have
四看 watch/see/look at/notice
半帮助 help （即可用to也可不用）
Did anyone see Tom enter the room? →Was Tom seen to enter the room？
The teacher makes us do a lot of homework。 → we are made to do a lot of homework by the teacher。
My house is full of dust because the old house just opposite ______. (2005/4）
will be pulled down
has to be pulled down
C. has pulled down
D。 is being pulled down
D

从句

定语从句

注意关系代词that的使用
A．先行词为all everything nothing something anything little much 等不定代词时用that
e。g———-A hobby can be almost anything that a person likes to do in his spare time.
———-A hobby is something that we like to do in our spare time。

B。先行词被all every no some any little much 修饰时用that
e。g--—-I've read all the books that you gave me.

C。先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时用that
e。g—---This is the first composition that he has written in English.
--——This is the best novel that I have ever read.

D。先行词被the only the very the same the last 修饰时用that
e.g---—The last place that we visited was the chemical works。
————The white flowers is the only one that I really like.
-—-—This is the very book that I want to find.
E.当有两个或两个以上分别表示人或物的先行词时用that
e.g。-——-He talked about the teachers and school that he had visited。

F。当主句是who或which开头的特殊问句时，定语从句要用that
e。g—---Who is the person that is standing at the gate?
———-Which of us that know something about physics does not know this?
关系代词除连接句子外,一般在从句中做主语，宾语或定语

由关系副词引导的定语从句
能引导定语从句的关系副词有
when= in which, on which, at which
where=in which, at which, on which
why=for which
e。g-———That is the reason why I did it.
---—The school where I’m studying is a key school。
———-The time has come when ordinary people can use computer.

带介词的定语从句
引导定语从句的关系代词可以作介词的宾语，形成带介词的定语从句。这种结构有两种：
从句由“介词+which"（表示事和物)
从句由“介词+which”（表示人)
e.g----The man to/with whom he is talking is a teacher。
——--The school in/at which I am studying is a key school.
解题要诀：
掌握常用介词的基本用法
掌握常用动词，形容词与介词之间的固定搭配

非限定性定语从句
1。当指物时，不能用that只能用which
2.which有时用来指整个句子或句子的一部分。
e。g。 He died suddenly， which made her very sad.
he said last night he went to sleep with his clothes on, which was very uncomfortable.

关系词的使用一看先行词，二看关系词在从句中的作用，在此基础上熟记几个常用的固定句式，如：the same … as ， such … as…
The film is the same as we have expected.

关系词在句中做定语 – whose

应该熟悉关系词做定语时的各种变体。
the office whose windows are broken
the office the windows of which are broken

“介词 + which/whom”的结构做关系词

A． 介词是句中短语搭配的一部分 ，如pay attention to, take care of 等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。
This is the boy whom she has taken care of。

B． “部分 + of + 整体名词”的结构，该结构做关系词也就是 “部分名词 + of which/whom"的结构。
Her two brothers, both of whom work in Scotland, ring her up every week。
We will have a party in the room, the window of which has been broken。

C． 另一种介词是表示范围的介词
He has composed many pieces of music popular with young people, ____ which this is an example.
of
D． 有时介词与先行词构成短语
It is useful to be able to predict the extent ____ which a price change will affect supply and demand.
A。 from B. with C. to D. for
C. to
as/which引导定语从句的区别

（1）位置不同：as可置于句首,也可置于句中，而which只能放在句中。
（2）指代不同。 as引导定语从句时，其先行词为整个主句。which引导非限制性定语从句，其先行词也可以是主句或主句中的一部分。
(3）与主动动作先后不同:as从句表示的行为经常是在主句行为之前,而which引导的定语从句表示的却在主句之后，表示连续发生的事情或结果等。
As was expected， the England team won the football match。
He promised to help me, which he did。
He was often late for work， which cost him his job。

注意先行词为时间、地点或原因时，关系词的选用
如果用when, where 或why,关系词在从句中应该是做状语,否则的话则应该用which / that等.例如:
I will never forget the days ________ I spent with my friends in the country。
that/which/ \

exercises
1. The boy was paid $10 for washing ten windows, most of ____ hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year。 (2005/10)
A．those B．these
C．that D．Which
2. Anyone ______ has something interesting to concentrate on won’t find life boring. （2005/4）
A。 whoever B。 whomever
C。 who D. which
D C
3。 Athletes ______ at the Olympic Games are supposed to be nonprofessionals. (2004/10)
A. who compete B。 who are competing
C。 who will compete D。 who have competed
4。 Television, ______ came into being in 1939, did not become common until the early 1950s。 （2004/4)
A. that B。 what
C. which D. it
A C

Adverbial Clauses
用作状语的从句叫状语从句（adverbial clause)．

时间状语从句
表示“一……就……"的连词：once, as soon as, barely/hardly/scarcely…when, no sooner…than， the minute， the moment, the instant, immediately， directly， instantly
其他表示时间的短语还有：every time， next time， the day 等。
一些表时间的副词和短语也可引导状语从句．
例:The day he returned home, his father was already dead.
We shall have completed the work by the time he ________ back next week。 （2003/4)
A。 will come B. comes
C。 is coming D。 will have come
B
As， when， while 虽然都表示时间,但是有区别的．As 多用于口语，强调“同一时间”或“一先一后"．
例:1。As I was going out, it began to rain。
（as强调两个动作紧接着发生)
2. As spring warms the good earth, all flowers begin to bloom.(在这里是“伴随"的意思）
When 强调特定时间
例:1.When he was eating his breakfast, he heard the door bell rang.
While 也表示同一时间，但表示的不是一点,而是一段,所以位于谓语动词必须为延续性动词形式．
例：While he was eating his breakfast， his friend came to visit him。

注意 not…until… 正常结构、倒装结构、强调结构、和until置于句首的用法。
He didn't go to sleep until he had finished his homework。
(正常结构）
Not until he had finished his homework did he go to sleep.
（倒装结构）
It was not until he had finished his homework that he went to sleep.
（强调结构)
Until he had finished his homework he didn't go to sleep。
（until置于句首）

原因状语从句,关联词有because， as since 等．
because, as ,since三者区别：
because 语气最强，重在交待原因，以w