《基于单片机的铁路道口报警系统的研究与设计》.doc

(完整版)《基于单片机的铁路道口报警系统的研究与设计》
目　录

中文摘要 1
英文摘要。 2
1 绪论 3
1。1 问题的提出 3
1。2 国内外研究现状 3
1。3 研究目的与意义 4
1。4 设计任务与要求 4
2系统总体方案设计 6
2.1 系统的整体平面示意图 6
2.2 系统的主要技术指标 6
2。3 系统工作的整体框图 7
3系统硬件设计 8
3.1 传感器 8
3.2 信号处理模块 10
3。3 中央处理模块 12
3。4 语音报警模块 15
3.5 栏木机驱动模块 18
3.6 键盘输入与数码管显示模块 20
3.7 电源模块 23
4系统软件设计 25
4。1 软件设计的主要步骤 25
4.2 系统软件的总体设计 25
4.3 列车断线检测模块 26
4。4 列车接近与到达检测处理 28
4.5 语音广播系统软件流程 30
4。6 栏木机控制模块流程 30
5系统抗干扰设计 32
5。1 系统抗干扰性设计原则 32
5.2 系统干扰源分析及硬件抗干扰措施 32
5.3 系统软件抗干扰措施 35
6总结与展望 38
致谢 39
参考文献 40
附录：系统硬件图 42

Opinions and suggestions on the party's mass line educational practiceAccording to the central and provincial, municipal unified deployment, according to municipal Party committee "about carrying out the party's mass line educational practice activity in the city's implementation opinions, the spirit of the party's mass line educational practice activities from 20** in January to 99 months, carried out at all levels of departments and directly affiliated institutions and grass-roots party organizations. According to my actual County, the county to carry out the education practice put forward the following implementation opinions.First, the overall requirementsCounty county education practice to the eighteen Party of eight, the spirit of the the third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee as the guidance, conscientiously implement the spirit of general secretary Xi Jinping book series of important speech, earnestly implement the Central Committee really, opinions and advice > < < >, < party implementing the guiding ideology of opinions to determine the objectives and requirements, step method, in accordance with the "" look in the mirror, dress up, wash bath, cure treatment, the general requirements of "for the people pragmatic honest people as the theme, in carrying forward the spirit of Zhuanglang Zhuang, improve their work style, service to the masses of the people, the foundation of consolidating grassroots, promote transformation across efforts, to further implement the central eight regulations and < The opposition party and government austerity waste regulations "," double section "provincial regulations, municipal provisions of the" twelve "plan and the implementation measures for < on improving the work style of close ties with the masses law, highlight style building, carry out the whole wind spirit, resolutely oppose formalism, bureaucracy, hedonism and wasteful extravagance to solve the problems, Party members and cadres of the style and the masses of people strong, the Ministry of Party members and cadres to further improve their thinking and understanding, to further change the style of the wind, the masses to close, honest and pragmatic people honest image to further establish the foundation to further reinforce the basic level. Style of the building of the new results to promote the construction of a powerful force of the county and the ecological culture of the county and county construction.In educational practice activities of the unit is mainly: the county and below county departments under the organs, enterprises and institutions directly under the township, street, and community, village, non-public economic organizations, social organizations and other grass-roots organizations. Agencies and branches, each single unit, follow the rules on internal institutions. Educational practice with step by step.To adhere to the county leadership, leadership and leading cadres to focus on outstanding catch to directly contact the service of the masses of law supervision departments and window units, service industry, educational practice, pay attention to grasp the heavy towns, streets and villages, community education activities and the masses of grassroots groups in close contact to strengthen, and the majority of Party members, cadres and the mass line line Marx doctrine view of the masses and the party's education.Always speak seriously as a basic attitude, adhere to positive education, to carry out criticism and self criticism group, adhere to the pragmatic, more emphasis on leadership, pay more attention to the layers of the demonstration, more focus on the four winds, solve the problem, pay more attention to open the door, the participation of the masses, pay more attention to the classification guidance. Orderly, pay more attention to the cooperation and cohesion driven, more strict requirements on injection, really supervision practice, ensure education practice is not empty is not empty is not partial, not as a mere formality.Two, the key point of the taskThe main task of the county's education practice is to seize against "four wind" this focus on centralized solve outstanding problems asked County, township leadership and leading cadres of the four winds, the disadvantages of the style, scale behavior to a large scale investigation, overhaul, cleaning greatly. At the same time, respond to the concerns of the masses, safeguard the interests of the masses, pay attention to solve practical problems, solve the people around the unwholesome tendencies especially on eat, take the card, Yong lazy luxury, extravagance and waste fees, privileges and other issues, timely and effective, without any discount to solve, to improve the style of real implementation of the requirements of real to the grassroots, real let group Benefit the public.(a) focus on solving the "four winds" outstanding issuesThe central and provincial requirements, the county leadership and leading cadres of key performance concept is not correct, do not dare to play, to engage in "image project", "political project", a leadership guide, a set of ideas, orders and prohibitions, and a policy, there are countermeasures county. The units directly under the heavy focus on solving Yung lazy drag, buck passing skin, work is not implemented, the service is not active. The dynamic problem of law enforcement and supervision departments and window units, service industry mainly solve the door hard, ugly face, something difficult, and arbitrary charges, fines, levies, and breach of privilege, chinakayao, not the problem of law. The township, street The collar of leading bodies and leading cadres to solve key does nottheir own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development.

基于单片机的铁路道口报警系统的研究与设计
摘要： 在我国经济持续发展的今天，随着机动车辆的增加以及列车密度和运行速度的提高，使得道口安全问题日趋重要.如果铁路平交道口缺少严格的安全管理，恶性道口事故将会很容易发生，这会对铁路安全造成极大威胁，所以铁路道口的安全问题既是重点又是薄弱点,因此设计出一种铁路道口报警系统来提高安全性是非常必要的。
论文首先分析了课题确立的意义，并且针对于国内外的研究现状，给出了系统总体框图，平面示意图以及相关的技术指标。本课题的硬件部分选取了具有广泛群众基础，价格便宜的AT89C51单片机作为主控制芯片,选用磁电式传感器对列车的车轮信息进行采集，使用ISD4002语音芯片和LED显示模块将来车信息及时地通知过往车辆及行人，而且为了提高系统的总体安全性能特别增加了电动栏木机.本课题的软件部分首先给出了系统的整体框图,然后依次介绍了系统断线检测、列车接近与到达检测、语音广播部分和电动栏木机部分的软件流程图。特别的，考虑到系统恶劣的室外工作环境，系统从硬件和软件两个方面阐述了所采取的一些有效的抗干扰措施。总的来说，本课题的研究与设计将会降低安全隐患，为列车安全运行提供了有效保障.
关键词：道口安全,AT89C51单片机，报警系统

The Design based on the Microcomputer for the Railway Crossing Warning System
Abstract： In the modern sustainable development of China’s economy， with the increase of motor vehicles， the density and the increase of the running speed of the train, the railway crossing safety problem is becoming more and more important。 If the railway crossing lacks strict security management, then malignant traffic accidents will happen easily， and this will pose a great threat to the safety of railway transportation。 The railway crossing safety problems are both important and weak point, therefore devise a railway crossing alarm system to improve the security is very necessary。
The paper first analyzes the significance of the subject, gives the block diagram of the whole system, schematic plan and related technical indicators based on the home and abroad research status. The hardware part of this topic selects AT89C51 MCU as the main control chip which has good universality and ideal price, then choose magnetic sensors on the wheels to get the vehicles message, use ISD4002 voice chip and LED display module to prompt notice the messages to the passing vehicles and pedestrians， especially， in order to improve the overall system security I increase the electric barrier machine. The software part of this topic firstly gives the overall block diagram of the system ， and then followed by the introduction of the system break detection， train approaching and arrival detection, voice broadcast part and an electric barrier machine part of the software flow chart。 In particular， taking into account the harshly outdoor environment， some effective anti-disturb measures adopted in the system are explained from hardware and software. In general, the design of this subject will decrease the risk and provide effective guarantee for the safe operation of trains.
Keywords： crossing safety， AT89C51 MCU, warning system
1 　绪论
1.1 问题的提出
目前，铁路营业里程达73002公里,公路网营业里程已经突破180万公里，高速公路近20000公里.与此同时，民航和水运也取得了充分的发展，中国形成初具规模的运输网络，这极大地改善了我国的交通运输现状，并显著促进了我国经济的高速健康发展。尤其是作为运输骨架及运输主体的铁路和公路更是在中国经济高速发展进程中发挥着极其重要的作用，但是在各项事业繁荣昌盛的同时也出现了一些我们没有预料到的问题。
铁道部门的统计资料显示，最近几年,随着我国铁路提速、机动车保有量的迅速增长，加之国民安全意识较差，铁路设备的更新换代没有跟上经济发展的步伐等一系列的原因，导致我国铁路平交道口交通事故一直保持在较高的水平。如2002 年发生道口交通事故728 件，已经是近20 年来的最低水平。每年仅道口交通事故就造成2000 万的直接经济损失。由于受客观条件的限制，还没有能力从高安全性的先进科技设备应用、科学管理的角度，彻底解决铁路平交道口的交通事故问题。因此，为了改善我国铁路道口的安全问题，设计出一种精确及时的铁路报警系统是非常有必要的。
1.2 国内外研究现状
现在我国站内道口来车管理大多还是处于靠电话通知和道口工眺望的状态，遇到天气状况不好,或是电话线路不畅的时候,就存在了事故的隐患。铁道部对此尚无在全国推广的定型产品，均为各铁路局自己开发的设备，而且利用率也不是太高。
在铁路网比较发达的欧洲，道口密度大,事故风险也相对比较高。其中，英国的安全工作做的比较好，这主要得益于英国政府增加警力，强行控制道口违章行为。同时,英国西屋铁路系统公司在别国成功技术的基础上，研制了一种新型的平交道口预测器。该设备符合道口报警设备的一般设计原理，但是其价格昂贵，同时英国铁路轨道电路与我国轨道电路有诸多不同之处，所以无法将其移用至我国铁路道口中。
铁路道口安全工作的好坏，直接关系到人民生命财产的安全，它是推动和促进铁路跨越式发展目标能否顺利实现的一个重要方面。
道口自动报警系统提高了道口来车报警的可靠性和准确性，可以有效的降低误报、错报事件的出现几率,从而有效的避免道口交通事故的发生[[] 李玲桂.国外平交道口的安全措施[J].北京：铁道知识，2005、2，22-23
］。
因此，立足于我国的基本国情开发出一套铁路道口报警系统是非常迫切的.
1.3 研究目的与意义
铁路事业发展与经济发展是相互促进的，没有经济的发展做铺垫，铁路事业发展将会失去基础，然而铁路交通也会反作用于经济的发展。体现为铁路交通的快速发展为经济健康增长提供了保障，而铁路交通的萎缩将会成为经济发展的瓶颈，从而限制住经济的发展。因此，保证铁路交通的安全与通畅对于国家和地区经济持续、健康增发展是非常重要的.
其实铁路安全问题是完全可以克服的，只要系统能及时精确地把来车信息通知给来往车辆及过往行人，并且工作人员及时地操作电动栏木来阻止车辆行人的通行，那么交通事故是可以避免的.因此，铁路报警系统的设计与研发将会为我国经济发展做出重大贡献.
1.4 设计任务与要求
报警系统的设计思路如下：本系统采用AT89C51单片机为核心,按照预先计算好的数据在指定位置安装磁电式传感器,当列车即将经过铁路道口时，传感器检测到车轮信号，并由单片机计算出相关的来车速度和距离，语音系统将提前进行报警,同时显示屏显示出来车信息，电动栏木机落下禁止车辆与行人通行。当列车已经通过道口后，传感器检测到车轮离开的信号,并将其传达给单片机，系统将解除一切报警，铁路道口将重新开放。
系统的设计要求为：
1、系统自检功能
传感器是系统最为关键的部分，也是最易断线损坏的部分，因此工作过程中，需要对传感器进行实时检测，如果发生故障时应及时发出室内报警，并显示出故障发生的具体位置，一遍工作人员进行及时修理。
2、数字钟功能
在系统自检结束后将会进入工作状态，此时显示屏既需要显示出正确的时间，也要随时能够通过键盘来输入正确的时间，而且列车接近道口以及通过道口的时间同样要以此时间为基准，因此保证时钟精确度非常重要.
3、列车接近时的报警功能
当有列车接近道口时，16位的LED数码管的上八位显示当前的时间，下八位显示此时列车速度以及离道口距离等来车信息。并且此时语音芯片自动播报录音：“列车就要开过来了，请不要抢行及翻越栏杆”来提醒过往行人车辆注意安全。并且栏木机落下防止行人与车辆抢行。
4、复原功能
当传感器检测到列车已经通过道口时，此时数码管恢复显示时间，语音报警停止，栏木机复位。但当检测到列车接近道口,但因种种原因并未通过道口时，报警系统将延时5分钟自动复原［[]王梦琛.站内道口微机自动通知系统的研究与实现[J].北京：铁道运输与经济1997、3，30-32
］。

2 　系统总体方案设计
2.1 系统的整体平面示意图
在整个系统设计中首先考虑的是传感器部分，因此需要设立几个专门采集列车运行信息的定点，将传感器安装到指定位置的铁轨上，并将采集到的信息通过电缆传送给单片机，由单片机做出处理并发出报警信号,同时把来车信息及时通知给过往车辆及行人。平面示意图如下2。1所示:

图2.1　平面示意图

2.2 系统的主要技术指标
本单片机系统的基本技术指标如下：
速度的检测范围 0—120Km/h
测速精度 低于2％
测时精度 低于2%
检测点容量 32路传感器信号
传感器寿命 ≥5年
传感器工作温度 —40℃— +70℃
2.3 系统工作的整体框图
总体来说系统由传感器、信号处理、中央处理模块、语音报警、栏木机驱动、键盘输入与信号显示、电源模块构成，系统总体框图如下图2.2所示:

图2。2　系统整体框图
１、传感器：数据采集元件选择的是磁电式轨道传感器，由传感器将采集到的来车信息送到信号处理电路.
2、信号处理：信号处理电路将传感器输出的模拟量转换为开关量,并分离出信号中的故障信号，是系统的重要组成部分。
3、中央处理模块：单片机系统是整个系统的中央处理系统，他通过硬件与软件的结合来控制各个部分的工作，实现系统的各项功能。
4、语音报警：语音报警是提醒行人和车辆注意交通安全的必要设施，通过语音芯片ISD4002自动播报录音:“列车即将接近，请不要抢行或者翻越栏杆"
5、栏木机驱动：通过直流电机来控制道口栏木的升降，可以有效防止过往车辆与行人抢行.
6、键盘输入与数码管显示：键盘实质上是一组按键开关的集合,可以随时通过键盘向系统输入正确的时间。当有列车接近道口时，16位的LED数码管的上八位显示当前的时间，下八位显示此时列车速度以及离道口距离等来车信息。
7、电源模块:系统的电源板引入220V交流电源，在经过一系列的处理后分别为主机、显示器、传感器等进行供电。
3 　系统硬件设计
如第二章所述，系统总体由传感器、信号处理、中央处理模块、语音报警、栏木机驱动、键盘输入与信号显示、电源模块构成，本章将从硬件电路设计的角度依次介绍各个模块。
3.1 传感器
一、传感器的选择
一些常用的检测方式的优点以及缺点的对比如下表3。1所示：
表3。1　常用检测方式的优缺点比较
检测方式
优点
缺点

光纤传感器
对电、磁及其它辐射的抗干扰性好； 细、轻， 能量损失少, 因此在较恶劣的环境下也可正常工作
安装位置一般位于作业区外适当的距离， 因此较不便于管理及维修； 若采用有线传输采集信号, 可靠性不高， 易被破坏

磁电式传感器
价位合理，测试范围宽，灵敏度较高,适用于动态测量，有较大的输出功率，配用电路较为简单,性能稳定。
由于安装位置位于轮轨之下， 机车高速多次作用于传感器, 可能导致失灵， 因此需要定期进行检查

声波传感器
灵敏度高、探测距离远， 因此
可安装于道口附近， 便于维修管理。
需用专用的适合铁轨振动频率的固体传声器, 其对传感器精度， 抗震器要求较高

无线电技术
发射器及接收器体积可实现
小型化, 便于工作人员随身携带, 有利于维修与管理； 同时采用无线电传输方式
应避免周围环境对信号传输的干扰, 以免造成不必要的误报警与错报警

视屏监控技术
采用先进的图像处理和模式识别技术，稳定性能高 ，处理速度快，画质好，控制操作简便，可支持Ethernet，CDMA等多种传输方式
目前尚处于研究阶段，可靠性无法100％实现，不适用于偏僻的铁路道口,否则会造成财力物力浪费
考虑到恶劣的铁路道口环境,需要传感器具有测试范围宽，灵敏度较高，坚固耐用，性能稳定，易于维护等特点。因此最终选用了磁电式传感器用来检测来车信号.
磁电感应式传感器有两个基本元件组成:一个是产生恒定直流磁场的磁路系统，一般采用永久磁铁;另一个是线圈，由它与磁场中的磁通交链产生感应电动势.根据电磁感应定律，当w匝线圈在恒定磁场内运动时， 设穿过线圈的磁通为Φ, 则线圈内的感应电势E与磁通变化率dΦ/dt有如下关系