人教版高中英语必修五Unit1知识点详解.doc

必修5 Unit1 Great scientists
Part 1. Warming up
1. explain
及物动词（vt.）
解释;说明;阐明[(+to)][+wh-][+(that)]
He explained that he had been cheated. 他解释说他是上当受骗了。
Can you explain how the machine operates?你能解释一下这机器是如何运转的吗?
Please explain this rule to me.请给我讲解一下这条规则。
不及物动词（vi.）解释;说明;辩解
I've got to explain about it. 我得解释一下此事。
2. characteristic
n. 特征；特性 Kindness is one of his characteristics.
adj. 独特的 I heard my friend’s characteristic laugh.
be characteristic of sb./sth. 是.....的特性
Such bluntness is characteristic of hin. 如此迟钝是他的特性。
3. Who put forward a theory about black holes?
put forward 提出（建议等）；提名;提前，把时钟往前拨
He put forward a new plan. 他提出一个新计划。
May I put your name forward as a possible chairman of the committee?我能否提名你当委员会主席？
[归纳拓展]
put down 记下；镇压 put out 关掉；熄灭
put aside 放在一边；储存；保留 put off 推迟；延期
put up 建造；举起；张贴 put on 穿上
put away 收好
选词填空
（put off, put up, put forward, put aside, put out）
①The plan that you _____ at the meeting is wonderful.
②Many tall buildings were _____ along the road.
③Firefighters have been called to _____ the fire in the city center.
④He has a little money to _____ for a rainy day.
⑤Don’t _____ until tomorrow what can be done today.
Part 2. Pre-reading, reading and comprehending
1. Do you know how to prove a new idea in scientific research
how to prove a new idea 为“疑问词+不定式”结构，该结构可在句中作主语、宾语、表语等。
We haven’t decided where to go. 我们还没有决定去哪里。
The question is when to leave. 问题是什么时候动身。
2.draw a conclusion 得出结论
1） conclusion作名词，意为“结束，结论”
come to/reach/arrive at a conclusion 得出结论
in conclusion 最后
I will in conclusion say a few words about my visit to Tokyo.最后，我对我的东京之行说几句。
2）conclude作动词，“结束；断定；决定”。
to conclude（作插入语）最后,作为总结(= to sum up)
To conclude, I think smoking does more harm than good to us.
3.John Snow was a famous doctor in London — so expert, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician. 约翰·斯诺是伦敦一位著名的医生——他的确医术精湛，以至于成了照料维多利亚女王的私人医生。
expert
① n. 专家，能手 an expert in psychology（心理学） an agricultural expert
② adj. 熟练的，有专门技术的
an expert job需专门知识的工作
He is expert in / at cooking.
attend vt. &vi 参加，注意，照料
① be present at参加attend a ceremony / lecture / a meeting
② attend to (on): to look after, care for, serve伺候, 照顾，看护
The queen had a good doctor attending （on ）her.
Dr Smith attended her in hospital.
Mother had to attend to her sick son.
③ attend to处理，注意倾听
Can you attend to the matter immediately?
I may be late – I have got one or two things to attend to.
4. But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera. 但当他一想到要帮助那些得了霍乱的普通人时，他就感到很振奋。
(1) exposed to cholera 在句中是过去分词作后置定语，表示被动。意为“患霍乱的”。如：
The book written by Luxun is very popular. 鲁迅写的书是很受欢迎的。
The man seen by us yesterday is Professor Smith. 昨天我们看见的那个人是史密斯教授。
(2) expose
①暴露 expose sb/sth to sth He exposes his skin to the sun. 他把皮肤暴露在阳光下。
②揭露He exposed their plot. 他揭穿了他们的阴谋。
The crime of the corrupt officials must be exposed without any reserve. 对贪官污吏的罪行一定要毫无保留地予以揭发。
exposed adj. 暴露的，暴露于风雨中的，无掩蔽的 exposedness n. 暴露，显露
expose sth. to the light of day 把某事暴露于光天化日之下
expose a fraud 揭穿骗局
练习：The disc, digitally _____ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night.
A. recorded B. recording C. to be recorded D. having recorded
5.Neither its cause nor its cure was understood. 对于它的起因和治疗方法人们都不清楚。
neither...nor...既不……也不，连接句中两个相同成分。
①I neither knew nor cared what had happened to him.我既不知道也不关心他出了什么事。
②Neither France nor Britain will attend the meeting next week.法国和英国都将不会参加下星期的会议。
③Neither Jim nor his parents have seen the film.
＝Neither his parents nor Jim has seen the film.吉姆和她的父母都没有看过这部电影。
cure vt. 治疗,治愈,改正 n. 治疗,治愈,治疗法
　①cure sb（of sth）治好了某人（的...,...)
The only way to cure backache is to rest. 治疗背痛的唯一办法是休息。
When I left the hospital I was completely cured.
That nasty shock cured him of his inquisitiveness for ever. 那一沉重教训根除了他凡事爱打听的毛病。
This illness cannot be cured easily. 这种病不好治.
②a cure for sth.治疗…的方法;解决问题，改善困境
Is there a certain cure for cancer yet? 癌症迄今有无有效的治疗方法?
The prices are going up every day, but there is no cure for rising prices.
6.So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.人们既不知道它的病因，也不懂如何治疗。每次爆发霍乱时就有成千上万惊恐的人病死。
(1)本句为复合句，“So many thousands of terrified people died” 为主句，every time引导时间状语从句，意思是“每当……”。
(2)有些名词短语或副词可以起连词的作用，引导时间状语从句。例如：every time，each time，the last time，next time，the moment，the minute，immediately，instantly等。
①Every time/Each time I express an opinion，she argues back.每当我发表意见时，她总是反驳。
②I found myself in an entirely new world the moment/the minute/immediately I arrived here.我一到这里就感到耳目一新。
③The last time I saw him，he was quite well.我最后一次看到他时，他还相当健康。
④Give your father my best regards next time you see him.下次你见到你父亲时，请代我向他致以最好的问候。
[拓展延伸]　
(1)for the first time是介词短语，常用作时间状语，而the first time是连词，引导时间状语从句。
(2)It is the first time that...如果前面用is，从句动词用现在完成时；如果前面用was，则从句动词用过去完成时.
(3)It’s (high) time that...从句动词用过去时或should＋动词原形。
It’s high time we took immediate action to prevent pollution.该到我们立即采取措施阻止污染的时候了。
7.The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air, a cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims.第一种看法是霍乱病毒在空气中繁殖，像一股危险气体在空中到处漂浮，直到找到病毒的受害人。
suggest v. 建议；暗示；表明suggest+doing / sth. / that sb. (should) do sth.
May suggested a picnic at the weekend.
He suggested to us a visit to the Great Wall.
He suggested us visiting the Great Wall.
I suggested leaving early for the airport.
He suggested that we (should) visit the Great Wall.
She suggested that her father (should) give up smoking.
*suggest (暗示，表明)+从句不用虚拟语气。
The smile on her face suggested that she agreed with me.
The look on his face suggested that he was happy.
8..The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals.第二种看法是人们是在吃饭时把这种病毒引入体内的。
absorb vt.(1)专注，聚精会神
be absorbed in＝put one’s heart into集中精力做某事
I was absorbed in a book and didn’t hear your call. 我正专心看书，没听到你的电话。
Absorbed in his work，Tom simply forgot food and sleep.汤姆专心工作，几乎忘记了吃饭和睡觉。
（2）吸收，把……吸收入（absorb...into...）
Black cloth absorbs light.黑布吸收光线。
The big company has gradually absorbed these small companies into its own organization.这家大公司逐渐将这些小公司吞并了。
The clever boy absorbed all the knowledge his teacher could give him.那个聪明的男孩把他老师所能教他的所有知识都理解了。
9.John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence.约翰·斯诺推测第二种说法是正确的，但需要有证据。
suspect vt. 认为，怀疑
常用短语：suspect sth to be; suspect sb of doing sth.
They suspect him to be the murderer.(他们怀疑他是凶手)
She suspected him of taking her money.
n. 嫌疑犯;可疑分子[C]
10 .....,the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.
severe adj. 严厉地；苛刻的；严格的
be severe with/on 对....严格/严厉 You are too severe on the boy.
剧痛的；剧烈的；严重的 a severe attack of toothache 牙痛的剧烈发作
adv. severely
11.Next, John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets. 接下来，约翰·斯诺调查了这两条街上的水源。
look into调查，了解，研究；朝……里面看
与one’s face/eyes等连用，表示“注视”
He looks into her face with great interest.他饶有兴趣地注视着她的脸。
和look组成的其他短语
look around/about环顾四周　　　　look after照顾；照料
look back回头看　　　　　　　　 look back on 回顾；回想
look down upon 轻视，瞧不起　　 look for 寻求；寻找
look forward to (doing) 盼望　　　　look on旁观
look on/upon...as把……看作　　　　look out往外看；注意；当心
look through浏览　　　　　　 look up抬头看；查看
look up to sb. 尊敬/仰慕某人
12. It seemed that the water was to blame.看来要归罪于饮用水了。
blame v. 责备；谴责；把……归咎于 n. 过失；责备;(过失、过错等)责任
①blame sb. for sth. / doing sth.为某事责备某人 / 责备某人做了某事
They blamed the secretary for the delay of the plan.
② blame sth. on sb. / sth. 把某事归咎于某人;因某事而指责某人
The police blamed the traffic accident on jack’s careless driving.
③ be to blame for(doing)sth． 因(做)某事某人应该受到谴责；注意:be to blame应受责备（主动表被动）；应负责任
The driver was not to blame for the traffic accident.
④ accept / bear / take the blame for sth. 对某事负责任
He is ready to take the blame for what had happened.
⑤ put / lay the blame for sth. on sb. 将某事归咎于某人
13.In another part of London, he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak.在伦敦的另一地区，他从另外两例与布洛德街疾病爆发有关的死亡病例中得到了有力的证据。
link vt. 连接；联系n. 环；连接；联系；纽带
14.A woman, who had moved away from Broad Street, liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.一个妇女，从布洛德街搬走了，但她非常喜欢水泵的水，她让人每天从水泵给她家送水。
15. With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the virus.利用这个额外证据，约翰·斯诺就可以很有把握地宣布污染水携带病菌。
announce vt.
(1)宣布，宣告(决定、计划等)
announce sth.(to sb.)(向某人)宣布、通告某事
announce that...宣布……；通知…… It is announced that...据宣布…
Please announce to your class that there will be no school tomorrow.请通知你们班明天不上学。
It has been officially announced that he will pay a second visit to China soon.据官方消息称，他不久将再次来中国访问。
(2)(事情)显示……；预告
The bright flowers announced that spring was here.鲜艳的花朵显示春天已经来到。
[拓展延伸]　announcement n．宣布；口头通知 announcer n.播音员
make an announcement下通知
16.To prevent this from happening again, John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined. 为防止这种情况再度发生，约翰·斯诺建议，所有水源都要经过检测。
prevent/stop...(from) doing sth. 或keep...from doing sth.意为“阻止……做某事”
①What can we do to prevent the disease spreading.我们能做什么来防止这种疾病蔓延呢？②We should take measures to prevent the river from being polluted further.我们应该采取措施阻止这条河受到进一步的污染。
examine v. 检查；细查；诊察; 审问；盘问
The doctor examined the boy and found there was nothing the matter with him.
The lawyer examined the witness.
examination n. 考试； 检查；细查
take an examination 参加考试medical examination 体检
under examination 在检查中；在审查中
17. Finally “King Cholera” was defeated.“霍乱王”终于被击败了。
[辨析]win, beat与defeat
win “赢得”赛事、战事、某物；beat “战胜”“击败”比赛中的对手，可与defeat互换
We beat / defeated their team by 10 scores.
They won the battle but lost many men.
The local ball team won the state championship by beating / defeating all the other teams.

Part 3. Learning about Language
1. take in 收留；包括
take相关短语：
take after 相似
take apart把(小型机器、钟表等)拆开;拆散
take away 拿走
take back承认说错了(话),收回(诺言,话语)；使回忆起；送回,还回去;退(货)
take off 脱下,脱去(尤指衣服); 解(拿)掉 --put on (反义词)；(飞机等)升空,起飞
take on雇用；开始具有/ 呈现(某种品质、面貌等); 露出；接受(工作等);承担(责任等)
take out带(某人)去(某处参加社交活动等)；正式取得,领得,获得；洗去(污迹),使褪色
take over 接手,接任;接管
take up开始花时间从事(某项活动);对……产生兴趣; 开始学习(某课程),选修；(事物或事件)占用了(时间或空间)；接受……的建议；继续
take …for granted 想当然认为(会是某种情况),认为……是理所当然的;认为没有问题
take …for instance / example 以……为例
take …into account / consideration 考虑到,把……考虑进去
take pride in / be proud of 为……感到自豪/ 骄傲
take revenge on 向….报复
take one's place 代替某人
take the opportunity 利用这个机会
take turns 轮流(做某事)
2. construction n.建设；建筑业；建造
He works in construction industry. 他在建筑行业工作。
There are two new hotels under construction. 有两家新饭店正在兴建。
词组扩展：construction workers 建筑工人
under construction 正在建设中
3.apart from有两种含义：
1）相当于besides.意为“除……以外（还包括）”
Apart from my mother tongue, I speak several foreign languages as well.
除了母语外，我还会讲好几种外语。
2）相当于except.意为“除……以外（不包括）”
I like all the subjects apart from English.除了英语外，我喜欢所有学科。
过去分词作定语
1)语法功能
过去分词或过去分词短语作定语时，其功能相当于一个定语从句。被修饰的词是分词所表示的行为的承受者；在逻辑上，它们是动宾关系。
The stolen bike belongs to Jack. The bike which was stolen belongs to Jack.
The lecture given by Professor Zhang is about environment protection.
The lecture which was given by Professor Zhang is about the environment protection.
a.单个的过去分词作定语时，位于它所修饰的名词或代词前面
the affected people受感染的人 a broken heart一颗破碎的心
a lost dog丧家之犬 a broken glass被打破的玻璃杯
Attention：过去分词修饰 something, everything, anything, nothing, somebody, nobody，those 等不定代词时，要放在这些词后面。
Is there anything unsolved? 
There is noting changed here since I left this town.
b. 过去分词短语作定语：通常后置，其作用相当于定语从句。
people exposed to cholera= people who was exposed to cholera
the book recommended by Jack= the book which was recommended by Jack
the machines produced last year= the machines which were produced last year
c. 不及物动词的过去分词作定语时不表被动，只表完成。
a risen sun已升起的太阳 the gone days 逝去的时光
fallen leaves 落叶
2） 现在分词与过去分词作定语的区别：
现在分词作定语，表示正在进行的动作；过去分词作定语，所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，(或者没有一定的时间性)。
The letter posted yesterday will soon reach him.
Have you read the book recommended by your teacher?这是你老师推荐的书吗？
对比：
the changing world（正在变化的）the changed world（变化了的）
boiling water（正在沸腾的）boiled water（已经沸腾过的）
fading flowers(正在凋谢的) faded flowers（已经凋谢的）
a developing country(发展中的) a developed country（发达的）
a drowning man快要淹死的人 a drowned man已经淹死的人
falling leaves正在飘落的树叶 fallen leaves落叶
a retired worker退休工人 an escaped prisoner逃犯
3）及物动词的过去分词(done)与现在分词的被动式
(being done)都可以表示“被动”，但前者多表示一个完成了的动作，而后者则表示一个正在进行的动作.
the problem discussed yesterday
the problem being discussed
过去分词做表语
1 过去分词（短语）作表语时，其作用相当于adj.,说明的是主语的状态
All the windows are broken.
All hope is gone.
He looked worried after reading the letter.
常见作表语的过去分词有： disappointed, drunk, amused, frightened, married, excited, experienced, interested, confused, pleased, puzzled, satisfied, tired, worried,gone, dressed, lost等。
注意
过去分词作表语时和动词的被动语态结构相似，但两者表达的意思明显不同，前者说明主语的特点及所处的状态，而后者强调被动的动作。
My glasses are broken.我的眼镜碎了。(状态）
My glasses were broken by my son.我的眼镜被我儿子摔碎了。（动作）

1. The disc, digitally ______ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night.
A. recorded B. recording C. to be recorded D. having recorded

2. Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, ____ as 3M.
A. knowing B. known C. being known D. to be known

3. Most of the artists _____ to the party were from South Africa.
A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited

4. As soon as she entered the room, the girl caught sight of the flowers ____ by
her mother.
A.buying B. being bought C. were bought D. bought

5. Don’t use words, expressions or phrases _____ only to people with specific knowledge.
A.being known B. having been known C. to be known D. known

6. The computer center,_____ last year, is very popular among the students in this school.
A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened

7. Cleaning women in big cities get _____ by the hour.
A.pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay

8. As we joined the big crowd I got _____ from my friends.
A.separated B. spared C. lost D. missed

9. The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain ___ as the plane was making a landing.
A.seat  B. seating  C. seated   D. to be seating

10. Sarah, hurry up. I’m afraid you can’t have time to _____ before the party.
A.get changed B. get change C. get changing D. get to change

Part 4. Using Language
1. Although he had tried to ignore them, all his mathematical calculations led to the same conclusion.....虽然他曾经试着不去理睬那些数据，然而他所有