美国高中物理课件.ppt

Science is the study of natures rules.We cant control Earths motion,but we have learned the rules by which it moves.The study of natures rules is what this book is about.Understanding these rules adds richness to the way we see our world.Physics is about the nature of basic things such as motion,forces,energy,matter,heat,sound,light,and the composition of atoms.1.1 The Basic SciencePhysicsThe study of science branches into the study of living things and nonliving things.The life sciences include biology,zoology,and botany.The physical sciences include geology,astronomy,chemistry,and physics.1.1 The Basic SciencePhysicsYou can understand other sciences much better if you first understand physics.Physics is the most basic of all the sciences.Chemistry is about how matter is put together.Biology is still more complex and involves matter that is alive.1.1 The Basic SciencePhysicsWhat is physics about?1.1 The Basic SciencePhysicsWhen scientific findings in nature are expressed mathematically,they are easier to verify or to disprove by experiment.1.2 MathematicsThe Language of ScienceWhen the ideas of science are expressed in mathematical terms,they are unambiguous.The equations of science provide compact expressions of relationships between concepts.The methods of mathematics and experimentation have led to enormous successes in science.1.2 MathematicsThe Language of ScienceWhy is mathematics the language of science?1.2 MathematicsThe Language of ScienceScientific methods generally include some,if not all,of the following:1.Recognize a problem.2.Make an educated guessa hypothesisabout the answer.3.Predict the consequences of the hypothesis.4.Perform experiments to test predictions.5.Formulate the simplest general rule that organizes the main ingredients:hypothesis,prediction,and experimental outcome.1.3 Scientific MethodsScientific methods are extremely effective in gaining,organizing,and applying new knowledge.The scientific method is often credited to the Italian physicist Galileo Galilei(a.)and the English philosopher Francis Bacon(b.).1.3 Scientific MethodsAlthough the scientific method is popular,it is not the universal key to discoveries and advances in science.Trial and error,experimentation without guessing,and accidental discovery account for much of the progress in science.The success of science has more to do with an attitude of inquiry,experimentation,and humility than with a particular method.1.3 Scientific MethodsWhat are the steps of a scientific method?1.3 Scientific MethodsIf a scientist finds evidence that contradicts a hypothesis,law,or principle,then the hypothesis,law,or principle must be changed or abandoned.1.4 The Scientific AttitudeIn science,a fact is a close agreement by competent observers who make a series of observations of the same phenomenon.A scientific hypothesis is an educated guess that is not fully accepted until demonstrated by experiment.When hypotheses about the relationship among natural quantities are tested over and over again and not contradicted,they may become laws or principles.1.4 The Scientific AttitudeScientists must accept their findings even when they would like them to be different.They must distinguish between what they see and what they wish to see.1.4 The Scientific AttitudeScientific TheoriesA scientific theory is a synthesis of a large body of information that encompasses well-tested and verified hypotheses about certain aspects of the natural world.1.4 The Scientific AttitudeThe theories of science evolve as they go through stages of redefinition and refinement.The refinement of theories is a strength of science,not a weakness.More important than defending beliefs is improving upon them.Better hypotheses are made by those who are honest in the face of experimental evidence.1.4 The Scientific AttitudeWhen must a hypothesis,law,or principle be changed or abandoned?1.4 The Scientific AttitudeTo determine whether a hypothesis is scientific or not,look to see if there is a test for proving it wrong.1.5 Scientific HypothesesA scientific hypothesis must be testable.It is more important that there be a way of proving it wrong than that there be a way of proving it correct.If there is no test for its possible wrongness,then it is not scientific.1.5 Scientific HypothesesHere is a hypothesis that is scientific:“No material object can travel faster than light.”Even if it were supported by a thousand other experiments,this hypothesis could be proven wrong by a single experiment.(So far,we find it to be true.)1.5 Scientific HypothesesHere are hypotheses that are not scientific:The hypothesis:“The alignment of planets in the sky determines the best time for making decisions”cannot be proven wrong,nor can it be proven right.It is speculation.The hypothesis:“Intelligent life exists on other planets somewhere in the universe”can be proven correct,but there is no way to prove it wrong if no life is ever found.The hypothesis:“Most people stop for red lights”doesnt link up to our general understanding of nature,so it doesnt fit into the structure of science.1.5 Scientific HypothesesExperiments are conducted to test scientific hypotheses.1.5 Scientific Hypothesesthink!Which of these is a scientific hypothesis?a.Atoms are the smallest particles of matter.b.The universe is surrounded by a second universe,the existence of which cannot be detected by scientists.c.Albert Einstein was the greatest physicist of the 1900s.1.5 Scientific Hypothesesthink!Which of these is a scientific hypothesis?a.Atoms are the smallest particles of matter.b.The universe is surrounded by a second universe,the existence of which cannot be detected by scientists.c.Albert Einstein was the greatest physicist of the 1900s.Answer:(a)is scientific,because there is a test for its wrongness.(b)has no test for possible wrongness and is therefore unscientific.(c)is an assertion that has no test for possible wrongness.1.5 Scientific HypothesesHow do you know if a hypothesis is scientific?1.5 Scientific HypothesesScience is a method of answering theoretical questions;technology is a method of solving practical problems.1.6 Science,Technology,and SocietyScience has to do with discovering facts and relationships between observable phenomena in nature and with establishing theories that organize and make sense of these facts and relationships.Technology has to do with tools,techniques,and procedures for putting the findings of science to use.1.6 Science,Technology,and Society1.6 Science,Technology,and SocietyScience and technology make up a larger part of our everyday lives than ever before.The scientific way of thinking becomes vital to society as new facts are discovered and new ideas for caring for the planet are needed.What is the difference between science and technology?1.6 Science,Technology,and SocietyScience is mostly concerned with discovering and recording natural phenomena,the arts are concerned with the value of human interactions as they pertain to the senses,and religion is concerned with the source,purpose,and meaning of everything.1.7 Science,Art,and ReligionThe domains of science,art,and religion are different,even though they overlap.The domain of science is natural order.The domain of religion is natures purpose.1.7 Science,Art,and ReligionThe principal values of science and the arts are comparable.Literature describes the human experience.The arts do not necessarily give us experiences,but they describe them to us and suggest what may be in store for us.Science tells us what is possible in nature.Scientific knowledge helps us to predict possibilities in nature even before these possibilities have been experienced.1.7 Science,Art,and Religionthink!Which of the following involves great amounts of human passion,talent,and intelligence?a.artb.literaturec.musicd.science1.7 Science,Art,and Religionthink!Which of the following involves great amounts of human passion,talent,and intelligence?a.artb.literaturec.musicd.scienceAnswer:All of them!1.7 Science,Art,and ReligionHow are science,art,and religion different?1.7 Science,Art,and ReligionProgress in our age is much quicker than it was thousands of years ago.1.8 In PerspectiveThe pyramids testify to human genius,endurance,and thirst for deeper understanding.A few centuries ago,cathedrals,synagogues,temples,and mosques were manifestations of peoples vision.This enormous focus of human energy was inspired by a vision that went beyond world concernsa vision of the cosmos.1.8 In PerspectiveToday the efforts of many of our most skilled scientists,engineers,and artisans are directed toward building the spaceships that orbit Earth.Many people working on todays spaceships were alive before the first jetliner carried passengers.Where will younger lives lead in a comparable time?1.8 In PerspectiveAstronauts may one day travel in this spaceship of the future.1.8 In PerspectiveHow does progress today differ from progress thousands of years ago?1.8 In Perspective1.The science that is basic to the other sciences isa.physics.b.chemistry.c.biology.d.astronomy.Assessment Questions1.The science that is basic to the other sciences isa.physics.b.chemistry.c.biology.d.astronomy.Answer:AAssessment Questions2.The language of science mon language.d.English.Assessment Questions2.The language of science mon language.d.English.Answer:AAssessment Questions3.The classic scientific method,followed by Galileo and Bacon,a.is the method guaranteed to lead to scientific discoveries.b.is one of many ways that scientific discoveries are made.c.is today outmoded,and of little value.d.required memorization.Assessment Questions3.The classic scientific method,followed by Galileo and Bacon,a.is the method guaranteed to lead to scientific discoveries.b.is one of many ways that scientific discoveries are made.c.is today outmoded,and of little value.d.required memorization.Answer:BAssessment Questions4.When someone says,“Thats only a theory,”that person likely doesnt know that a scientific theory is a(n)a.guess that involves a bunch of facts.b.type of hypothesis.c.vast synthesis of well-tested hypotheses and facts.d.untested explanation.Assessment Questions4.When someone says,“Thats only a theory,”that person likely doesnt know that a scientific theory is a(n)a.guess that involves a bunch of facts.b.type of hypothesis.c.vast synthesis of well-tested hypotheses and facts.d.untested explanation.Answer:CAssessment Questions5.For a hypothesis to be scientific,it must a.be in agreement with what we know is true.b.have a test for proving it right.c.have a test for proving it wrong.d.be based on an existing scientific theory.Assessment Questions5.For a hypothesis to be scientific,it must a.be in agreement with what we know is true.b.have a test for proving it right.c.have a test for proving it wrong.d.be based on an existing scientific theory.Answer:CAssessment Questions6.Technology is a a.body of scientific knowledge.b.tool of science.c.form of science.d.solution to all of humankinds problems.Assessment Questions6.Technology is a a.body of scientific knowledge.b.tool of science.c.form of science.d.solution to all of humankinds problems.Answer:BAssessment Questions7.Science differs from art and religion because it a.describes the human experience.b.discovers and records natural phenomena.c.describes the source,purpose,and meaning of everything.d.is based on faith.Assessment Questions7.Science differs from art and religion because it a.describes the human experience.b.discovers and records natural phenomena.c.describes the source,purpose,and meaning of everything.d.is based on faith.Answer:BAssessment Questions8.Which of the following statements about progress today compared with progress centuries ago is true?a.Progress today is slower than it was centuries ago.b.Progress today is faster than it was centuries ago.c.Progress today is the same as it was centuries ago.d.There is no way to determine if progress today differs from progress centuries ago.Assessment Questions8.Which of the following statements about progress today compared with progress centuries ago is true?a.Progress today is slower than it was centuries ago.b.Progress today is faster than it was centuries ago.c.Progress today is the same as it was centuries ago.d.There is no way to determine if progress today differs from progress centuries ago.Answer:BAssessment Questions