浅谈工程项目的投资控制.doc

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浅谈工程项目的投资控制
Introduction to the project investment control
摘　要：工程项目的投资控制，是基本建设的重要调控手段，关系着国家经济和整个行业的健康发展，一直是一个热门话题。本文从基本建设的不同阶段,分别就工程投资的三个基本环节进行了论述，希望能对工程建设的投资者的全过程管理起到借鉴作用.
Pick to: the investment control of the project, is one of the important control of capital construction， the relationship between the healthy development of national economy and the industry, has always been a hot topic. This article from the basic construction at different stages, respectively is discussed are the three basic links of project investment， hoping to investors in engineering construction to be used for reference in the whole process of management.

关键词： 工程 , 投资 , 经济
Keywords: engineering, investment, economy
工程项目的投资反映的是建设行业建筑产品的总造价。工程投资的控制应贯穿于工程建设的全过程，但长期以来，国内许多投资者或者业主普遍把工程项目投资控制的重心放在工程建设的实施阶段，即放在施工图预算及结算的审查上。这已经成了工程建设者的一个定式思维,虽然能对控制工程造价、节约投资起到一定作用,但是在工程的实施阶段加大力度，采取各种措施降低造价的做法，不能达到有效控制项目投资的目标,有事倍功半的效应。因为在工程的实施阶段,各种调控措施只能影响到整个造价的5%-15％，已经不能从根本上改变投资的控制效果。创新思路,拓展控制范畴,以有限的投资获得最佳经济效益，依然成为当今建筑行业的新目标.
Project investment reflect the building construction industry product’s total cost。 Engineering investment control should be throughout the whole process of engineering construction, but for a long time, the domestic many investors or owners generally put the focus of project investment control in the implementation of the project construction phase， namely on the construction drawing budget and settlement of the review。 This has become a project builder a pattern of thinking， while to control the engineering cost, saving investment, can play a role, but in project implementation stage, to take various measures to reduce cost, can not achieve effective control of project investment， has the effect of the wasted effort. Because in the project implementation stage, all kinds of measures can only affect the entire cost of 5％ to 15%, has not fundamentally change the investment control effect。 Innovative ideas， expand control category， with limited investment to obtain the best economic benefit, still become the new target of the construction industry today。 文档为个人收集整理，来源于网络个人收集整理，勿做商业用途
　　工程投资的全过程管理和控制，就是正确决策和优化建设方案、设计方案的基础上，在基本建设的各个阶段，采用相应的方法和措施，把工程投资控制在合理的范围和经过核定的投资限额以内。具体的说，就是在经济合理的制定投资方案的基础上，用投资估算价控制设计方案的选择和初步设计概算。用投资概算来控制技术设计和修正概算,用修正概算控制施工图设计和施工图预算，以求合理使用人力、物力和财力，取得较好的投资效益.对工程投资进行全过程的管理，有效控制工程投资,主要做好前期的投资决策工作，重点做好设计阶段的造价控制工作，做好对施工阶段投资的主动控制工作。
Project investment and control the whole process of management， is the right decision and, on the basis of optimization of construction scheme， design scheme, at the different stages of the basic construction, adopts the corresponding methods and measures， the project investment control in the reasonable range and after verification of investment within the limit。 Specifically， that is, on the basis of the economic and reasonable investment plan formulation, for control the choice of design scheme and investment estimate price of preliminary design. With estimates of investment to control the technical design and correction， with the revised estimate control construction drawing design and construction drawing budget, in order to reasonable use of manpower and material resources and financial resources, achieve better investment benefit. To the whole process of project investment management， effective control of project investment, mainly to do a good job of investment decisions early， mainly completes the design phase of cost control work, to do a good job of active control investment in construction stage。 个人收集整理,勿做商业用途个人收集整理，勿做商业用途
　　一、做好工程项目投资决策阶段的投资控制工作
A, completes the project investment decision-making phase of investment control work
　　工程的投资决策阶段和扩大初步设计阶段，是影响工程投资的相当重要的阶段,项目决策阶段的技术经济指标的确定对项目投资有重大影响，特别是建筑规模、内容，建筑水平的确定以及设备的选用等都直接关系到工程投资的高低。要正确合理的制定投资决算，就要在投资阶段认真做好如下工作：①市场研究,包括项目的市场调查和预测研究，这是项目决策的前提和基础,其主要任务是要解决项目的“必要性"。②技术研究，即技术方案和建设条件的研究，这是决策的技术基础，它要解决项目在技术上的“可行性”问题.③效益研究，即经济效益的分析和评价，这是决策阶段的核心部分,主要解决项目在经济上的“合理性”问题。只有做好以上三个方面的研究,才能使工程投资的控制从一开始就驶上正确的轨道，这也是正确合理决策的本质所在。
Project investment decision-making stage and expand the preliminary design stage， is the important stage, affecting the engineering investment project decision—making stage, the determination of technical and economic indexes for project investment has a significant impact， especially the construction scale and content, determination of construction level and the selection of equipment and so on all is directly related to the discretion of the project investment。 To correctly set the rational investment balance， in the investment stage seriously do a good job as follows： （1） market research， including market research and prediction research of the project， this is the premise and foundation of project decision, its main task is to solve ”necessity" of the project. （2） technology research, namely， technical scheme and construction condition of research， this is decision-making technology base， it must solve project on the technology of ”feasibility" problem. （3） efficiency research， the economic benefit analysis and evaluation, this is the core part of the decision-making stage, mainly to solve the ”rationality" in the project on the economic problems. Only do the above three aspects study， can make the project investment control from the start on the right track, this is also the essence of reasonable decision。 文档为个人收集整理，来源于网络文档为个人收集整理，来源于网络
　　二、做好设计阶段的工程控制工作
2， control the design phase of the project work
　　（一）优化设计方案。优化设计方案是设计阶段的首要步骤，是控制工程投资的有效方法,其主要采用设计招投标（方案竞选）、价值工程、对设计方案进行技术经济评价等方法。在工程设计阶段要正确处理好技术与经济的对立统一关系，这就要求工程经济人员密切配合设计人员,在初步设计阶段，要严格按照可行性研究报告及投资估算，认真作好多方案的技术经济比较；在技术设计和施工图设计阶段,要严格按照批准的初步设计内容、范围和概算造价，认真地作好技术经济分析和评价。优选出最佳方案，从而主动地影响工程投资，以达到有效地控制工程投资的目的。

（a) optimization design scheme。 Optimization design is the first step of the design phase， is an effective method to control engineering investment, its main USES design bidding （scheme)， value engineering， technical and economic evaluation on design scheme， etc. In the engineering design phase to correctly deal with the unity of opposites relationship between technology and economy, which requires economic researchers work closely with design engineers and technicians, in the preliminary design stage， we will strictly according to the feasibility study report, investment estimation and the technical and economic comparison of alternative carefully prepared; In technical design and construction drawing design stage， in strict accordance with the approved preliminary design content， scope and budget cost， seriously make good technical and economic analysis and evaluation。 Select out the best solution， so as to actively influence engineering investment， in order to achieve the purpose of effectively control project investment。 个人收集整理，勿做商业用途本文为互联网收集，请勿用作商业用途
　　（二）在设计中加强技术经济分析。设计过程是具体实现技术与经济对立统一的过程，因此，在总平面图设计、建筑空间和平面设计、建筑结构和建材的选择、工艺技术方案以及设备的造型与设计等主要过程中，要加强技术经济分析和多方案的比选，从而实现设计产品技术先进、稳妥可靠、经济合理，进而达到控制工程投资的目的。
（2) strengthen the technical and economic analysis in the design. Design process is a process of specific implementation technologies and economic unity of opposites, as a result， the total floor plan design， the architectural space and plane design, building structure and building material selection， technology scheme and device modelling and design of the main process， must strengthen the technical and economic analysis and scheme comparison， so as to realize product design advanced， safe and reliable technology, reasonable economy, thus achieve the goal of control engineering investment. 文档为个人收集整理，来源于网络本文为互联网收集，请勿用作商业用途
　　(三）推行限额设计。所谓限额设计就是按照批准的可行性研究报告及投资估算控制初步设计，按照批准的初步设计概算控制技术设计和施工图设计，同时，各专业在保证达到使用功能的前提下，按分配的投资限额控制设计,严格控制不合理变更，保证总投资额不被突破。限额设计的控制对象是影响工程设计的静态投资（或基础价)的项目。投资分解和工程量控制是实行限额设计的有效途径和主要方法。首先，限额设计是将上阶段设计审定的投资额和工程量先分解到各专业，然后，再分解到各单位工程和各分部工程而得到的。限额设计体现了设计标准、规模、原则的合理确定，以及有关概预算基础资料的合理取定，通过层层限额设计，实现对投资限额的控制与管理,同时，也实现了对设计规范、设计标准、工程数量与概预算指标等各方面的控制。
（3） the implementation of quota design. So—called limit design is according to the approved feasibility study report and investment estimation control the preliminary design， according to the approved design and construction drawing design， preliminary design budgetary estimate of control technology at the same time， the professional on the premise of guarantee to use function, according to the distribution of the investment quota control design, strictly control the unreasonable change， ensure that the total investment shall not be breakthrough。 Limitation design engineering design of the control object is static investment project （or base price). Decomposition and investment control is an effective way to implement quota design of quantities and the main method. First， quota design is the first stage design approval on investment and engineering quantity decomposition to each major， and then decomposed to each unit and each division engineering again。 Limitation design embodied the principle of design standards， scale， reasonable， as well as budget based on the data of the reasonable， through the layers of quota design, realize the control and management of investment quotas, at the same time， also realized to design specifications， design standard， engineering quantity and index and so on various aspects of the budget control. 个人收集整理，勿做商业用途文档为个人收集整理，来源于网络
　　（四)推广标准化设计.标准化设计是指按照国家或省、市、自治区批准的建筑、结构和构件等整套标准技术文件、图纸进行的设计。采用标准化设计可提高设计速度、节省设计费用;提高劳动生产率；节约建筑材料，降低工程成本。如生产标准构配件的预制厂，可统一安排、统一配料、集中制作，节省材料,降低了工程成本，提高设计质量，保证工程质量等。据统计，标准构件的木材消耗仅为非标准构件的25%；据调查资料表明，采用标准构件的建筑工程可降低造价10%~15%;采用标准配件可降低建筑安装工程项目投资16％。
(4） promotion of standardized design. Design is in accordance with the national or provincial standardization, municipalities and autonomous regions for approval building, structure and component， etc of a complete set of standards, technical documents， drawings for design. The standardized design can improve the design speed， save the cost of design; Improve labor productivity; Save construction materials， reduce project cost. Standard components such as production of 2， can be unified arrangement and ingredients, centralized production, save material， reduce the project cost, improve the design quality， guarantee the engineering quality, etc。 According to statistics， the standard components of wood consumption is only 25% of non—standard components； According to the survey data show that the construction of standard components can reduce cost by 10％ ~ 15%; Using standard parts can reduce the construction and installation engineering project investment by 16%. 本文为互联网收集，请勿用作商业用途本文为互联网收集,请勿用作商业用途
　　三、做好对施工阶段的主动投资控制工作
Three, to do a good job of active investment control of construction stage
　　项目实施阶段的工程投资控制,主要是依据概算确定工程价格。通过工程实施过程中的主动控制和有效管理、控制工程投资，并通过竣工结算对工程的投资总额进行合理确定。
Project implementation stage of the project investment control， mainly based on budgetary estimate of project price is determined. Through the project implementation process in active control project investment and effective management， control, and through the completion of settlement of the project total investment is reasonable。
　　首先，应制定完整细致的投资控制网络,将每一分解目标落实到具体的人，并对其可能发生的投资超控现象，事先予以制订对策,监督实施效果，及时反馈信息，做到能动控制。其次，在实施过程中,要严格控制变签证，对涉及到成本增加的变更,要会同投资控制人员予以确认后方可变更。要杜绝不实及虚假签证的发生，要制定一定的成本控制奖罚条例。对每一签证的发生，都应对其发生原因,是否必须发生，是否能增加投资,有无索赔内容，都应有一个确切的了解和详细的记录。对不合理的成本增加，应分清责任,追究责任.使每一笔的成本增加都有一个来源去处。从而，从制度上确保项目实施阶段的投资控制。
First of all， we should make full detailed investment control network, to translate each target decomposition to a specific person, and the possible investment override phenomenon， to formulate countermeasures in advance, and supervise the implementation effect, timely feedback information, dynamic control。 Secondly， in the process of implementation， we will strictly control getting visa, to involve change in the cost， and investment control personnel shall confirmed rear can change。 To put an end to happen the untrue and false visa, to develop a cost control the rewards and punishment regulations。 For each visa, deal with the happen reason, whether must occur, whether can increase investment， whether the claim content, should have a precise understanding and detailed records. The unreasonable cost increase， should distinguish responsibility, shall be investigated for responsibility. Increase the cost of each source has a place to go. Thus， from the system to ensure that the project implementation phase of the investment control。 文档为个人收集整理，来源于网络本文为互联网收集，请勿用作商业用途
　　从管理角度上讲，管理既是一种职能，又是一种手段，这是一个有机的管理组织体系，是一个自上而下的有领导、有组织、有计划的管理群体。工程投资全过程的管理，也必然具有这种职能，它本身就是由不同人员在不同阶段的全过程,全方位的管理，是一个全员的全过程管理。它强调的是以人为主，能动控制，并使其投资始终处于受控状态。只有将管理的职能充分地发挥出来,投资管理才会行之有效，也只有如此,才能使工程投资的控制不成其为一句空话。
From a management perspective， management is not only a kind of function， is a kind of means, that is an organic management system, is a top—down leadership group, organized, planned management. Whole process engineering cost management， also must have this function， it is by different researchers in different stage of the process， a full range of management, is a total process management。 It emphasizes mainly on people， active control， and its investment is always under control. Only will manage function fully exert and will only be effective investment management， also only so， in order to make the project investment control not be meaningless. 个人收集整理，勿做商业用途文档为个人收集整理，来源于网络
　　四、结语
Four, conclusion
　　总之，对工程投资控制必须坚持全过程控制的原则。首先,在思想上一定要有清楚的认识,及时抓重点,抓关键环节.其次,在工程实践中还要勇于实践,大胆尝试，总结出一套切实可行的方法，理论与实践相结合。只有这样，工程投资控制才能真正地走上一条健康向上的发展之路,从整体上提升工程项目管理的水平。
In short, of engineering investment control must adhere to the principle of process control。 First of all， in thinking must have clear， timely grasp key， grasp the key link。 Second， must have the courage to practice in the engineering practice， bold attempt, summed up a set of practical methods， the combination of theory and practice。 Only in this way, the project investment control can really took to the road of the healthy development of, from the overall improve project management level。