初中英语阅读理解答题.doc

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初中英语阅读理解的答题技巧
一、教学大纲对阅读理解的要求
(一）初中英语教学大纲对学生阅读上的基本要求：
1．能阅读难度相当于课文的材料，理解其大意。
2．能独立阅读所学语言知识范围内的材料，生词率不超过3%。
3．阅读速度要求每分钟50-70词。
（二）中考阅读理解的考点
1．文章的话题-略读文章，领会文章大意的题。
2。 文章的中心题—归纳，概括的能力.
3. 文章的细节—扫读或细读文章，以获得某些特地信息或准确的寻找所需细节的能力。
4．文章的寓意，结论—领会作者的言外之意或推断出文章的结论。
5。 生词词意，猜词—对生词词意的判断能力。
（三）中考阅读理解考察的文体
1．记叙文—抓住人物,地点，时间，情节发展线索。
2. 说明文—要以事物为中心进行思考。抓住事物的特征，用途，相互关系等。
（四）解题思路与技巧
1. 快速浏览全文，掌握大意.
2．仔细审题，分析比较选项 。
3．带着问题复读，捕捉关键信息,解答问题。
4．再读全文，核对答案。
二、不同文体的训练
英语阅读有不同的文体，而一篇文章的设题是受其文体限制的。所以，首先应该从文体角度来训练.初中阅读理解常用的体裁有：
(一）故事类。初中生接触到的阅读材料大都是故事类。阅读故事类的材料,应该抓住人物线索、地点线索、时间线索和情节发展线索.特别注意的是，以上线索往往是并存的。因为情节的发展总是涉及到人物的变化、时间的推移、场景的变换等.而阅读材料后的阅读理解往往会围绕这些内容设计一些事实类的理解题.凡事实类的理解题都可以从阅读材料的表层文字中找到答案.在阅读故事类短文时，应指导学生理解文章的深层含义，也就是它的主题。在此需要注意的是,现在的阅读理解题在测试事实类的理解题的同时,往往有一道推理类理解测试题．
(二）科普类.科普类的阅读理解包含介绍科学知识、社会知识的短文。阅读这类短文时，要以事实为中心进行思考，抓住事物的特征、用途、相互关系等．如果是介绍社会现象的文章，要掌握所谈现象的内涵.
（三）图表类.图表类短文是通过看图或表格等来了解某方面的情况。指导学生阅读这类材料时，主要从两方面入手;一是了解图表的主题，确定图表的主要内容，二是推敲本论文图画语言或数字，找出它们之间的关联或试图表达的含义。
(四）新闻类。报刊阅读应逐步成为中学生阅读的一个重要内容.由于新闻报道强调遵循 5 个 W 和 1 个 H的原则，学生在阅读时也要抓住这一点去理解。
三、阅读理解题型及解题技巧
阅读理解题对学生提出了较高的能力要求,主要是考查学生通过阅读获取信息、分析信息和处理信息的能力。做阅读理解练习应先看问题，弄清考点.在阅读短文之前,快速浏览问题，以便在阅读短文时做到心中有数，快速、准确地捕捉所要信息。先易后难.做题时不必拘泥于书中所呈现的语篇顺序，应遵循先易后难的原则。如可先做细节题再做推断题，因为细节题大多能直接从文中找到答案，而推断题则需对短文进行深层理解，再作判断。学生既要抓住文章的主旨，又要抓住细节；既要理解具体事实,又要理解抽象概念；既要理解文章字面意思，又要挖掘作者意图，揣摩隐藏在字里行间的内涵；既要理解全篇的逻辑关系，又要理解某些细节的意思，并且在读懂句子和文章的基础上，将所读文章进行判断、分析和推理.这样,学生才能抓住中心思想,作出正确的判断.试题涉及掌握语篇主旨，事实细节、深层含义、推理判断、猜测词义等多方面的阅读能力考查。其所设的题型通常有以下四个方面:
（一）细节题
细节题就是指那些针对文章细节描写或与文章情节发展相关的事实所设置的问题.这类题主要测试考生获取信息及对文章所提供信息的理解能力。
1．设题方式
此类题型多数以特殊疑问词设问，设问的检测点针对某一具体行为、地点、时间、原因、方式、数量等.细节题是用来进一步表达主题，体现中心思想的,往往针对短文某个细节来设题。做此类题时，应快速捕捉信息，可能是一些事例、数字等，阅读时要有针对性。
此类考查事实和细节的题目大多数是针对文章的细节设计的，其主要提问方式是：
(1) Which of the following is right?
(2) Which of the following is not mentioned？
(3) Which of the following is Not True in the passage?
(4) Choose the right order of this passage.
(5) From this passage we know ________
2．技巧点拨
仔细阅读文章后的问题，根据问题中的关键词或词组，以此作为线索,返回文章查找相关的句子，用相关的这个句子对照选项，意思一致的就是答案。
（1)题干定位法
细节题通常考查考生对于某些重要信息进行迅速、准确地寻找的能力。提问常常用特殊疑问词what,when，where，who,whose,how,why等引出。做这样的题，可以采用“题干定位法”，即先弄清楚题干问什么，然后直接到文中寻找相关信息.带着问题去读文章，目的明确，容易抓住文中与问题相关的信息点。
（2)跳读捕捉信息法
针对这样的题目，同学们只要运用Skimming（略读）的方法,先整体上阅读文章,然后从原文中找到相关语句进行理解分析，就可以确定答案。要注意的是,不要孤立地理解单个句子,而要结合上下文语境来理解。
（二）主旨题
主旨题主要考查学生对短文中心思想或作者意图的掌握.做此类题时，应通读全文，理解文章大意，充分理解主题句的意义。短文往往围绕主题句展开，主题句通常出现在短文第一句或最后一句。主旨大意题旨在考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力,也就是考查考生的归纳概括和综合阅读能力。这类试题包括要求考生选出短文的标题（title,headline），短文或段落的主题（subject）、中心思想（main idea）等。
1．设题方式
此类考查主旨和大意的题大多数针对段落（或短文)的主题,主题思想，标题或目的，其主要提问方式是：
(1) The main idea of the passage is 。
(2） The passage mainly tells about 。
(3） What is the main idea of this passage？
（4） What is the passage mainly talking about？
(5） What does the second paragraph mainly tell us？
（6） Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
（7） The writer’s purpose in writing this story is 。
（8) What is the author’s main purpose?
（9） What is the advice given in the passage？
2．技巧点拨
这种题型要注意文章的首段和每段的首句或最后一句.一般说来阅读题没有标题，就会给学生了解文章的中心意思造成一定的困难，而文章的首段或每段的首句 往往可能是文章或每段的中心，是作者要说明的对象或作者要阐述的观点，尾句是文章的结论或表达作者的意图、态度、目的。注意到这一点,才能抓住中心，为理解文章奠定良好的基础。
（三）推断题
推断题就是根据某个事实推断结论，主要考查学生的理解力和推断力。这类推断通常包括：数据事实推断、常识推断以及作者的写作目的、态度和倾向等的推断.做此类题时,应根据短文中的相关语句，对与事实有关的细节加以分析，找出线索，悟出字里行间的意思，反复比较,从而作出合乎逻辑的判断。
1．设题方式
常以infer（推断）,imply（暗示）,suggest, conclude(推断），learn, intend（意指)，mean, describe, purpose等词提问.
（1) We can guess the writer of the letter may be a ______.
（2) We can infer from the text that _______.
(3） From the story we can guess ______。
（4） What would be happy if …?
（5） How did the writer feel at Vienna station?
（6) The writer writes this text to ______。
（7) The writer believes that ______。
（8) The writer suggests that ______。
2．技巧点拨
(1)抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理
做此类试题要关于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即抓住某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断、利用逆向思维或正面推理，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。
(2）整合全文（段）信息进行推断
做推理题时，有时需要在弄懂全文意思的基础上,整合与题目相关的有用信息，综合起来去推理判断，确定最佳结论.
(3）利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断
认真阅读原文并找出反映语境褒贬性变化的标志性词汇或句子，对我们掌握文章主旨大意，了解主人公的心理特点及发展变化，从而正确地进行逻辑推断很有好处。
（4)根据上下文的逻辑得出结论
逻辑结论是指严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论，而不是根据自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。
（四） 猜测词义题
猜测词义题主要考查学生根据上下文正确判断灵活变化的词义能力。一般情况下，推断词义的题目中所出现的单词，大多数是学生未曾见过的生词,学生需要在该词出现的上下文中去寻找线索。通过阅读上下文，断定该词的真正含义，然后将这个释义代入文中，检查是否贴切，仔细比较直到得出该词的确切的含义。
1。猜测词义的解题方法有下列几种：
（1）通过因果关系猜生词词义，首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词(如because,as，since，for，so，thus，as a result,of course,therefore等等)表示前因后果.例如：You shouldn't have blamed him for that，for it wasn’t his fault.通过for引出的句子所表示的原因(那不是他的错)，可猜出blame的词义是"责备”。
(2）通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词
　　通过同义词猜词，一是要看由and或or连接的同义词词组,如happy and gay，即使我们不认识gay这个词，也可以知道它是愉快的意思；二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词，如Man has known something about the planets Venus，Mars,and Jupiter with the help of spaceships.此句中的Venus(金星）、Mars（火星)、Jupiter(木星）均为生词，但只要知道planets就可猜出这几个词都属于"行星”这一义域。通过反义词猜词，一是看表转折关系的连词或副词，如but，while,however等；二是看与not搭配的或表示否定意义的词语，如:He is so homely，not at all as handsome as his brother。根据not at all...handsome我们不难推测出homely的意思，即不英俊、不漂亮的意思.
（3)通过构词法猜词
　　在阅读文章时，我们总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用,此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根、前缀、后缀等语法知识，这些问题便不难解决了.
（4)通过定义或释义关系来推测词义
　　例如:But sometimes，no rain falls for a long，long time。 Then there is a dry period,or drought. 从drought所在句子的上文我们得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的时期,即drought,由此可见drought意思为”久旱”，”旱灾"。而a dry period和drought是同义语。这种同义或释义关系常由is,or,that is，in other words，be called或破折号等来表示。
（5）通过句法功能来推测词义
　　例如：Bananas，oranges，pineapples，coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas。假如pineapples和coconuts是生词，我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples，coconuts和bananas，oranges是同类关系，同属fruit类，因此它们是两样水果，准确地说，是菠萝和椰子.
（6)通过描述猜词
　　描述即作者为帮助读者更深更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。例如：The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole。 It is fat and walks in a funny way。 Although it cannot fly，it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish。从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类.后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。
(7)利用常识、自己的经验、经历及社会、科技等方面的知识猜词，即理解上下文，再运用常识或相关的知识，猜出生词的含义。
2．设题方式
常见的猜测词义题的设题方式有：
（1） Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the word?
（2）The word … could be replaced by 。
(3)In the … paragraph ， the word … means (refers to ) 。
（4） According to the passage,… probably means 。
3．技巧点拨
（1)语境理解
[实例] The rose (玫瑰） is regarded as a symbol of love in both China and some western countries. People think the rose stands for love， peace , courage （勇气） and friendship。 And the rose is the national flower of England ,America and many other countries.
What’s the Chinese meaning of the underlined “stand for"？
A．忍受 B。代表 C。 站立 D. 认为
［解析］答案B.从第一句可以知道“玫瑰”被视为爱情的象征，可以用排除法筛选答案。
（2）同义关系
[实例]The French ,proud of their delicious and high—class cuisine， don’t like fast food。81％ of them think it is unhealthy, followed by 75 of the Japanese。
The word “cuisine”in the passage means________。
A。 food B. house C. water D。 country
［解析］答案A。从下文的fast food和提示中可以判定cuisine和food是同一种意思。
（3）因果关系
[实例］Angela didn’t know it would be so hard to turn singing into a career。 She went to many different record companies。 But she was always turned town for looking too young and small.
The underlined word in the passage means________。
A承认 B拒绝 C开除 D雇用
［解析]答案B。根据hard和 for looking too young and small是被拒绝的原因。
（4）解释说明
［实例]I came to Mount Isa six months ago。 It’s a long way from Brisbane——-— about 2000km.It is a small city, which has population of 21000,but it has all the basic facilities such as a base hospital ，six schools， supermarkets and many government offices。
The underlined word in the passage means________.
A 工厂 B 设施 C 游乐场 D街区
［解析］答案D.根据such as后面的解释可以确定其答案。
英语阅读具有鲜明的英语语言文化特点，有较丰富的文化蕴涵.它重视社会的热点问题，追踪科技前沿，具有浓厚的时代气息及生活气息。它是语言学习中不可缺少的重要一环。如果考生掌握了阅读理解的解题技巧，那么他们的合语言运用能力也就得到了很大的提高。
(五）正误判断题
正误判断题主要考查学生对文章的具体事实、信息的理解能力。一般是根据文章的事实或细节，给出一个句子，判断其正误。这类题比较直接，难度相对较小。做此类题时，应先看题，后带着“问题”快速阅读短文，寻找所需要的信息。在书写答案时，还要注意题目要求的限制（如:最多不超过5个词），也须正确书写单词的大小写、名词的单复数、动词的人称、时态、语态等。
第一类题：可以直接从原文中找到答案的题。这类题是拿分题。其丢分的原因:第一,凭印象做题,准确率低.第二，时间把握最容易出问题：忘记内容的时候往往会回到文章中去找答案，一篇文章往往要读好几遍。这类题的解题技巧:看清题目所问的内容之后,要在原文中划出原句，并标上题号。这样做的目的是：做到万无一失，保证把该拿到的分数拿到手;减少阅读文章的次数,争取宝贵的时间。
第二类题:不能够从原文中直接找到答案的题.这类题需要经过分析、判断、推理之后才能解答.这类题是失分题，往往是出题老师用来拉开学生梯度和层次的题。这类题包括：文章主题和中心大意等，一般都是主旨题.其解题技巧:
1。以原文为依据,不参杂个人意见，要客观不要主观,要克服“我认为…怎么样”的观点。
2。答案是比出来的。答案不选对的，只选最好的。因为，有时候四个答案都是对的。所以,当看到第一答案是正确的时候,也要看后面的答案.遇到这种情况，往往有学生钻牛角尖.老师给学生解释的时候,也可以这样说:你的答案没错,但是另一个答案更好,更全面。答案不选对的，只选最好的。比答案的原则是：好的>不知道的；不知道的>不对的。
3．注意绝对化的词。
如果答案选项中出现绝对化的词，比如:all,always，never，nothing,every 等等,除非文章当中使用了该类词汇，否则,一般都要排除.
比如，原文中出现了这样一个句子:Almost everyone likes the music. 答题时，要你判断如下这个句子正误（True or False）:Everyone likes the music. <——该句子应该是错误的。
4．答案要避免以点带面，以偏盖全。
尤其是多个选项都有道理，难以挑选正确答案的时候，要注意选择最符合题目要求的一个。
5．“傻瓜"原则。
文章中没有提到的就当时不知道，不要枉自猜测，自作聪明。一切以文章内容为准.
阅读理解题专练
【001】Little Tom down the street calls our dog ”The keep dog”。Zip is a sheep dog。 But when Tom tries to say” Seep”, it comes out "keep”. And in a way Tom is right. Zip is always bringing things hoem for us to keep！ I'll tell you about some of them。
Zip's first present was a shoe. It was made of green silk。
We didn't know how Zip found the shoe。 But after a moment Mary, my big sister, told me the shoe had a strange smell。 I nodded（点头）and held my nose. "What do you think it is？"
"It smells like something for cleaning. I think someone tried to clean a spot （污点) off the shoe. Then he put it at the door to dry."
”Along came Zip. And good—bye shoe！" I said。”We should take it back.”
”We can’t "。said my sistter.
"Maybe little Tom is right，" Mary said。 "Maybe Zip is a keep dog！”
1.The writer and Mary didn't know______.
A. what Zip’s first present was B. how Zip carried its first present home
C. who owned Zip’s first present D. what Zip’s first present was made of
2。Tom calls Zip "the keep dog” because ______。
A。 the dog likes keeping things B。 the dog likes playing with shoes
C。 he doesn’t know the dog's name D。 he can’t pronounce the word " sheep” well
3。What made the shoe strange was ______。
A. its colour B。 its smell C. its size D. that it was a silk one
4。The word ”keep”in the last sentence means ”_____”
A。 keeping things for itself B。 bringing things for other to keep
C。 not letting it run about D. taking care of a small child
5。We can know from the reading that the dog _____。
A. likes to give presents to people B. has been kept in at the writer’s home
C。 has brought some trouble D. likes to be called ”the keep dog"
【002】An old lady in a plane had a blanket(毯子)over her head and she did not want to take it off 。 The air hostess spoke to her, but the old lady said, “I have never been in a plane before , and I am frightened. I am going to keep this blanket over my head until we are back on the ground again !”
Then the captain came. He said, “Madam, I am the captain of this plane。 The weather is fine, there are no clouds in the sky, and everything is going very well. ”But she continued to hide。
So the captain turned and started to go back。 Then the old lady looked out from under the blanket with one eye and said, “I am sorry， young man， but I don’t like planes and I am never going to fly again。 But I’ll say one thing， ”She continued kindly, “You and your wife keep your plane very clean!”
1. An old lady had _________ 。
A. glasses B. a blanket over her head C。 a coat D。 a basket
2。 A. She didn’t want to ________ 。
A. take it off B。 turn it off C。 get on D。 talk about it
3. _________ spoke to her 。
A。 The air hostess B。 The man next to her C。 her husband D。 one of her friends
4。 The old lady had never been _________ before 。
A. abroad B. home C. in a plane D。 in hospital
5。 The woman didn't like planes and she was never going ________ 。
A. to fly again B。 to travel C. to go abroad D. to go home
【003】Dick lived in England. One day in January he said to his wife, "I’m going to fly to New York next week because I’ve got some work there.” ”Where are you going to stay there?” his wife asked. ”I don't know yet.” Dick answered. "Please send me your address from there in a telegram （电报)，" his wife said. ”All right," Dick answered.
He flew to New York on January 31st and found a nice hotel in the center of the city. He put his things in his room and then he sent his wife a telegram。 He put the address of his hotel in it.
In the evening he didn't have any work， so he went to a cinema。 He came out at nine o’clock and said, ”Now I'm going back to my hotel and have a nice dinner。"
He found a taxi （出租车) and the driver said， ”Where do you want to go？” But Dick didn't remember the name and address of his hotel。
"Which hotel are my things in?" he said, ”And what am I going to do tonight？" But the driver of the taxi did not know。 So Dick got out and went into a post office。 There he sent his wife another telegram, and in it he wrote, "Please send me my address at this post office。”Choose the right answer
1。 Dick flew to New York because ___.
A. he went there for a holiday B。 he had work there
C. he went there for sightseeing （观光） D。 his home was there
2. Why did his wife want a telegram from him？
A。 Because she didn't know his address yet
B. Because she wanted to go to New York, too
C. Because she might send him another telegram
D。 Because she couldn’t leave her husband by himself in New York
3. Where did Dick stay in New York?
A。 In the center of the city. B。 In a hotel.
C. In a restaurant。 D。 At his friend's house.
4. Who would send him the name and address of his hotel？
A。 The manager （经理) of his hotel。 B. The police office.
C。 The taxi driver。 D。 His wife。
5。 Which of the following is not true？
A。 Dick stayed at a nice hotel in the center of the city。
B。 Dick didn't work on the first night of his arrival.
C。 Dick forgot to send his wife a telegram.
D. Dick wanted to go back to his hotel in a taxi.
【004】In England， people often talk about the weather because they can experience （经历) four seasons in one day. In the morning the weather is warm just like in spring. An hour later black clouds come and then it rains hard. The weather gets a little cold. In the late afternoon the sky will be sunny, the sun will begin to shine， and it will be summer at this time of a day。
In England， people can also have summer in winter， or have winter in summer. So in winter they can swim sometimes, and in summer sometimes they should take warm clothes。
When you go to England， you will see that some English people usually take an umbrella （伞）or a raincoat with them in the sunny morning， but you should not laugh at them.
If you don't take an umbrella or a raincoat, you will regret (后悔) later in the day。
1。 Why do people in England often talk about the weather?
A. Because they may have four seasons in one day
B. Because they often have very good