牛津高中英语语法【定语从句】.doc
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1、M1定语从句:关系代词、介词提前、关系副词、限制性 一、基本概念(一) 定语从句在复合句中作定语,修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。(二) 先行词被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。一般情况下,定语从句紧跟先行词。但也有因各种原因定语从句与先行词被分割的现象。(三)关系代词和关系副词定语从句的引导词。与先行词关系密切,因此紧跟先行词,并在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系代词有:who, whom, which, that和whose, 另外,as也可充当关系代词。关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语。关系副词有:when, where和why。在定语从句中充当状语。二、关系代词的用法(一)基本用
2、法根据先行词的不同,和在从句中所充当的成分不同,选用不同的关系代词。如下表:关系词先行词从句成分例句备注关系代词who人主语,宾语Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时,常可以省略,但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略,也不可以用thatwhom人宾语Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am workingThe boy (whom) she loved died in the war.whose人,物定语I like those books who
3、se topics are about history.The boy whose father works abroad is my classmate. that人,物主语,宾语A plane is a machine that can fly.She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.which物主语,宾语The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.The picture which was about the accident was terrible.as人,物主语,宾语He is s
4、uch a person as is respected by all of us.This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. as做宾语一般不省略例如:(注意关系代词在定语从句中所充当的成分) Do you know the professor who/that will give us a speech next week? (作主语) I read a report about his new novel that/ which will soon be published. (作主语) The plan that/which they argue
5、d about was settled at last. (作宾语) This is the new secretary (who/whom/that) I would like to introduce to you. (作宾语) The soldier whose legs were badly wounded was operated on without delay. (作定语)注意:关系代词在定语从句中充当宾语时可以省略,充当主语时则不能。(见上例)(二)关系代词that代替which的一些情况which, that 在代替物时,一般可以通用。但在有些情况下,只用 that。 先行词
6、是最高级形容词或它的前面有最高级形容词修饰时。例如: This is the best that has been used against pollution. English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years. 先行词是序数词,或它前面有一个序数词时。例如: This is the last place (that) I want to visit. It is the first American movie of this kind that Ive ever seen. 先行词是
7、all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等代词时。例如: You should hand in all that you have. We havent got much that we can offer you. 先行词前面有the only, the very, any, few, little, no, all, much, every等修饰时。例如: The only thing that we can do is to give you some money. The little money
8、 (that) he had was stolen.(三)宜用who, 而不用that的一些情况 先行词是one, ones, anyone时。例如: One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth. Dont tell anyone about the news who oughtnt to know it.先行词是those时。例如: Those who were not fit for their work could not see the beautiful clothes made of the mag
9、ic cloth.(四)其它情况 先行词既有人又有物时。例如: Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about? The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station. 主句已有疑问词who 或which时。例如: Which is the bike that you lost? Who is the woman that was praised at the meeting?(五)与whose有关的问
10、题 whose是代词的所有格,它既可以代人也可以代物。例如: I saw a woman whose bag was stolen. Please show me the book whose cover is red. 当whose表示物与物的所有格关系时,亦可用of which的形式。例如: The building whose roof you can see from here is a new restaurant. The building, the roof of which you can see from here, is a new restaurant.或 The bui
11、lding, of which the roof you can see from here is a new restaurant.三、介词前提的问题关系代词在定语从句中充当介词宾语时,介词可以前提至关系代词前。例如:Have you seen the pen (which) I wrote the note with just now? (which作介词with的宾语)Have you seen the pen with which I wrote the note just now? 但是,要注意的是: 介词前提后,先行词是人或物,关系代词分别只能用whom和which,而不再用tha
12、t或who。 介词前提后,关系代词不再能省略。 有些含有介词的短语动词中的介词不能前提,如:look for, look after, take care of等。例如: 错误:Who is the old man to that you were talking to?正确:Who is the old man to whom you were talking ? 或 Who is the old man (that/ whom) you were talking to? 错误:These are the sheep of which the boy took care.正确:These a
13、re the sheep (which/that) the boy took care of.四、关系代词在从句中作主语时,从句中的主谓一致关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词在人称和数上应与先行词一致。例如: Who is the guy that is reading over there? The number of people that are going to the exhibition is expected to be over 25,000. All that needs to be done has been done. He is one of the stud
14、ents who use computer a lot for study. Timmy is the only one of the pupils that has failed the exam.例中的all意为“一切”,作单数。例中没通过考试的学生事实上只有一人,因此谓语动词也用单数。that与which, who, whom的用法区别:情况用法说明例句只用that的情况1 先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代词时。2 先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, s
15、ome, few等修饰时3 先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时4 先行词既指人又指物时5 先行词被the only, the very修饰时6 句中已经有who或which时,为了避免重复时1. He told me everything that he knows.2. All the books that you offered have been given out.3. This is the best film that I have ever read.4. We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.5. H
16、e is the only man that I want to see.6. Who is the man that is making a speech?只用which, who, whom的情况1 在非限制性定语从句中,只能用which指代物,用who/whom指人2 在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中,只能用which指物,whom指人。3 先行词本身是that时,关系词用which, 先行词为those, one, he时多用who。1. He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study.2. I like the perso
17、n to whom the teacher is talking.3. Those who respect others are usually respected by others. 五、关系副词的用法关系词先行词从句成分例句备注关系副词when时间状语He came at a time when we needed him most.Well never forget the day when the Peoples Republic of China was founded.=at/in/on/during whichwhere地点状语This is the room where he
18、 put up for the night.=at/in/to whichwhy原因状语I know the reason why she studies so well.= for which根据关系词在从句中所作成分选用关系副词/关系代词,主要取决于从句中的动词。This is the place where we work. (vi.关系副词)This is the place which we visited. (vt.关系代词)注意: 如果表示时间、地点、原因的名词,在从句中不作状语,而作主语、宾语、表语时,用which/that。例如: I still remember the d
19、ay that we spent together. The Yangtze River is a beautiful place (that/which) people all over the world look forward to visiting.(2) 当先行词为by the time, any time, every time, the first time, the last time时,关系词不用when,而用that或省略。例如: This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson. By the time he wa
20、s 14 he had learned advanced English.(3) 当先行词为way时,关系词用in which,that或者省略。六、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句从句与先行词的关系从句是先行词不可缺少的修饰语,如果去掉,主句意思就不明确。从句只对先行词起附加说明的作用,如果去掉,主句的意思仍然清楚完整。标点(有无逗号)无有先行词名词/代词名词/代词,也可以是整个关系词有无that有无可否省略关系代词在从句中作宾语时,可以省略。一般不可省略。例如: A student who studies hard will make good progres
21、ses. The student, who lives far from school, is the leader of their football team.(一)与as 有关的问题 as引导的非限制性定语从句位置灵活,可以位于主句前面、中间或者后面,一般用逗号与主句隔开。(which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如: As we all know, his theory of falling objects is right.= His theory of falling objects, as we all know, is right.= His theory of f
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