新人教新目标版八年级英语上册短语语法知识点汇总.doc

人教版八年级英语上册短语语法知识点总结

初二英语课组
2019年

[由我校初二英语科组根据最新考纲和近几年中考的趋势加上我校学生的实际情况，结合初二全体英语科组的力量，汇编了这一份重点总结，编好一份学案不易，望同学们能好好利用。]
Unit 1 Where did you go on vacation
一、必背单词短语。
1.相当多
quite a few
2.大部分时间
most of the time
3.记日记
keep a diary
4.买特别的东西
buy something special
5.遇见有趣的人
meet someone interesting
6.做有趣的事情
do something interesting
7.拍了相当多的照片
take quite a few photos
8.决定做某事
decide to do sth.
9.到达（+大地点）
arrive in
10.做一个决定
make a decision
11.尽力做某事
try to do sth
12.尝试做某事
try doing sth
13.尽某人最大努力做
try one’s best to do sth.
14.感受到，觉得
feel like
15.想要做某事（feel）
feel like doing
16.在过去
in the past
17.开始做某事
start/begin to do/doing
18.由于+n./pron./v-ing
because of
19.等待
wait for
20.足够的钱
enough money
21另外两个小时
another two hours
22.如此…以至于
so…that…
23.与…不同
be different from
24.与…相同
the same as
25.与…相同
the same as

【教材知识点总结】
Section A
1. Where did you go on vacation? (P. 1)
on vacation意为“在度假”，结构“on+名词”表示“在某种状态中”。
例句：My family went to Hainan on vacation last year.
2. ...visited my uncle (P. 1)
visit此处用作及物动词，后接人或物做宾语，意为“拜访、看望”，后接表示地点的名词，意为“参观、游览”。
例句：I visited my grandmother last week.
例句：Do you want to visit Shanghai?
3. ...go with anyone? (P. 2)
(1) anyone用作不定代词，意为“有人、任何人”，相当于anybody，用于疑问句和否定句中，
在肯定句中用someone或者somebody。但是anyone也可以用在肯定句中，表示“任何一个人”。
例句：Did you meet anyone friendly in that city?
例句：Anyone can be helpful in some way.
(2) anyone只能指人，不可以指物，后面不接of短语；any one既可以指人也可以指物，后可接of短语。
例句：You can ask any one of us about this question.
4. ...buy anything special? (P. 2)
(1) buy用作双宾语动词，表示“买”，常用的结构为“buy sb. sth.”或者“buy sth. for sb.”，表示“为某人买某物”。
例句：My father bought me a bike.=My father bought a bike for me.
【拓展】可接双宾语的动词还有give, bring, show, tell, sell等。
give sb. sth.=give sth. to sb. 给某人某物
bring sb. sth.=bring sth. to sb. 把某物带给某人
show sb. sth.=show sth. to sb. 给某人看某物
tell sb. sth.=tell sth. to sb. 告诉某人某物
sell sb. sth.=sell sth. to sb. 把某物卖给某人
(2) 形容词修饰复合不定代词（something/body/one, anything/body/one, nothing/body/one, everything/body/one）时，放在复合不定代词后面。
例句：I have __________ _____________ (一些重要的事情) to tell you.
5. We took quite a few photos there. (P. 2)
take photos意为“拍照、照相”，take a photo/photos of sb./sth.意为“给……拍照”。
例句：We _________(take) many photos on the Great Wall last year.
例句：Could you _______( take) a photo of us?
6. I just stayed at home most of the time to read and relax. (P. 2)
most of表示“……中大多数”，后接可数名词或者不可数名词，作主语时，谓语动词单复数取决于后面所接名词的单复数。
例句：Most of the food _________(go) bad.
例句：Most of us ________(be) going to the park.
7. No, I bought nothing. (P. 3)
nothing用作不定代词，表示“没有任何东西”，相当于not anything。
例句：I did nothing special last month.=I didn’t do ____________ special last month.
8. Did everyone have a good time? (P. 3)
have a good time表示“玩得开心”，后接动词ing，表示“做某事很开心”，have a good time相当于enjoy oneself/have fun。
例句：We had a good time at the party. =We enjoyed ourselves at the party.
=We had fun at the party.
9. How did you like it? (P. 3)
How do you like...?意为“你认为……怎么样”，相当于How do you feel about...?或者What do you think of...?
例句：-How do you _________ the film? -Wonderful.
-A. think of B. like
10. Did you go shopping? (P. 3)
go shopping表示“去购物、去买东西”，相当于do some shopping。类似的短语还有：go swimming, go skating, go fishing, go hiking, go boating, go camping等。
I went shopping and bought something for my parents.
11. Of course! (P. 3)
of course意为“当然”，相当于sure或者certainly。
例句：-May I borrow your dictionary?
例句：-Of course!
12. Still no one seemed to be bored. (P. 3)
(1) seem用作系动词，表示“似乎、好像”，常用的结构有：seem+adj./to be/that+句子。
例句：The story __________(seem) true.
例句：What he said seemed __________(be) a lie.
例句：It ________(seem) that they are going to pull down the house.
(2) bored表示“感到厌倦的”，用来说明人的感受；boring表示“令人厌烦的、单调的”，用来说明事物的特征。
例句：The film was so boring that almost anyone felt bored.
【拓展】以ed结尾的形容词，通常用来修饰或者描述人，以ing结尾的动词，通常用来修饰或者描述物，类似的形容词还有：interesting/interested; exciting/excited; surprising/surprised。
Section B
1. What activities do you find enjoyable? (P. 5)
(1) find这里表示“发现、觉得”，宾语后常接宾语补足语，常用的结构有：
find sb./sth+n./adj./doing sth./介词短语。
例句：The students find _________(she) a kind teacher.
例句：I find the book _________(use).
例句：When I passed his house, I found his wife __________(cook).
例句：Finally, they found the boy in the tree.
(2) enjoyable是enjoy的形容词形式，表示“有趣的、令人愉快的”。
例句：I’m sure that we will have an enjoyable vacation.
例句：The job is enjoyable and I like it.
2. I arrived in Penang in Malaysia this morning with my family. (P. 5)
arrive作不及物动词，表示“到达”，接宾语时，需要加上介词in或者at。
例句：When did you arrive?
例句：We are arriving at the station at two o’clock.
【拓展】reach表示“到达”时，是及物动词，后面直接接表示地点的名词作宾语。另外两个表示“到达”的动词（get和arrive）都是不及物动词，get to+地点；arrive in/at+地点。
3. ...so we decided to go to the beach near our hotel. (P. 5)
例句：decide表示“决定”时，常用的结构为：decide to do sth.“决定做某事”。
例句：The government decided to build another school in this village.
4. My sister and I tried paragliding. (P. 5)
try doing sth. “尝试做某事”；try to do sth. “尽力做某事”。
例句：The doctor tries to save the sick girl.
例句：The boy tried playing the piano.
【拓展】try也可以用作名词，表示“尝试”，have a try表示“尝试一下”。
I’m going to have a try.
5. I felt like I was a bird. (P. 5)
feel like此处表示“感觉像”，后接从句。
He feels like he is swimming.
【拓展】feel like还可以表示“想要”，后接名词、代词或者动名词做宾语，
feel like doing sth.=would like to do sth.=want to do sth.
Do you feel like __________(go) out for a walk with me?
=Would you like _________(go) out for a walk with me?
=Do you want __________(go) out for a walk with me?
6. There are a lot of new buildings now...(P. 5)
a lot of相当于lots of表示“许多”，可以用来修饰可数名词复数或者不可数名词。
There is a lot of rain in summer in this place.
【拓展】
只修饰不可数名词的量词有：a little, little, a great deal of, much, too much
只修饰可数名词的量词有：a few, few, several, many, too many, a number of
既可以修饰不可数名词也可以修饰可数名词的量词有：some, any, a lot of, lots of, plenty of
7. I wonder what life was like here in the past. (P. 5)
wonder表示“好奇、想知道”，后接whether/if, what, who, why等引导宾语从句。
例句：I wonder what they are doing now.
例句：I wonder if you can help me.
8. I really enjoyed walking around the town. (P. 5)
enjoy用作及物动词，表示“喜欢”，后接名词、代词或者动名词做宾语。
例句：Do you enjoy music?
例句：I don’t enjoy sleeping with the window open.
9. What a difference a day makes! (P. 5)
本句是what引导的感叹句，what引导的感叹句常用的结构有：“What+a/an+形容词+单数可数名词+主语+谓语”或者“What+形容词+可数名词复数/不可数名词+主语+谓语”。
例句：多么漂亮的一朵花呀！_________________________________________
例句：它们是多么有趣的书啊！_______________________________________
例句：多大的雪啊！_________________________________________________
【拓展】how引导的感叹句的结构为“How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语”。
例句：How beautiful the bird is!
例句：How fast Mary runs!
10. We wanted to walk up to the top, but then it started raining a little so we decided to take the train. (P. 5)
(1) want表示“想要”时，为及物动词，后接不定式作宾语或者用于句型“want sb. to do sth.”中，表示“想要某人做某事”。
例句：They don’t want to throw away the old furniture.
例句：She wants her parents to pay for the car.
(2) start后常接名词、动词不定式或者动名词作宾语，用法相当于begin。
例句：When shall we start the meeting?
例句：Let’s start discussing/to discuss about the next problem.
11. We waited over an hour for the train because there are too many people. (P. 5)
(1) wait for sb./sth.“等待某人或者某事”；wait to do sth.“等待做某事”；can’t wait to do sth.“迫不及待做某事”
例句：We are waiting for the result of the exam.
例句：All the passengers are waiting to get on the bus.
例句：The children can’t wait to rush out after the class is over.
(2) over此处表示“多于、超过”，相当于______________。
例句：My father is over 40 years old.
(3) too much, much too和too many辨析
too much
太多（的）
用作形容词，修饰不可数名词
I have too much homework to do.
用作副词，修饰动词
Don’t eat too much.
much too
太
用作副词，修饰形容词和副词
The picture is much too beautiful.
too many
太多的
用作形容词，修饰可数名词复数
The little boy has too many questions to ask.
12. And because of the bad weather, we couldn’t see anything below. (P. 5)
(1) because of意为“因为、由于”，后接名词、代词或者动名词，because是连词，引导原因状语从句，后接一个句子。
例句：He is late for school ________________ the bad weather.
例句：=He is late for school _______________ the weather is bad.
(2) below表示“在……以下、低于”，反义词是above，意为“在……之上，超过”。
例句：It was five degrees below zero last night.
13. My father didn’t bring enough money...(P. 5)
(1) bring表示“带来”，强调从别的地方带到说话的地方，常与副词here连用；take表示“带走”，强调从说话的地方带去别的地方，常与副词there连用；carry表示“搬、抬”，没有方向性。
The students brought their homework to school in the morning and take them home after school.
(2) enough可以用作形容词，表示“足够的、充分的”，用来修饰名词，可以放在名词前面，也可以放在名词后面。
例句：The rich man has enough money.
例句：=The rich man has money enough.
【拓展】enough还可以用作副词，修饰形容词或者副词，放在形容词或者副词后面，常用的结构为：be +adj.+enough+to do sth.“足够……能够做某事”。
例句：The boy is _________________(足够年长) to go to school.
例句：The father works________________(足够努力) for his family.
14. Well, but the next day was not as good. (P. 5)
当我们要表示双方某方面(如年龄、身高等)程度相同或不同时，常用as…as或not as…as结构，表示“和……一样”或“和……不一样”。如：
例句：Mary is as ___________ as Linda．玛丽和琳达一样仔细。
例句：He does not run as ___________ as Tom．他跑步没有汤姆快。
15. ...because we forgot to bring an umbrella. (P. 6)
forget to do sth.“忘记做某事”，强调忘记去做某事，实际上也没有做；forget doing sth.“忘记做过某事”，强调已经做过某事，但是忘记了。
例句：He forgot ____________(take) the message to his friend. 他忘记给朋友发短信了。
例句：Don’t forget ____________(lock) the door when you leave. 临走别忘锁门。
例句：Don’t you forget ____________(meet) me in the street yesterday?
难道你不记得昨天从大街上见到我了吗？
16. Why not? (P. 8)
why not意为“为什么”，表示提出建议，后接动词原形，相当于why don’t you...?
例句：Why not go to the party with me?
例句：=Why don’t you go to the party with me?
17. Everyone in our class took a bag with some food and water. (P. 8)
with此处表示“具有、带有”，还可以表示“和……在一起”或者“用”。
例句：I often go to school with my friends.
例句：Cut the apple with a knife.
18. My legs were so tired that I wanted to stop. (P. 8)
so...that...意为“如此……以至于……”，用来引导结果状语从句，so是副词，后面接形容词或者副词。
例句：Our school is so beautiful that everyone likes it.
例句：He runs so fast that no one can catch up with him.
【拓展】such...that...引导结果状语从句，表示“如此……以至于……”，such后面接名词短语，名词前经常跟有形容词进行修饰。
例句：He is such a smart boy that we all like him.
例句：They are such experienced workers that they will solve the problem soon.
19. My classmates told me to keep going, so I went on. (P. 8)
(1) tell sb. to do sth.“告诉某人做某事”，tell sb. not to do sth.“告诉某人不要做某事”。
例句：The teacher told us to clean the windows.
例句：I told him not to draw on the wall.
(2) keep doing sth.表示“继续做某事、一直做某事”
例句：She kept watching TV for two hours last night.
(3) go on表示“继续”，go on to do sth.表示“（完成一件事后）接着做另一件事”，go on doing sth./go on with sth.意为“继续做同一件事”。
例句：She went on to bee a doctor.
例句：You can’t go on working without any rest.
例句：We will go on with the discussion tomorrow.
20. Everyone jumped up and down in excitement. (P. 8)
up and down表示“上上下下、来来回回”。
例句：They looked up and down.
例句：He walks up and down in the room.
21. Twenty minutes later, the sun started to e up. (P. 8)
e up意为“升起、发生”。
例句：It gets hot after the sun has e up.
例句：Please let me know if anything es up.
【语法讲解】
一、复合不定代词
1、 由some, any, no, every加上one, body, thing构成不定代词，成为复合不定代词。

one
body
thing
some
someone
somebody
something
any
anyone
anybody
anything
every
everyone
everybody
everything
no
no one
nobody
nothing
2、 用法
（1） 复合不定代词相当于名词，在句中可以用作主语、宾语和表语。
Someone is knocking at the door.
I don’t have anything to say today.
Money isn’t everything.
（2） 复合不定代词被形容词、动词不定式修饰时，形容词和动词不定式后置。
I have something important to tell you.
There is nothing wrong with the radio.
（3） 复合不定代词做主语时，表示单数概念，谓语动词用单词形式。
Everything begins to grow in spring.
（4） some-不定代词用在肯定句中或者表示请求的一般疑问句中；any-不定代词多用于疑问句中否定句中。
Will you ask someone to carry the box for me?
Would you like something to drink?
（5） anyone和anything也可以用在肯定句中，表示“任何人”和“任何事”。
Anyone can do it.
I can do anything for you.
二、一般过去时的规则动词和不规则动词
（一）规则变化
构成规则：
在动词末尾直接加-ed . 例如，work -worked , look -looked , play –played
以不发音的字母e结尾的动词，直接加-d . 例如，live –lived , hope –hoped , use –used
以辅音字母+y结尾的，变y为i再加-ed . 例如，study –studied , carry –carried , worry –worried
以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的，双写最后的辅音字母，再加-ed . 例如，stop –stopped , plan–planned
（二）不规则变化
1. 没有变化，即：与动词原形一样。例如，cut –cut , put –put , read –read
2. 变化元音，例如，write- wrote , know –knew , e –came
3. 变化辅音，例如，make –made , spend –spent , send –sent
4. 辅音和元音都变化，例如，leave –left , teach –taught , think –thought
5. 其他情况，例如，is –was , are –were , have –had
Unit 2 How often do you exercise
一、必背短语。
1.去看电影
go to the movies
2.多久一次
how often
3.几乎从不
hardly ever
4.在周末
on the weekend/on weekends
5.一周一次
once a week
6.一周两次
twice a week
7.一个月三次
three times a month
8.使用互联网
use the internet
9.充满…
be full of
10.上钢琴课
have piano lessons
11.不得不做某事
have to do sth.
12.帮助做家务
help with housework
13.至少
at least
14.至多
at most
15.保持健康
keep healthy/keep in good health
16….的结果
the result of…
17.百分之二十
twenty percent
18.对…有益
be good for…
19.对…有害
be bad for
20.垃圾食品
junk food
21.多少个小时
how many hours
22.做运动
play/do sports
23.在某人空闲时间
in one’s free time
24.根本不；一点也不
not…at all
25.询问…关于…
ask…about
26.熬夜
stay up late
27.一个16岁的男孩
a 16-year-old boy
28.超过、多于
more than
29.少于
less than
30.放松的最好方式
the best way to relax

【教材内容解析】
Section A
1. What do you usually do on weekends? (P. 9)
on weekends意为“在周末”，泛指每个周末，on the weekend则表示“在这个周末”，特指某个周末；在英式英语中，在周末也可以用at the weekend或者at weekends。
I like going fishing on weekends.
He wants to do something special on the weekend.
2. help with homework (P. 9)
help表示“帮助”时，常用的句型为：help sb. with sth. 帮助某人某事；help sb. (to) do sth. 帮助某人做某事。
Can you help me with my homework?
He often helps his mother clean do housework.
3. sometimes (P. 9)
sometimes是频度副词，意为“有时”，相当于at times。
I sometimes play puter games on weekends.
【拓展】辨析sometimes, some times, sometime与some time
sometimes
有时
Sometimes he had lunch at school.
some times
几次、几倍
I’ve been to the museum some times.
sometime
某时
I will visit Daming sometime this summer vacation.
some time
一段时间
She has lived here for some time.
4. hardly ever (P. 9)
hardly作副词，表示“几乎不”；hard用作副词表示“努力地、猛烈地”，作形容词表示“硬的、困难的”。
He hardly works.
He works hard.
This is a hard work.
5. How often do you watch TV? (P. 9)
how often意为“多久一次”用来提问频率，常用表示频率的副词或者短语来回答，如twice a week, sometimes, every day, always等。
-How often do you play sports?
-Three times a week.
【拓展】辨析how long, how soon和how often
how long
“多长时间”，提问for和since引出的时间状语
---How long did you stay there?
---For about two weeks.
how soon
“多久”提问“in+一段时间”
---How soon will they e back?
---In two weeks.
how often
“多久一次”，提问动作发生的频率
---How often do you go home?
---Once a week.
how far
“多远”，提问距离的远近
---How far is it from your home to school?
---Three kilometres.
6. use the Internet (P. 10)
Internet作名词，表示“互联网、因特网”，常用的短语为：on the Internet“在互联网上”；surf the Internet“上网”。
You can find much useful information on the Internet.
Most of the students like surfing the Internet.
7. Hi, Claire, are you free next week? (P. 10)
free作形容词表示“空闲的、有空的”，be free相当于have time。
I will be free next week.
=I will have time next time.
【拓展】free作形容词，还可以表示“免费的、自由的”，be free to do sth.“自由地做某事”。
The tickets are free.
You are free to e and go.
8. How e? (P. 10)
How e意为“为什么呢、怎么回