独立主格用法详解.doc

独立主格用法详解
一、独立主格结构的特点
独立主格结构是一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点：
(1) 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
(2) 名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。
(3) 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
二、独立主格结构的形式
英语中，独立主格结构的形式是：名词或代词跟形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词连在一起，构成独立主格结构。
1. 名词 / 代词 + 不定式。如：
A house to be built, we must save every cent. 由于要建一座房子，我们必须节省每一分钱。
Now here is Li Lei, Wei Fang to e tomorrow. 现在李蕾来了，魏方明天到。
2. 名词 / 代词 + -ing分词。如：
The bus ing here soon, we should get everything ready. 汽车很快就要来了，我们应该把一切事情准备好。
Mother being ill, Li Lei was very worried. 母亲病了，李蕾非常焦急。
3. 名词 / 代词 + 动词的过去分词。如：
His cup broken, he used his bowl instead. 茶杯破了，他就用碗来代替。
4. 名词 / 代词 + 形容词。如：
The ground muddy, we should be careful. 地面泞泥，我们应该小心。
5. 名词 / 代词 + 副词。如：
The class over, we all went out to play. 下课后，我们都出去玩。
6. 名词 / 代词 + 介词短语。如(from .yygrammar.)：
Glasses in his hand, he asked where his glasses were. 手里拿着眼镜，他问他的眼镜哪去了。
三、独立主格结构的句法功能
独立主格结构在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件和伴随等情况。
1. 作时间状语
School over, the students went home. 放学后，学生们都回家了。
The ceremony ended, the games began. 仪式结束后，比赛开始了。
2. 作条件状语
It being fine tomorrow, we’ll go boating. 如果明天天气好的话，我们就去划船。
Li Lei ing, it is not necessary to ask Wu Dong. 如果李蕾来的话，就没有必要叫吴东了。
3. 作原因状语
The meeting being put off, we needn’t hurry. 由于会议推迟了，我们就没有必要匆忙了。
Mr. Li being ill, Miss Yang will give us this lesson instead. 李老师病了，杨老师将代他来给我们上这堂课。
4. 作伴随状语
Mr. Li es here, a book in his hand. 李先生手里拿着书过来了。
A smile on her face, she asked what she could do for us. 她面带微笑问道我们要什么。

使用独立主格结构的几点注意

1. 独立主格与状语从句的转换
当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。如：
After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下课后，学生很快离开了教室。

2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形
在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being（或having been）不能省略：
(1) 独立主格结构的逻辑主语是代词时。如：
It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。
(2) 在There being＋名词的结构中。如：
There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。

3.  独立主格结构没有所有格形式
The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了，我们开始开会。
比较动名词复合结构：
The chief-editor’s arriving made us very surprised.

4. 独立主格的时态问题
独立主格结构作时间或原因状语时，可用完成时，表示该动作发生在谓语之前。如：
The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began.听众坐好后，音乐会开始了。
Tom having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed.由于汤姆一再迟到，他的老板非常失望。

英语独立主格结构常见类型 

独立主格类型1：名词（代词）+现在分词
The question being settled, we went home. 问题解决之后，我们就回家了。
We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting. 明天假设天气好，我们就进行比赛。
The monitor being ill, we’d better put the meeting off. 班长病了，我们最好还是延期开会吧。

独立主格类型2：名词（代词）+过去分词
The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。
The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 最后一班公车已经走了，我们必须走路回家。
More time given, we should have done the job much better. 如果给我们更多的时间，我们会把工作做得更好。

独立主格类型3：名词（代词）+不定式
Nobody to e tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天没有人来，我们将把会议推迟到下周。
So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的。

独立主格类型4：名词（代词）+介词短语
The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵们端着枪冲了进来。
A girl came in, book in hand. 一个少女进来了，手里拿着书。
He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等着，眼睛望着她的背影。

独立主格类型5：名词（代词）+形容词或副词
He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排，嘴半开着。
She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter. 她坐在桌前，衣领已解掉，头低了下来，拿好钢笔，准备开始写一封长信。

独立主格类型6：There being +名词（代词）
There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。
There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。
独立主格类型7：It being +名词（代词）
It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。

比较：独立主格结构与 with 合结构。如：
Don’t sleep with the windows open. 别开着窗睡觉。
He stood before his teacher with his head down. 他低着头站在老师面前。
He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。
She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。
He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。
I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因为妈妈有病，我无法去度假。
He sat there with his eyes closed. 他闭目坐在那儿。
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。
I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服，我无法出去了。

独立主格结构考题小练
 1. I have a lot of books, half of ________ novels.
A. which                 B. that                      C. whom                  D. them
2. ________ more and more forests destroyed, many animals are facing the danger of dying out.
A. because               B. as                        C. With                    D. Since
3. The bus was crowded with passengers going home from market, most of ________ carrying heavy bags and baskets full of fruit and vegetables they had bought there.
A. them                   B. who                     C. whom                  D. which
 4. The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver pennies, all of ________ over 600 years old.
A. which                 B. that                      C. them                    D. it
5. The cave ________ very dark, he lit some candles ________ light.
A. was; given           B. was; to give          C. being; given          D. being; to give
6. The soldier rushed into the cave, his right hand ________ a gun and his face ________ with sweat.
A held; covered        B. holding; covering   C. holding; covered    D. held; covering 
7. The girl in the snapshot was smiling sweetly, her long hair _________.
A. flowed in the breeze                             B. was flowing in the breeze      
C. were flowing in the breeze                    D. flowing in the breeze
8. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons _________ for the day.
A. finishing              B. finished                C. had finished           D. were finished
9. On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _________ parents seated together joking.
A. their                    B. whose                  C. which                   D. that
10. The Smiths are rich and they have three cars, one a Toyota, ________ Land Rover of the latest.
A. another                B. other                    C. the other               D. the others

【答案与解析】
1. D。half of them novels 为独立主格结构，相当于 and half of them are novels。
2. C。考查“with + 名词 + 过去分词”结构。
3. A。most of them carrying...为独立主格结构，相当于 and most of them were carrying...，也可改为：most of whom were carrying。注意改动后连词 and 的使用和动词 were的使用。
4. C。all of them over 600 years old 为独立主格结构，相当于 and all of them are over 600 years old。
5. D。第一空填 being，构成独立主格结构；第二空填不定式表目的。
6. C。独立主格结构，his right hand 与hold有主谓关系，故用holding,而 his face与 cover是动宾关系，故用covered.
7. D。her long hair 与 flowing 是主动关系，这是“独立主格结构”作状语。
8. B。因lessons与动词finish之间为被动关系，故要用过去分词。其实，their lessons finished for the day为独立主格结构。
9. A。此题容易误选B，认为这是非限制性定语从句。其实，句中的their parents seated together joking 不是非限制性定语从句，而是一个独立主格结构，因为空格后的动词 seated 不是谓语，而是一个过去分词，因为 seat 作动词用时，是及物动词。
10. D。易误选C。后面部分实际上是独立主格结构形式，省略了being。补充完整就是：The Smiths are rich and they have three cars, one being a Toyota, the others being Land Rover of the latest. (两个独立主格结构均表伴随状语)

独立主格结构练习
1. The weather ___ fine, they decided to go out for a walk. 
A. were B. was  　　C. is  D. being 
2. The position given by the teacher___ , Alice went to watch TV. 
　A. being done well  B. has been done well  C. having done well   D. done well
3. The last plane___ , they had to stay in the hotel for another night. 
　A. left  B. having left  C. having been left  D. be leaving 
4. It is a beautiful village with a mountain____ it. 
A. Surrounded  B. surrounding  C. having surrounded  D. having been surrounded 
5. Everything___ into consideration, his work is well done. 
A. taking  B. taken  C. has been taken  D. being taken 
6. All his work___, he left his office at ease. 
　A. finished  B. had been finished  C. finishing  D. to finish 
7. The power station was built on the river with our village and some others___ with electricity. 
　A. to supply  B. supplied  C. supplying  D. having supplied 
8. ____five minutes____ before the last train left, we arrived at the station. 
　A. There being; to go  B. It was; left  C. It had; left  D. There was; to go 
9. Christmas____, the family was full of excitement. 
　A. was then only days away  　　B. were then only days away 
　C. then only days away  　　D. having been then only days away 
10. They first reach an agreement on the basic principle, the details ____ later. 
　A. to work it out  B. having been worked out  C. to be worked out  D. being worked out
11. The purse_____, they went to the police. 
　A. not yet found  B. hasn’t been found  C. being not found  D. not having yet found
12. They sat in the room with the curtains_____. 
　A. drawing  B. having been drawn  C. drawn  D. being drawn 
13. Cars_____, they were punished by the police. 
　A. parking illegally  B. parked illegally  C. being parked illegally  D. having parked illegally 
14. Mr. Smith stood beside the window, his attention ____ the car outside. 
　A. focus on  B. focusing upon  C. focused on  D. been focused on 
15. There____, we left. 
　A. being nothing else to do 　　B. is nothing else to do 
　C. was nothing else to do  　　D. having nothing else to do