中高考总复习-定语从句讲解与练习(含答案).pdf

1初三初三 第第 讲讲学生姓名年级初三初三学科英语授课教师日期时段核心内容初中定语从句课型词汇九年级单词复习语法定语从句教学目标习题配套练习重、难点关系词的运用，长难句的分析中考应用阅读文章的理解，长难句分析 21、定语从句概述：定语从句概述：1.定语从句的概念和位置：定语从句的概念和位置：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句称为定语从句。定语从句通常位于被修饰词（先行词）之后，由关系代词和关系副词引导。例如：I like the music that I can dance to.我喜欢我能随着跳舞的音乐。This is the teaching building which was built last year.这就是去年建成的教学楼。Carmen likes musicians who play different kinds of music.卡门喜欢演奏不同种类音乐的音乐家。2.先行词和关系词。先行词和关系词。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词先行词。指代先行词，放在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用，同时充当定语从句的某一成分（主语，宾语，定语，表语，状语等）的词叫关系词关系词。关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有 that,who,whom,whose,which 等；等；关系副词有关系副词有 when,where,why 等。等。例如：The man who wears glasses is my father.（who 是关系代词，在定语从句中作主语）戴眼镜的那个人是我爸爸。This is the house where I lived two years ago.（where 是关系副词，在定语从句作状语）这是我两年前住过的房子。You must do everything that I told you.（that 是关系代词，在定语从句中作宾语）你必须做我告诉你的每件事。【注意】关系代词代替先行词在定语从句中充当句子成分，因此定语从句中不在重复出现相当于先行词的词。例如：This is the pen that you are looking for.（）This is the pen that you are looking for the pen.（）【要点要点】关系词的三个作用：关系词的三个作用：（1）代替先行词。代替先行词。（2）在定语从句中作成分。在定语从句中作成分。（3）连接先行词与定语从句。连接先行词与定语从句。2关系代词引导的定语从句：关系代词引导的定语从句：引导定语从句的关系代词有 that,which,who,whom,whose 等，关系代词在从句中作主语、宾语、定语、表语。初中阶段所学的关系代词如下表：3关系代词先行词在从句中的成分who人主语、宾语whom人宾语人whose物定语人that物主语、宾语which物主语、宾语1.that 引导的定语从句引导的定语从句1that 既指人，也指物既指人，也指物2在定语从句中作主语、宾语。作宾语时可省略。在定语从句中作主语、宾语。作宾语时可省略。3做介词的宾语时，介词不可提到做介词的宾语时，介词不可提到 that 前，若介词提前，指物用前，若介词提前，指物用 which，指人用，指人用 whom例如：A plane is a machine that can fly.（作主语，指物）飞机是一种能飞的机器。We need a person that is right for the job.（作主语，指人）我们需要一个适合这份工作的人。The lessons(that)he taught were not easily forgotten.（作宾语，指物，可省略）他教的课不容易忘记。【提示】关系代词的选用在很大程度上取决于先行词，它们的关系非常密切。因为关系代词在定语从句中替代先行词，因此它在一般情况下都紧跟在先行词之后，而且它的人称、数必须和先行词保持一致。2.which 引导的定语从句引导的定语从句1which 指物指物2在定语从句中作主语、宾语。在定语从句中作主语、宾语。3作宾语的关系代词作宾语的关系代词 which 可以省略（放在介词后除外）可以省略（放在介词后除外）例如：Colour the birds which are flying.（作主语，不能省略）给那些正常飞的鸟着色。The story(which)he told was interesting.（作宾语，可省略）他讲的那个故事很有趣。The building in which Mary studied was very old.（介词提前，不能省略）Mary 在里面学习的那栋建筑很久。认识中考：4 Why are you so worried?Ive lost the watch my dad bought me on my birthday.A.whom B.who C.whose D.which3.who,whom 引导的宾语从句引导的宾语从句1二者都指人二者都指人2who 在定语从句中作主语或宾语；在定语从句中作主语或宾语；whom 在定语从句中作宾语在定语从句中作宾语3作宾语的关系代词作宾语的关系代词 who，whom 可省略（介词后作宾语的关系代词除外）可省略（介词后作宾语的关系代词除外）例如：We are proud of Mo Yan.我们为莫言感到骄傲。Yes.He is a great writer who won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2012.（作主语，不能省略）是的。他是 2012 年荣获诺贝尔文学奖的一位伟大作家。His cousin married a man(who/whom)she met on a train.（作宾语，可省略）他的表姐嫁给了一个她在火车上遇到的人。【注意注意】whom 在定语从句中作介词的宾语，介词提到在定语从句中作介词的宾语，介词提到 whom 前面时，不能用前面时，不能用 who 代替。代替。刚给你谈话的男孩是约翰。The boy to whom you just talked is John.（）The boy who/whom you just talked to is John.（）The boy to who you just talked to is John.（）【拓展拓展】先行词为先行词为 one,ones,anyone 或或 those（指人）时，定语从句中的关系代词用（指人）时，定语从句中的关系代词用 who.God helps those who help themselves.自助者天助之。4.whose 引导的定语从句引导的定语从句1whose 指人，也可指物。指人，也可指物。2在定语从句中作定语在定语从句中作定语例如：This is the student whose bike was stolen last week.（指人，相当于 the students）这就是上周自行车被偷的那个学生。We want a room whose window looks out over the sea.（指物，相当于 the rooms）我们想要一个窗子朝向大海的房间。【注意注意】当当 whose 不指人而指具体的事物或抽象概念时，可与不指人而指具体的事物或抽象概念时，可与 of which 互换，互换，of which 置于置于名词之前，也可置于名词之后。例如：她住在一座窗户朝南的房子里。名词之前，也可置于名词之后。例如：她住在一座窗户朝南的房子里。5She lives in a house whose windows face south.=She lives in a house of which the windows face the south.=She lives in a house the windows of which face south.3关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词再定语从句中充当状语，一般不可省略。常用的关系副词如下关系副词再定语从句中充当状语，一般不可省略。常用的关系副词如下 when,where,why 等。等。关系副词先行词在从句中的作用when表示时间的先行词时间状语where表示地点的先行词地点状语whyreason原因状语1.when 引导的定语从句引导的定语从句1when 指时间指时间2在定语从句中作时间状语。在定语从句中作时间状语。3先行词通常为先行词通常为 time,day,week 等表示时间的名词。等表示时间的名词。4常可用常可用 on which,in which,during which 等替换等替换例如：Ill never forget the days when we worked on the moon.我永远不会忘记我们再月球工作的那些日子。I still remember the time when I first met you.我仍然记得我一次遇见你的时间。【注意】当先行词表示时间，但关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，关系词不能用 when2.where 引导的定语从句引导的定语从句1where 指地点指地点2在定语从句中作地点状语。他的先行词常为在定语从句中作地点状语。他的先行词常为 place,house,country 等表示地点的名词。等表示地点的名词。例如：The factory where his father works is in the west of the city.他父亲工作的工厂在城市的西边。Keep the magazine in a place where you can find them easily.把杂志放在你容易找到的地方。3.why 引导的定语从句引导的定语从句 61why 指原因，通常是指原因，通常是 reason2在定语从句中作原因状语在定语从句中作原因状语例如：I dont know the reason why he left you.我不知道他离开你的原因。【注意注意】先行词是先行词是 reason,关系副词关系副词 why 在定语从句中作原因状语。但若关系词在定语从句在定语从句中作原因状语。但若关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语，则定语从句用中作主语或宾语，则定语从句用 that 或或 which 引导。引导。4定语从句的注意事项1.用用 that 不用不用 which 的情况的情况1先行词是不定代词时，先行词是不定代词时，如如 anything,everything,nothing,few,all,none,little,much,some 等时，关系代词用等时，关系代词用 that 不用不用 which.例如：She didnt forget anything that her mother had told her to buy.（先行词是 anything）她没有忘记她妈妈让她买的任何东西。This is all that I know.（先行词是 all）这就是我知道的一切。2先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时例如：This is the first textbook that I studied in the primary school.（先行词前有序数词修饰）这是我再小学学习的第一本课本。This is the highest building that I have ever seem.（先行词有最高级修饰）这是我曾经加过的最高的建筑。认识中考：Everyone has his aim in life.However,you cant get fat on one mouthful.Start with the easiest thingyou can control.A.who B.that C.which3先行词既指人，也指物时先行词既指人，也指物时例如：He told us many interesting things and person that we had never heard.（先行词有人也有物）他给我妈讲了许多我们从没听说过的有趣的物和人。She was watching the children and parcels that filled the car.（先行词有人也有物）她正望着慢车的孩子和包裹。74当主句是以当主句是以 who 或或 which 开头的特殊疑问句是开头的特殊疑问句是例如：Who is the man that you spoke to just now？(主句是以 who 开头的特殊疑问句）刚才你跟他说话的那个人是谁？Which is the book that you want to borrow?（主句是以 which 开头的特殊疑问句）你想要借的书是哪一本？5先行词前有先行词前有 the only,the very 等修饰时等修饰时例如：That is the only book that interests the boys.那是唯一使男孩子感兴趣的书。This is the very computer that I want to buy.这正是我想买的电脑。2.用用 which 不用不用 that 的情况的情况1关系代词前有介词指事物时关系代词前有介词指事物时例如：Im looking for a box in which I can put all these apples.我在找一个能把所有这些苹果放进去的盒子。2 先行词本身就是先行词本身就是 that 时时例如：We dont like that which he did.我们不喜欢他做的那件事。3引导非限制性定语从句引导非限制性定语从句例如：I like this chair,which was bought yesterday.我喜欢这把椅子，它是昨天买的。【拓展】限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句：1)限制性定语从句与主句关系密切，不能用逗号把它们隔开，也不能将从句省去，否则主句的意思不完整。2)非限制性定语从句是对先行词的附加说明，把它去掉并不影响主句意思的完整性。非限制性定语从句的特点是与主句的关系不密切，从句和从句常用逗号隔开。3.定语从句的主谓一致定语从句的主谓一致 关系代词在从句中作主语时，定语从句谓语动词的单复数要与先行词保持一致。先行词是关系代词在从句中作主语时，定语从句谓语动词的单复数要与先行词保持一致。先行词是单数，从句谓语动词用单数；先行词是复数，从句的谓语动词用复数。单数，从句谓语动词用单数；先行词是复数，从句的谓语动词用复数。例如：The man who is playing basketball is my PE teacher.正在打篮球的那个人是我的体育老师。Those who are going there come here.要去的人到这儿来。8认识中考：Is there anything to you?A.that is belong B.that belong C.that belongs D.which belongs4.选用关系代词和关系副词的依据选用关系代词和关系副词的依据1依据定语从句的谓语动词判断依据定语从句的谓语动词判断定语从句的谓语动词如果是及物动词，后面没有宾语，用关系代词；定语从句的谓语定语从句的谓语动词如果是及物动词，后面没有宾语，用关系代词；定语从句的谓语动词如果是不及物动词，用关系副词。动词如果是不及物动词，用关系副词。例如：This is the company that/which I visited last year.（关系代词；visit 是及物动词，其后无宾语）这就是我去年参观过的那个公司。This is the company where he used to work.（关系副词，work 是不及物动词）这就是以前他工作过的那个公司。【提示提示】判断的小窍门：判断的小窍门：把谓语动词与先行词连接起来，看他们是否构成动宾关系，如果能直接构成动宾关系，则该谓语动词时及物动词，否则为不及物动词。2依据定语从句缺少的成分判断依据定语从句缺少的成分判断分析定语从句缺少何种成分（主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语），如果缺少主语，宾语，表语，定语则用关系代词；如果缺少状语用关系副词。例如：Is this the park(that/which)you visited last week?（关系代词，visit 缺少宾语）这就是你上周参观过的那个公园吗？Is this the park where the exhibition was held?（关系副词，从句不需要宾语，缺少地点状语）这就是举办展览的那个公园吗？【注意注意】一定要记住关系副词不能做主语或宾语。一定要记住关系副词不能做主语或宾语。5.介词介词+关系代词的用法关系代词的用法此结构中关系代词要用 which,whose,whom,不可以用 that 和 who。该结构的中的介词可以根据定语从句中谓语动词的搭配、先行词的搭配或句子的意义来确定。介词再定语从句句末，可以省略作宾语的关系代词。但是介词再定语从句前面时，不能省略作宾语的关系代词。例如：The teacher for whom you are waiting is coming.（介词 for 根据 wait 的固定搭配）你 9等的那位老师来了。This is the camera with which Tom often takes photos.（根据先行词的搭配确定）这就是汤姆常用来拍照的相机。This is the soldier by whom my son was saved.（根据句子的意思确定）这就救了我儿子的那位士兵。【注意注意】有些有些“动词动词+介词介词”短语不可拆开，不可把介词置于关系代词之前。短语不可拆开，不可把介词置于关系代词之前。例如：It is the bag which she is looking for.这就是她一直在找的那个包。The children whom the nurse are looking after are very healthy.由这些护士照看的孩子都很健康。【拓展】常见的不可拆开的动词短语：hear of 听说 look for 寻找 look after 照顾 care for 照顾，护理 deal with 处理，对付 send for 派人去请定语从句练习：定语从句练习：练习(一)请分析一下定语从句：(请划出定语从句，并标出先行词)1.Check the ways you study for an English test.2.Another thing that I found very difficult was English grammar.3.You couldnt understand people who talked fast.4.I have some ideas that may help.5.They said something you didnt like.二、用关系代词填空：that、which、who、whom、whose 1.This is the man _who/that wants to see you.2.The student _who _/that _ answered the question is Zhang Hua.3.The man _who/whom/that_ you went to see has come.4.The man _who/that/whom_I met yesterday lent me some money.108.The man _who/that_was passing by saw what happened.9.Here is the pen _that/which_ you lost the day before yesterday.10.These books _that/which_ you lent me were very useful.三、单项选择1.Your teacher of Chinese is a young lady_ comes from Beijing.A.who B.which C.whom D.whose2 I like the house_ windows face south.A.whose B.whos C.its D.its3 He was the only person in his office_ was invited.A.whom B.whose C.that D.which4.This is the museum_ we visited last year.A.where B.in which C.which D.in that5.Charlie told his mother all_ had happened.A.that B.what C.which D.who6.Where is the School English Speech Contest going to be held tonight?Im not sure.Is it in the hall _ can hold 300 people?A.where B.what C.that D.when7.What kind of movies do you like?I like movies _ scary monsters.A.which has B.that have C.what has D.why have8.Do you know the man _ is talking to Miss Wu?A.heB.whomC.whoD.which9.Which is your new neighbor,Liu Hua?The man _ T-shirt is red.A.that B.who C.which D.whose10.Do you know the girl _ is talking with our teacher?11 Oh,shes my sister.A.who B.whose C.whom D.where11.People _ overweight need more water than thin people.A.who is B.which are C.that is D.who are12.Sorry,we dont have the coat _ you need.A.what B.who C.whom D.which13.This is the dictionary _ Mum gave me for my birthday.A.which B.what C.whose D.whom14.Do you know the man _ is sitting behind Nancy?A.what B.which C.who D.whom15.The book _ he bought yesterday is very interesting.A./B.why C.when D.what状语从句专练.选择填空：1.The man cant get on the bus because there _ no room on it.A.was B.is C.are D.were2.I was listening to the music _ there was a knock at the door.A.while B.when C.because D.until3.I dont know if he _ tomorrow,if he _,Ill meet him.A.will come,comes B.comes,comes C.will come,will come D.come,will come 4 The teacher understands that _ Maths had always been easy for him,it is not easy for the students.A.since B.unless C.though D.when5._ I read,the more I understand.A.The more B.So much C.How much D.For all 126.Would you give Johnny this letter if you _ to see him this week.A.will happen B.happen C.are happened D.happened7.She was busy,_ she couldnt go to your birthday party last night.A.and B.so C.or D.but8.English is _ a useful language _ it is spoken in many countries of the world.A.sothat B.suchthat C.sobecause D.suchbecause9.You will succeed if you _ harder.A.will work B.wont work C.work D.dont work10.Write clearly _ your teacher can understand you correctly.A.since B.for C.because D.so that11.His brother has worked there _ he left school.A.when B.after C.since D.until12.The boy didnt stop talking _ the second bell rang.A.when B.until C.after D.because13.He ran as fast as possible _ he could reach school on time.A.in order to B.so as to C.when D.so that初中宾语从句练习题初中宾语从句练习题1.I dont know _ he will come tomorrow._ he comes,Ill tell you A.if;Whether B.whether;Whether C.if;That D.if;If2.Could you tell me _ the nearest hospital is?A.what B.how C.whether D.where3.Do you know where _ now?A.he lives B.does he live C.he lived D.did he live4.Do you know what time _?A.the train leave B.does the train leave C.will the train leave D.the train leaves5.She wanted to know _her mother liked the present.A which B that C.if D.what 136.Do you know _has been selected to attend(参加)the meeting?A who B.how C.why D.that7.They know _ he doesnt want to take part in the project.A.who B.what C.that D.whose8.She doesnt know _to stay or not.A.whether B.if C.why D.what9.The teacher told me that light _ faster than sound.A.traveled B.is traveling C.had traveled D.travels10.I will find out _.A.why is he late B.why isnt he late C.why late he is D.why he is late