工程管理-外文翻译-外文文献-英文文献.doc

摘要

　　本翻译主要针对工程管理本专业的工程项目管理、工程量清单、工程量等专业术语进行阐述，从而使自己对工程管理专业有更深刻的了解和认识。当前，世界经济一体化，我国随后加入了世贸组织，使我国在各行各业都有了新的突破，为了增强国际竞争力，在重视硬件发展的同时，我们不能忽视软件（工程管理）的发展。因此，工程量清单计价规范和无底招标的推行使我国工程管理和工程量清单等实现了与国际社会的全面接轨。

关键词：工程管理，工程量清单，工程量

工程管理是对具有技术成分的活动进行计划、组织、资源分配以及指导和控制的科学和艺术。中国工程院咨询项目《我国工程管理科学发展现状研究》报告中对工程管理有如下界定：工程管理是指为实现预期目标，有效利用资源，对工程所进行的决策、计划、组织、指挥、协调与控制。工程项目管理是工程管理的一个主要组成部分，它采用项目管理方法对工程的建设过程进行管理，通过计划和控制保证工程项目目标的实现，不仅包括工程项目管理，还包括工程的决策、工程估价、工程合同管理、工程经济分析、工程技术管理、工程质量管理、工程的投融资、工程资产管理等。
工程管理的目标是取得工程的成功，是工程达到成功的各项要求，对于一个具体的工程，这些要求就转化为工程的目标。同时，工程管理是对工程全生命期的管理，包括对工程的前期决策的管理、设计和计划的管理、施工的管理、运营维护管理等。除此之外，工程管理是以工程为对象的系统管理方法，通过一个临时性的、专门的柔性组织，对工程建设和运营过程进行高效率的计划、组织、指导和控制，以对工程进行全过程的动态管理，实现工程的目标。因此，目前在工程管理方面应从以下几方面学习：
1、技术领域
工程管理专业培养具备管理学、经济学和土木工程技术的基本知识，学生在校学习期间，要接受工程师和经济师的基本素质训练，打好工程技术、管理、经济、法律、外语及计算机应用方面的坚实基础。管理学院在对工程管理专业人才培养过程中，积极提供相应条件，使学生根据自身能力，能够攻读相关学科专业的双学位和双专业。
有不少人认为工程管理就是一种单纯的管理学科，工程管理需要学习的不仅仅是一种管理的思想，同时还要求有一定的工程背景和数学知识。
2、培养要求
在这门专业的学习中，应明白一个基本的等式就是“工程管理=工程技术+经济管理”，当然决不是简单的相加，而应当掌握几个基本的技能：
（1）掌握以土木工程技术为主的理论知识和实践技能；
（2）掌握相关的管理理论和方法；
（3）掌握相关的经济理论；
（4）掌握相关的法律、法规；
（5）具有从事工程管理的理论知识和实践能力；
（6）具有阅读工程管理专业外语文献的能力；
（7）具有运用计算机辅助解决工程管理问题的能力；
（8）具有较强的科学研究能力。总的来说，工程管理还是偏重于管理科学，适合那些人际交往能力强，又善于用理性去思考问题的考生报考。
3、培养目标
本专业的培养目标是培养适应现代化建设需要，德智体全面发展，具备工程技术及经济管理、法律等基本知识，获得工程师基本训练，具有较强实践能力、创新能力、组织管理能力的高级工程管理人才。工程管理专业与国家注册监理工程师、国家注册造价工程师的知识结构相接轨，专业方向涵盖工程项目管理、房地产管理经营、工程投资与造价管理、国际工程承包等方向。毕业生可从事工程咨询、工程项目施工、房地产开发与经营的相关工作，专业覆盖面宽，从业范围广，社会需求大。
4、就业状况
工程管理专业的就业领域涉及建筑工程、工程施工和控制管理、房地产经营以及金融、宾馆、贸易等行业部门的管理工作。这一专业涉及就业领域对人才的大量需求比较普遍。从银行证券到酒店宾馆，从建筑企业到房地产开发公司都急需补充大量的工程营造管理及相关专业的人才，因此人才市场上对该专业人才的需求量很大。该专业就业领域所涉及到的工作是：综合系统地运用管理、建筑、经济、法律等基本知识，侧重于工程建筑、施工管理以及房地产经营开发，并熟悉中国相关的方针、政策和法规，进行企业工程开发建设项目的经营和管理。
近年来由于市场经济的发展需要，国家修改制定了一系列相关的就业政策，为专业人才的发展创造更加有利的市场环境，完善了专业人才尤其是高校毕业生脱颖而出的市场机制。北京市先后出台了《北京招聘外地人才细则》等政策，使外地专业人才留京之路进一步拓宽。享受政策优惠的人才包括从事科技、文教、经贸等工作，具有大学专科以上学历，人事关系和常住户口不在北京市的专业技术人员和管理人员。该专业毕业生在就业时需注意三个问题。第一、就业时要分清主次。在择业时应把事业放在第一位，其次才是工作地点的选取。经济发达省市的建筑业市场已趋于饱和，而中西部地区则刚刚起步，选择落后地区将有助于自己今后长远的发展；第二、根据自己的特点和能力合理地选择职业。应做好自我能力水平的分析，知道自己知识能力适用于哪些具体职位和工作；第三、就业时不应以金钱作为衡量事业成功的尺度，应着眼长远，选择对自己长远发展有利的职业。从北京市国际展览中心人才交流会的状况来看，近几年该专业毕业生就业状况出现明显好转，但比起有经验的人员还比较逊色。
而与此专业就业领域相关的主要行业之一是房地产业。这一行业的发展趋势随着国民经济整体形势不断好转逐渐走向高潮，住宅投资和市场需求全面看好。2000年一季度北京市完成投资34．6亿元，增长16．9%。从长期看，竣工面积升幅将下降，而需求面积将上升，供求形势乐观。个性鲜明、外观典雅的经济型住房将大受欢迎。同时政府将继续加大城建投资力度。房地产行业向着好的形势不断发展。但机遇与竞争并存，激烈的市场竞争对房地产业的开发建设、经营管理都提出了更高的要求。市场越来越注重专业化的竞争：房盘设计的专业化、周围社区服务的专业化以及相关物业管理的专业化。顺应行业专业化发展的趋势，相关的职业也将呈现出专业化发展的态势，使原来的职业逐渐细分，达到功能运作的合理与完善，以适应激烈的市场竞争。该专业毕业生就业趋势，也将逐步适应市场行业的快节奏发展步伐，在全行业回暖的经济背景下，在与国际化逐渐接轨的历史条件下，继续向好的方向发展。
除此之外，在工程管理项目中，工程量清单是完成建设工程需要实施的各个分项及其工程数量的明细清单，它是将设计图纸和业主对项目的建设要求以及要求承建人完成的工作转换成许多条明细分项和数量的表单格式，每条分项描述叫一个清单项目或清单分项，它也反映了承包人完成建设项目需要实施的具体的分项目标。
工程量清单是投标人填报分项工程单价，对工程进行计价的依据。招标人提供的工程量清单为投标人提供了一个平等的竞争报价的基础。实行工程量清单计价是建立公开、公正、公平的工程计价和竞价的市场环境，逐步解决定额计价中与工程建设市场不相适应的因素，深化建设工程招标投标工作的改革措施，实行建立在工程量清单计价模式上的招投标制度具有很强的优越性：1>充分引人市场竞争机制，规范招标投标行为。2>实现量价为分离、强调风险分担，促进各方面管理水平提高。>3增强招投标过程的透明度，淡化标底的作用。4>缩短招标周期、提高社会效益。5>加快改革开放步伐，引人国际竞争机制。
工程量是指以物理计量单位或自然计量单位表示的建筑工程各个分项工程或结构构件的实物数量。工程量是确定工程量清单、建筑工程直接费、编制工程施工组织、安排工程施工进度、编制材料供应计划、进行统计工作和实现经济核算的重要依据。其计算是一个重要而细致的过程，在计算过程中，除依据工程量清单计价规范和定额中工程量计算规则的各项规定外，还应依据下列文件来进行计算：1>经审定的施工图纸及设计说明书、相关图集、设计变更资料、图纸答疑、会审记录等。2>经审定的施工组织设计或施工方案。3>工程施工合同、招标文件的商务条款。4>经审定的其他有关技术经济文件。
总之，我国对工程项目管理、工程量清单以及工程量进行严格要求，为保证我国建筑行业的质量和安全奠定了基础。因此,改变原有工程造价估算，概算，预算，合同价格，结算价，决算完成搬迁的。缺乏连续性的情况下, 以完善的控制水平，发展控制系统的投资项目, 投资建设项目,可以促进我国社会主义市场经济发展,适应全球经济一体化进程。

Project management professional foreign language translation

Summary

The translation is mainly for project management professional project management, engineering, engineering and other professional terminology to explain, allowing themselves to have a better knowledge and understanding of project management major. At present, the world economy, then joined the World Trade Organization, so that there is a new breakthrough in all sorts, in order to enhance their international competitiveness, emphasis on hardware development at the same time, we cannot ignore the software (management) development. Therefore, normative and non-implementation of the tendering of Bill of quantities of engineering management and Bill of quantities to achieve a full integration with the international community.

Key words: project management, Bill of quantities, quantities

Project management is to plan, organize activities with technological components, resource allocation, as well as guidance and control of science and art. Consulting project of the Chinese Academy of engineering engineering management of the status quo of scientific research of engineering management in the report has the following definition: project management is expected to achieve its objectives, the efficient use of resources, project decision making, planning, organizing, directing, coordinating and controlling. Project management is a major component of project management, it project management methodology for project process management, planning and control guarantees the achievement of project objectives, including not only project management, including decision-making, project evaluation, project economic analysis of contract management, engineering, project management, project quality management, project investment and financing, asset management, such as.
Project management's goal is to achieve project success, is to meet successfully the requirements for a specific project, these requirements translate into the target.At the same time, project management is the project life-cycle management, including early decisions for engineering design and management, program management, construction management, operations, maintenance and management. In addition, project management is aimed at engineering approach to systems management, through an ad hoc, flexible organizations, specialized, project construction and operations processes for efficient planning, organizing, directing and controlling based on dynamic management of engineering, realization of the project objectives. Therefore, in engineering management from the following areas:
1、Technology project
Management professional training with basic knowledge in management, economics and civil engineering technology students during the study period, to accept the basic quality and training of engineers and economists, good engineering, management, economics, law, foreign languages, and a solid foundation of computer applications. School of management in engineering management in the course of professional training, also provides the appropriate conditions, students according to their ability, to pursue a dual degree in related disciplines, and double majors.
A lot of people believe that project management is a simple management discipline, project management needs to learn more than just a management idea, also requires a certain degree of knowledge of engineering and mathematics.
2、Training requirements
In the professional learning, should understand this basic equation is "project management = economic+ management of engineering", of course, by no means a simple sum, but some basic skills:
(1) Master in civil engineering technology-oriented theoretical knowledge and practical skills;
(2) To acquire the relevant management theory and methods;
(3) Control of economic theory;
(4) Acquire the relevant laws and regulations;
(5)With the theoretical knowledge and practical abilities in engineering management;
(6) Has a reading ability to project management professional foreign language documents;
(7) With the use of computer-assisted project management problem-solving abilities;
(8) With strong scientific research capabilities. In General, project management emphasis on scientific management, for those strong interpersonal communication skills, and good reason to think the candidates.
3、Cultivation and training objectives in the field
This professional training objective is the modernization of training needs, the needs of development, with basic knowledge such as engineering and economic management, legal, access to basic training of engineers, with a strong practical ability, creativity, organization and management of advanced project management talents. Project management professional and national registered supervision engineers, State-registered cost engineer knowledge structures of integration into the professional direction covering project management, property management, and cost management of project investment, international project contracting and other directions. Graduates in engineering consulting, project construction, real estate development and management of related work, professional wide coverage, industry wide social needs.
4、The employment situation
Of engineering management major areas of employment involved in construction, engineering, construction and management, property management, and financial management, hotels, trade and industry sectors. This specialty involves high demand for talents in the field of employment more widespread. Securities from banks to hotels, from construction to real estate development companies will need to replenish large amounts of engineering construction management and related professional talents, talents for the professionals are in great demand on the market. The work of the professionals involved in the field of employment are: integrated systems management, architectural, economic, legal, and other basic knowledge, focused on engineering and construction, construction management and real estate management and development, and is familiar with China's related guidelines, policies and regulations, enterprise operation and management of project development and construction projects.
In recent years due to the development of the market economy needs review formulated a series of relevant employment policy, for　professional development and create a more favorable market environment and perfect professionals, especially college graduates stand out on the market mechanism. Beijing, which follows the recruitment of foreign talent rules and other policies, so that professionals in the field remain road to Beijing to further expand. Favourable policy for talent, including engaging in economic and trade, science and technology, culture, education, work, have a university diploma, human relations and the city of residence was not in Beijing by professional technicians and managers. The graduates in employment should pay attention to three issues. First, employment is to distinguish between major and minor. In choosing a career should be placed in the first position, followed by selection of the duty stations. Economically developed provinces and cities in the construction market has become saturated, while the Midwest is just getting started, select backward areas will contribute to the long-term development of their future; the second, according to its own characteristics and reasonable choice of career. Analysis of your ability level, knowing knowledge applicable to specific positions and work; third, employment, money should not be used as a measure of success, you should look forward to the future, enabling occupations selected for their long-term development. Judging from the talent fair in Beijing International Exhibition Center, specialized graduates ' employment situation improved markedly in recent years, but compared to the relatively less experienced personnel.
With this professional real estate industry is one of the major areas of employment-related industry. The trend in this industry with improving the overall situation of the national economy gradually towards orgasm, residential investment and market demand overall look good. In 2000, Beijing completed investment of 3.46 billion yuan in the first quarter In the long run, completed an increase will fall and demand areas will rise, optimism the supply and demand situation. Budget homes, distinctive, elegant appearance will be very popular. While the Government will continue its efforts to increase investment in urban construction. Real estate industry in good situations continue to develop. But both opportunities and competition, the intensity of competition in the market for real estate development, construction, operation and management of the industry has put forward higher requirements. Competition in the market is increasingly focusing on specialization: Fang Pan design services of specialized professional, and the surrounding communities as well as professional property management. Conform to the professional development of trends in the industry, related occupations will also show a trend of specialization development, so that the original's career gradually subdivided, meet reasonable and improvement of functions, to meet the fierce competition in the market. The graduate employment trends, will gradually adapt to the fast-paced development of the marketing industry, warmer across the industry under the background of economic, and internationalization of the gradual convergence of historical circumstances, continue to develop in a good direction.
Besides, in engineering management project in the, engineering volume list is completed construction engineering needs implementation of all points items and engineering number of detail list, it is will design drawings and owners on project of construction requires and requires contractors people completed of work conversion into many article detail points items and number of table single format, each article points items description called a list project or list points items, it also reflect has contractor completed construction project needs implementation of specific of points items target.
Engineering quantity list price bidders is to complete project, on project basis for valuation. Bill of quantities provided by the tenderer for bidders to provide a competitive quote on an equal basis. Introduced engineering volume list pricing is established open, and just, and fair of engineering pricing and bid of market environment, gradually settlement fixed pricing in the and engineering construction market not phase adapted of factors, deepening construction engineering tender bid work of reform measures, introduced established in engineering volume list pricing mode Shang of enrollment bid system has is strong of superiority: 1> full inductive market competition mechanism, specification tender bid acts. Volume pricing for the separation of 2>, stressed the risk-sharing and to promote management development. >3 enhanced transparency in the bidding process, play down the role of bidding. 4> shorten the tendering cycle, increase social benefits. 5> accelerate the pace of reform and opening up, source of international competition.
Quantities are expressed in physical units of measurement or natural units of measurement of building works or structural elements of physical quantities. Engineering is the engin