初中英语阅读理解的解题技巧.doc

初中英语阅读理解的解题技巧
阅读理解也是中考英语题的必考题目之一，本题型旨在考查学生阅读，理解的能力，几年来，中考英语题中的阅读理解材料新，题材丰富，考查学生综合推断能力，根据语篇猜单词意思的能力的力度加大，也考查学生关注细节的能力。所以学生往往要么没能正确理解语篇中某些句子的意思，在细节题上丢分，要么就是对语篇的整体把握不够，在综合题或者推断题方面丢分。那么到底怎么做好阅读理解这一题型呢？我将从以下三个方面谈论这个问题：
一、解题思路
（一）先读问题，弄清考查要点，以便能带着问题看文章，这样会心中有数，有的放矢。
（二）快速浏览全文，掌握全貌，注意发现与问题有关的信息，如果时间紧，至少要扫视一下起首段和尾段。再把标题和文章内容结合起来想一想，这样全文大意便清楚了。此时，不要忙于答题。
（三）细读原文，捕捉相关信息词，掌握短文细节内容。这是解题的关键，应特别注意以下几点：
1． 抓住四个"W"和一个"H"，就是边读边用铅笔做些标记，把What (事件)，When（时间），Where（地点），Why（原因），How（经过）划出来。抓住了四个“W”和一个“H”，就抓住了文章的全貌，一些直接性的问题便可解决。
2．抓住连接词及起关键作用的副词、代词、介词、插入语等。因为这些词具有因果，让步，递进，转折，指代，列举及承上启下等各种连接上下文的特殊功能。这对考生分清文章层次，辨明各种关系，了解人物心理，推断作者意图，进行逻辑推理等手段来分析难点，都具有举足轻重的作用。
3． 注意领会文章的寓意。
4．根据题意，初选答案。这一步须仔细审题，领会测试要求，确定解题方法。对那些明显的，有把握的题可以断然确定，不必把其余三个答案再作推敲而浪费时间：有些略难的题，应再查阅短文（不是重读一遍），迅速找出依据，予以排除。常用的解题方法有如下几种：
① 直接解题法。即从原文中直接找出答案。
② 归纳解题法。对于不能从原文中直接找出答案的可在把握全文中心和线索的前题下进行概括、归纳得出正确答案。
③ 综合推理法。读者需统观全文，认真分析，综合推理及至计算，最后归纳出正确答案。
题干中有"suggest, conclude, conclusion, probably, reason, because, according to“等字眼时，属于推断概括型，考查内容着眼于全篇，考生应具备一定的分析归纳，推理等逻辑思维能力。
④ 捕捉关键词。在阅读时应该注意与问题相关的同义词，近义词，反义词或同位词等信息词来得出正确答案。
⑤ 转换解题法。即原文这么说，而在问题和所给选项中则用另外的词去转换一种说法，但仍表示同一含义。
⑥ 排除法。根据语言，句法结构，信息词和常识，在没有把握的选项中用排除法得出正确答案。
四、重读原文，仔细斟酌核对答案。在解完最后一道题后，如果时间允许，再将原文读一遍；用全文的主题思想统率各思考题，研究其内在联系和逻辑关系，目的在于对所做答案进一步审查，推出未解答的题，以便减少失误。
二、题型分类
初中英语阅读理解往往有以下三大题型，抓住它的解法和思路，就可以顺利做好这些题目：
（一）选择符合文章的选项
（二）判断正误
（三）根据文章内容回答问题，现今该题型归纳在任务型阅读中，此处不做详解。

典型例题分析
（一）根据内容，从短文后每题的四个选项中选择最佳的一项。
Mr Brown first went to look at the underground - fire when he was seven. "Through the hole（洞）in the earth you could see the orange fire, but you had to look fast because it was so hot," said Mr Brown. In 1898, he saw the fire once more（再一次）.
Now, we can only see the smoke. The fire Mr Brown saw is not the underground - fire. In fact, there are 260 coal（煤）fires in the world. They are harmful（有害）and dangerous. Then how to put them out?
Scientists have tried to set（放置）fire to underground coal to speed up（加速）the fires. In this way, the burning（燃烧）of underground coal would be soon finished.（被烧完）。
1. Mr Brown first saw the underground - fire ________.
A. at the age of seven B. seven years old
C. in the year of 1898 D. more than（超过）80 years ago
2. Mr Brown said that we had to take a fast look at the fire because ________.
A. it was in the hole B. it was very hot
C. it was orange D. it was harmful
3. How many coal fires are there in the world?
A. There's only one. B. It's hard to say.
C. There are 260. D. The article（文章）doesn't tell us.
4. What’s one of the best ways to put out（扑灭）the underground fire?
A. To cover（覆盖）the holes with stones（石块）.
B. To speed up the fires.
C. To see the fires burning.
D. To do some experiments（试验）.
5. What is the best title（标题）for the article?
A. Watching the Underground - Fire.
B. A Way to Put Out the Coal Fires.
C. The Burning Earth.
D. Coal and Coal Fires.
答案分析]
1. 在文章的第一段的第一句里可以找到依据。at the age of seven 等于when he was seven，故正确答案为 A 。
2．这一题可以在第一段里直接找到答案，属于直接回答题。正确答案为 B。
3．这一题可以在第二段里直接找到答案，属于直接回答题。正确答案为 C。
4．在文章的最后一段提到了扑灭火的最好方法，那就是使火加速燃烧。正确答案为 B。
5．完成这道题需作一定的归纳，因为文章中没有给出直接的回答。文章从Mr Brown两次看火，然后说出地下火的危害，最后提出如何灭火的方法。文章的前两段是给为什么要灭火和如何灭火铺垫，如何灭火才是文章的中心。故正确答案为 B。

（二）根据文章内容判断正误
Fred telephoned his wife. “I’ve got two free tickets for the theatre tonight,” he told her. “Meet me outside the office. We’ll have something to eat and then go on to the theatre.”
Fred’s wife was very pleased. They hadn’t been to the theatre for a long time. She met her husband as he told her. They had dinner and got to the theatre just in time.
At the entrance Fred took out his wallet to get the tickets. “It’s very strange,” he said. “They aren’t here!” “Try your pockets,” said his wife. But the tickets weren’t there, either.
Then Fred looked very embarrassed (尴尬). “What’s the matter?” asked his wife. “Well,” Fred said, “I remember what I did with my tickets. I put them in my bag. But because I wasn’t going home, I left it in the office!”
( ) 1. One day, Fred was given the tickets
for the theatre.
( ) 2. Fred and his wife went to the
theatre quite often.
( ) 3. Fred wanted to meet his wife in a
restaurant.
( ) 4. They reached the theatre neither
late nor early.
( ) 5. Then Fred couldn’t find his tickets and remembered what he had done with the tickets.

答案分析：
1、T 因为第一段中提到Fred told his wife
“I’ve got two free tickets…” “free” 此处是免费的意思。
2、F 第二段中提到“They hadn’t been to the theater
for a long time.”
3、F 第一段中Fred说“Meet me outside the office.”
4、T 第二段中“in time”是及时的意思。
5. T 结尾处提到的。
（三）阅读下面短文，然后回答文后问题。
Taking exams always makes me nervous．What about you? Here are some suggestions that my friend offers me．
Preparing for exams
The most important part of preparing for an exam is to know what to study．Review subjects you've spent a long time on during classes，look through what you were asked to read and topics of essays and homework，or ask your teachers to see if they can give a few suggestions．Once you know what to study，the next is to know how to study．
Arriving at an exam
How you arrive at an exam will decide how you take your exam．Be sure to arrive：Early．
With a full stomach．
Well rested．
With all the things you will need for the exam．
Having your own exam habits
Before you begin your exam，be sure to：Set up your things close by．
Put your name and other identification information on your exam-answer sheet．
Read all the directions．
Make a brief plan about how you will divide your time between sections．
Take a few deep breaths every time you feel nervous．
If you prepare well for your exam，arrive confidently and settle in before you begin．Don't spend more time on a question that you should unless you're ahead of schedule(时间表)．
根据短文内容，回答下面的问题。
1．What is the most important before you take an exam?
_________________________________________________________
2．Should you arrive at an exam early or on time?
_________________________________________________________
3．What should you do if you feel nervous just before an exam?
_________________________________________________________
4．How would you feel if you got everything ready?
_________________________________________________________

答案分析：
1．to know what to study 根据建议一可知，考前最重要的就是要知道学什么。
2．Early 根据建议二可知，考试时要提前到。
3．Take a few deep breaths 根据建议三可知，考前紧张是要深吸一口气，能缓解紧张的心情。
4．Confident．根据短文内容可知，一切准备就绪，你就会很自信。
三、题材分析
（一）家庭、朋友与个人情况
在中考阅读理解中，记叙文阅读题目的考查难度逐年增加，多使用贴近学生生活的素材，多以故事形式出现。针对这种题型主要抓四大要素，即时间、地点、人物和事件的起因、发展和结果，以及人物之间的关系，从中分析他们的思想品质、性格特征等；理解文章大意后，找出关键的句子和一些与考查内容有关的问题所在，这样，便于我们解题时“顺藤摸瓜”，找出问题的答案。
这类阅读一般是对文章理解能力的考查，抓住文章的关键句和关键词是非常重要的。
做题思路：先看清题干，带着问题读文章，明确把握问题指向，避免“回视”现象，提高做题的速度。
例如：
1990 was a significant year in world events．In February，Nelson Mandela was set free after 27 years in prison．In October，East and West Germany became one country again．Then at the end of 1990，the World Wide Web was born．For this final event we have one man to thank，Tim Berners Lee，the father of the Web．
Berners Lee was born on June 8，1955 in London，England．His parents，both computer designers，encouraged him to think and work creatively as he grew up．He was an excellent student and naturally took an interest in computers and science．
After graduating from Oxford University，Tim went to work at a science research centre in Switzerland．There he developed some of the different systems that would later become the Web．The first was HTML，the computer language used to make web pages．The second was an address system that let computers anywhere find each other and send and receive information．In 1990，while still at the science centre in Switzerland，he put them together to make the first Internet browser(浏览器)．It could run on any computer and allowed people to creat website to share their information with the rest of the world．
Tim knew that the more people used the Web，the more useful it would be．He wasn't interested in money but knowledge，so he gave out his invention for free to anyone who was interested．Many were interested and the growth of the Internet began．
Today Tim works as a professor at the MIT in America，researching new and interesting ways to use the Web．He has received many awards from governments and organizations for his efforts．He is still not very interested in money．That is why he is so admired by his students and workmates．It may also be one of the reasons that few people outside the world of technology know his name．
阅读短文，根据短文内容选择最佳答案。
( ) 1．The underlined word "significant" (in Paragraph 1) most probably means "_________"．
A．strange B．terrible C．important D．difficult
( ) 2．Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?
A．The address system was used to make web pages．
B．The World Wide Web was created in Switzerland．
C．The first web browser was very expensive to buy．
D．Many people could use the Internet before 1990．
( ) 3．What can we learn about Berners Lee from the passage?
A．He was encouraged to be creative．
B．He didn't do well at school．
C．He is a very poor businessman．
D．He is well known all over the world．
( ) 4．Where does Berners Lee live today?
A．England． B．Switzerland． C．America． D．Canada．
( ) 5．What is the passage mainly about?
A．The events that took place in 1990．
B．The history of the Internet．
C．The invention of the Internet browser．
D．The man who created the Word Wide Web

答案解析：
1．C 根据第一段第三、四句话可知，发生在 1990 年的世界事件：东西德统一，World Wide Web 的诞生。由此我们不难推测出，significant 是指“重要，重大”。故选 C。
2．B 根据第三段“...an address system that let computers anywhere find each other and send and receive information...”可知选项 A 与此不符；根据第四段可知，Tim 只对知识感兴趣而对金钱并不感兴趣，因此他免费贡献出他的发明 web browser，故选项 C 不正确；根据第一段，我们知道 web 是在 1990 年诞生的，因此 1990 年前，人们不可能使用 web，故排除 D。所以正确答案为 B。
3．A 根据第二段可知，Tim 学习成绩优秀，故排除 B；文中没有提 Tim 是个商人，故排除 C；根据最后一段最后一句话“...few people outside the world of technology know his name．”可知 Tim 并非世界闻名，故排除 D。根据文中第二段“...encouraged him to think and work creatively...”可知正确答案为 A。
4．C 根据最后一段第一句可知 Tim 现在住在美国。
5．D 这篇文章主要介绍的是 Web 之父 Tim Berners Lee．

（二）学校生活与语言学习
校园生活与语言学习是中考阅读理解考查的一个热点话题，一方面与学生生活、学习、交流等息息相关；另一方面，来自社会，紧贴社会生活，具有一定的时代感和现实意义。这类话题多是说明文，做题时要注意说明的对象、内容及说明方法。这类题要注意每段话的开头部分，整体把握材料信息。
做题思路：把握信息，找出题眼，梳理信息，进行解答问题。
When you see the girl for the first time，you may think she is a boy．She is very outgoing(外向的)．Who is she? Wang Meng，the Chinese top skater．
On the evening of February 26th，2010，Wang Meng first got to the finishing line in 1 minute and 29.213 seconds in the women's 1000 meters short track speed skating final(短道速滑决赛) at the Vancouver Olympic Winter Games(温哥华冬奥会)．After she succeeded in the 500-metre and 3000-metre races，she won her third gold medal this time．With this one China won four gold medals in the women's short track speed skating．That helped China first win the team gold medal in Winter Olympics history．
Just before the final race Wang Meng caught a bad cold and coughed terribly．With the words of "You can，you can do!" she won at last．She said，"I really feel these three gold medals belong to my team，to China．It was with the help of my team that I won the prize．"
Though Wang Meng is only twenty-four，she has been the most successful Chinese skater．We are proud of her and her team．We hope she will be faster in Sochi Olympics in 2014．
阅读短文，根据短文内容选择最佳答案。
( ) 1．China won gold medals in the women's short track speed skating．
A．2 B．3 C．4 D．5
( ) 2．It took Wang Meng 1 minute and 29.213 seconds to finish the short track speed skating final．
A．women's 1000 B．men's 1000
C．women's 500 D．men's 500
( ) 3．In Wang Meng's opinion，made her win the prize at last．
A．a strong body B．a bad cold
C．her team's help D．much exercise
( ) 4．Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
A．Wang Meng is very outgoing like a boy．
B．Wang Meng is the most successful Chinese skater．
C．Chinese people are proud of Wang Meng and her team．
D．China has got the team gold medal twice in Winter Olympics history．
答案解析
1．C 由第二段倒数第二句“With this one China won four gold medals...”可知正确答案为 C。
2．A 由第二段第一句“...Wang Meng first got to the finishing line in 1 minute and 29.213 seconds in women's 1000 meters...”可知正确答案为 A。
3．C 由第一段最后两句“I really feel these three gold medals belong to my team... with the help of my team that I won the prize．”可知由于团队的帮助她才获得了成功，故正确答案为 C。
4．D 由第二段最后一句“That helped China first win the team gold medal...”可知 D 项的表述是错误的。

（三）天气与自然
随着社会经济的快速发展，社会和谐已提上日程，天气与自然环境很快就成为人们关注的话题之一。此类话题多是说明文和议论文。这就要求我们了解说明文和议论文的特点，这样才能对问题进一步地分析和解读，才能自觉地完成命题要求，取得高分。
解题思路：把握该类话题的特征，对所给信息进行归纳整合
例如：
Earthquakes happen without warning(前兆)．They can happen any time of a day，at any point during the year．When an earthquake is happening，you should know what you should do or not do．
Do NOT go outside．You could get injured from falling glass or parts of buildings．If you are outside，stay away from buildings and power lines(输电线)．
Stay under a desk，table，or other strong furniture．Hold on to it．Or stay in a corner of the building．Cover your face and head with your arms and cover your mouth with a towel or clothing．Stay inside until shaking stops and it is safe to go outside．
Keep away from windows，pictures or advertisements on the wall or the building，and anything else that could fall and hurt you．Most people get injured by falling things during an earthquake，not by the shaking itself．
Also keep away from a fire．You could fall down and burn yourself on the fire．
If you are driving when an earthquake happens，stop the car if it's safe．Stay inside your car until the earthquake stops，and don't drive near bridges．Try not to stop by power lines or trees．These could fall and hurt you．
阅读短文，根据短文内容选择最佳答案。
( ) 1．It isn't safe for you to _______ while the earthquake is happening．
A．run out of the building
B．stay in a corner of the building
C．cover your head with your arms
D．cover your mouth with a towel
( ) 2．From this passage，we know _______．
A．many people fear earthquakes
B．earthquakes maybe happen at any time
C．we can't save ourselves in an earthquake
D．people never get injured in earthquakes
( ) 3．The best title for this passage should be "_______"．
A．How Earthquakes Happen
B．How to Drive a Car
C．What We Should Do in Earthquakes
D．Why Earthquakes Happen
答案解析
1．A BCD 三项在第三段可找到答案；根据第二段内容可知 A 项的做法是不安全的，故正确答案为 A。
2．B 根据第一段前两句可知，地震可能随时会发生，故 B 项为正确答案。
3．C 通过全文可知本文主要是在介绍发生地震时，我们应该采取哪些措施才能使自己避免受伤，故正确答案为 C。

（四）历史与地理
本话题在中考中所占比例不多，在历史方面要注意历史事件发生的时间、地点、原因以及有何影响等，而对地理知识的考查，一般多与旅游观光等内容相结合，这就要求我们了解各地的名胜古迹、遗址等。
解题思路：熟悉文章，找准问题关键所在，提高解题速度和质量。
例如：
On February 3rd，1949，New York Harbo