英语句子类型(简单句、并列句、复合句).ppt

英语句子类型.英语句子可分为：简单句并列句复杂/合句 名词性从句状语从句定语从句主语从句 表语从句 宾语从句 同位语从句（时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步等）.1.主语 不及物动词She came/My head aches.2.主语 及物动词 宾语She likes English.3.主语 系动词 表语（主语补语）She is happy4.主语 双宾动词 间接宾语 直接宾语She gave John a bookShe bought a book for me.5.主语 及物动词 宾语 宾补She makes her mother angryThe teacher asked me to read the passage.6.There be句型：There is a book on the desk.There existed many dinosaurs.简单句基本句型简单句基本句型.简单句的基本词序简单句的基本词序主语主语动词部分动词部分 宾语宾语状语状语（谓语）（谓语）(方式方式/地点地点/时间时间)I bought a hat yesterday.The children ran home.We ate our meal in silence.The car stopped suddenly.并列句并列句由并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连接起来的句子叫并列句。常见分类：1表示同等、平行或承接关系，常用连词有and，both.and.，not only.but also.，neither.nor.，as well as等。He helps me and he also helps others.She not only gave us a lot of advice,but also helped us to overcome difficulties.2表示转折关系，常用连词有but，however,yet（然而），while（而）等。He is young,but he works hard.She is tall,while her elder sister is short.并列句3表示选择关系，常见连词有or，not.but（不是而是），either.or.（要么要么）等。Hurry up,or well be late.Either you come to my home or I get to yours.4表示因果关系，常见连词有as，for（因为），so等Mike didnt come to school,for he was ill.He works hard,so he is a top student of class.复杂句/复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。名词性从句状语从句定语从句主语从句 表语从句 宾语从句 同位语从句复合句.状语从句时间:Everybody was assigned a job as soon as they left university.地点:Where there is a will,there is a way.方式:You must do the exercises as I show you.原因:Since the speaker cant come,well have to cancel the meeting.结果:He was very angry,so that he left the room without saying a word.目的:The teacher must speak clearly so that his students can understand well.条件:Provided(that)he wins the support of the minority groups,he will be able to win the election.让步:Rich as he is,Mr.Johnson is by no means a happy man.定语从句英语中的定语是一个词时，放在被修饰词的前面，a beautiful girl a lovely boy （形容词作定语）定语是两个以上的词组、短语或从句则放在被修饰词的后面，如：She is the girl in red.（介词短语作定语）The lady carried a bag full of money.（形容词短语作定语）He is the man who you are looking for.（定语从句作定语）放在名词或代词名词或代词后面，由关系代词或关系副词关系代词或关系副词引导的修饰该名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行先行词词。.HarryPorterisaboywhohasmagicpower.先行词先行词 关系词关系词定语从句定语从句关系关系代词代词关系关系副词副词that，which,who,whom,whosewhere,when，why.先行词和关系词的关系先行词和关系词的关系1.Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.2.TheboywhobrokethewindowiscalledTom.3.Theboywhoseparentsaredeadwasbroughtupbyhisgrandfather.4.TheschoolwhereIstudyisfarfrommyhome.a machine=thatthe boy=whothe boys=whosein the school=where关系代词实际上是先行词的复指关系代词实际上是先行词的复指关系词关系词whose实际上是先行词的所有格实际上是先行词的所有格关系副词实际上是介词先行词关系副词实际上是介词先行词.Join the following sentences into one:A plane is a machine.The machine can fly.关系代词的实质关系代词的实质.Join the following sentences:A plane is a machine.The machine can fly.A plane is can fly.关系代词的实质关系代词的实质a machine the machine.Join the following sentences:A plane is a machine.The machine can fly.A plane is can fly.关系代词的实质关系代词的实质a machine that/which.关系代词的实质关系代词的实质Join the following sentences:The girl is Mary.We saw her yesterday.关系代词的实质关系代词的实质Join the following sentences:The girl is Mary.We saw her yesterday.we saw yesterday is Mary.herThe girl.关系代词的实质关系代词的实质Join the following sentences:The girl is Mary.We saw her yesterday.we saw yesterday is Mary.herThe girl.关系代词的实质关系代词的实质Join the following sentences:The girl is Mary.We saw her yesterday.we saw yesterday is Mary.that/who/whomThe girl.关系代词的基本用法关系关系代词代词指代指代在定语从句中所充当的在定语从句中所充当的成分成分人人物物句子句子主语主语宾语宾语定语定语whowhomwhichthatwhose.关系副词的基本用法关系副词关系副词指代指代所充当的句子成分所充当的句子成分whenwherewhytimeplacereason时间状语时间状语地点状语地点状语原因状语原因状语.主语宾语定语宾语指出关系代词在定语从句中的成份：指出关系代词在定语从句中的成份：1.The man who came to our school is Mr.Wang.()2.The girl(whom)I met is Lucy.()3.A child whose parents are dead is called Tom.()4.I like the book(which)you bought yesterday.().定定语语从从句句限制性定语从句限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句.区别限制性定语从句：不用逗号与主句隔开，是先行词不可缺少的定语，删去后原句句意不完整。非限制性定语从句：用逗号与主句隔开，对先行词进行补充说明，删去后原句句意仍然完整。对比以下两句话：His sister who is now a doctor always encourages him to go to college.His sister,who is now a doctor,always encourages him to go to college.(1)(1)which指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。语。作宾语时，可省略作宾语时，可省略。Thesearethetreeswhichwereplantedlastyear.Thisrecorder（which）heisusingismadeinJapan.which关系词的具体用法关系词的具体用法.Heistheman(that)Itoldyouabout.(2)(2)that指人或物，在定语从句中作主语或宾指人或物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。语。作宾语时，可省略作宾语时，可省略。Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.that注意：当关系代词前有介词时，不能用注意：当关系代词前有介词时，不能用thatThisistheschoolaboutwhich wearetalking.（3）who 和和whom 的用法举例：的用法举例：Who,whom只能指人只能指人做主语：用做主语：用who或或thatTheteacherwhogotsicklastweekhascomebacktoschool.注意：注意：注意：注意：有介词在有介词在有介词在有介词在关系代词前时，关系代词前时，关系代词前时，关系代词前时，只能用只能用只能用只能用whomwhom做宾语：可用做宾语：可用who,whom,that或省略或省略Theman(who/whom/that)youmetyesterdayisanactor.Thetallman(who/whom/that)youjusttalkedtoismyuncle.Thetallmantowhomyoujusttalkedismyuncle.(4)Whose(4)Whose的用法的用法关系代词whose表示“的”，是关系代词who、which的所有格，因此既可指人，也可指物。在从句中，whose作定语修饰名词，被修饰词可以是从句的主语、宾语或介词宾语。They cleaned the house whose windows face south.He is the boy whose pen I borrowed yesterday.The gentleman,with whose daughter I worked,looked down upon women.The house whose window is broken is mine.whose=the houses(window)The house is mine.the window of which is brokenof which the window is brokenWhoseWhose与与whichwhich的换用的换用:结论：结论：结论：结论：WhoseWhose指物时，指物时，指物时，指物时，“whose+whose+名词名词名词名词”相当于相当于相当于相当于“限定词限定词限定词限定词+名词名词名词名词+of+which”+of+which”或或或或“of+which+of+which+限定词限定词限定词限定词+名词名词名词名词”.When表时间Do you remember the day when we left you in charge?I remember the time when Eric won the speech competition.（5）when的用法举例：的用法举例：.Icanneverforgettheyearof2003whenIgotmypostgraduatedegree.试比较：试比较：Icanneverforgettheyearof2003(that/which)Ispentinasmallvillage.注意：要对从句注意：要对从句注意：要对从句注意：要对从句做成分分析！做成分分析！做成分分析！做成分分析！结论：如果从句中缺少主语或宾语，则用结论：如果从句中缺少主语或宾语，则用结论：如果从句中缺少主语或宾语，则用结论：如果从句中缺少主语或宾语，则用which/thatwhich/that。如果从句中不缺主语或宾语，则用如果从句中不缺主语或宾语，则用如果从句中不缺主语或宾语，则用如果从句中不缺主语或宾语，则用when.when.Where表地点Shanghai is the city where he was born.This is not a family where bad behavior goes unpunished.（6）where的用法举例：的用法举例：.Thesmallhousewhereshegavebirthtohersonwasburntdownyesterday.试比较：试比较：Thesmallhousewhichwasleftbyherfatherwasburntdownyesterday.注意：要对从句注意：要对从句注意：要对从句注意：要对从句做成分分析！做成分分析！做成分分析！做成分分析！结论：如果从句中缺少主语或宾语，则用结论：如果从句中缺少主语或宾语，则用结论：如果从句中缺少主语或宾语，则用结论：如果从句中缺少主语或宾语，则用which/thatwhich/that。如果从句中不缺主语或宾语，则用如果从句中不缺主语或宾语，则用如果从句中不缺主语或宾语，则用如果从句中不缺主语或宾语，则用where.where.（7）why的用法举例：的用法举例：Why表原因I dont know the reason why the house is so dirty.I wont listen to the reason why you didnt do your homework.ThisisthereasonwhyIwaslate.试比较：试比较：Thisisthereason(that/which)yougavetome.注意：要对从句注意：要对从句注意：要对从句注意：要对从句做成分分析！做成分分析！做成分分析！做成分分析！结论：结论：结论：结论：whywhy的先行词一定是的先行词一定是的先行词一定是的先行词一定是 thereason,thereason,但但但但thereasonthereason的关系词不一定是的关系词不一定是的关系词不一定是的关系词不一定是 whywhy。.关系代词的用法注意点关系代词的用法注意点一、一、that和和which都可以指物，都可以指物，that和和who都都能指人，但以下能指人，但以下6种情况种情况只能用只能用that不能用不能用which/who。(1)当先行词中当先行词中有人又有物有人又有物时。如：时。如：Doyouknowthethingsandpersonsthattheyaretalkingabout?2.关系代词用法注意点(1)只能用that不能用which的5种情况.(2)当先行词为当先行词为anything,everything,nothing,something,few,all,none,little或者是由或者是由any,every,some,all,no,little,few,much修饰时。修饰时。如：如：ThisisallthatIwantfromtheschool.(3)当先行词被当先行词被theonly,thevery,thelast,thenext等修饰时。如：等修饰时。如：ThisistheverybookthatIamlookingforthesedays.Heistheonlymanthat I want to see beforeIdie.(4)当先行词被当先行词被最高级最高级修饰时。如：修饰时。如：TheTVtoweristhehighestbuildingthathasbeenbuiltinthiscity.(5)当先行词被当先行词被序数词序数词修饰时。如：修饰时。如：ThefirstlessonthatIlearnedwillneverbeforgotten.(6)当先行词前面有当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词等疑问代词时。时。如：如：whoisthemanthatisstandingthere?Whichisthehotelthatwasrecommended?.关系代词的用法注意点关系代词的用法注意点二、二、that和和which都可以指物，但以下都可以指物，但以下2种情种情况况只能用只能用which不能用不能用that:(1)在在非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句中。如：中。如：English,whichisbecomingverypopularinourcountry,islearnedbymoreandmorepeople.2.关系代词用法注意点(1)只能用that不能用which的5种情况.(2)当关系代词前面有当关系代词前面有介词介词时，如：时，如：Azooisaparkinwhichmaykindsofanimalsarekeptforexhibition.ThisistheroominwhichIlivedwhenIwasyoung.关系代词与关系副词When,where,why 可被“介词+which”替换Do you remember the day when we left you in charge?Do you remember the day onon which we left you in charge?Shanghai is the city where he was born.Shanghai is the city inin which he was born.I dont know the reason why the house is so dirty.I dont know the reason for for which the house is so dirty.先行词为way 或time的定语从句先行词是way（方式、方法），且关系词在从句中作状语时，关系词用that,in which或省略：I dont like the way(that/in which)he laughs at her.先行词是time，若表示“次数”则用that引导定语从句：It is the first time that the President has visited our country.一、一、as引导限制性定语从句引导限制性定语从句主要固定结构有：主要固定结构有：thesameassuchasasassoas主句中出现主句中出现thesame,as,such,so修饰先行词，需选择修饰先行词，需选择as做关系做关系代词在定语从句中做主语或宾语。代词在定语从句中做主语或宾语。特殊的关系代词特殊的关系代词asas的用法的用法1.Itsthesamebookaswewantedtofindyesterday.这和我们昨天要找的那本书是一样的。这和我们昨天要找的那本书是一样的。2.SuchgirlsasheknowsaregoodatEnglish.他所认识的女孩都擅长英语。他所认识的女孩都擅长英语。3.Doyouhavesuchbooksaswelike?你有我们喜欢的那种书吗？你有我们喜欢的那种书吗？4.Thereissowarmahouseaswewanttolivein.这里有如此暖和的房子，我们都想住在里面。这里有如此暖和的房子，我们都想住在里面。5.Hehassodifficultaproblem,asnoneofuscansolve.他有如此难的一个问题，我们没有人能解决。他有如此难的一个问题，我们没有人能解决。.二、引导非限制性定语从句二、引导非限制性定语从句as引导非限制性定语从句，意为引导非限制性定语从句，意为“正如正如”“就像就像”“据据”ashasbeensaidabove如上所说如上所说asanybodycansee正像每个人所看到的那样正像每个人所看到的那样aswehadexpected正如我们所预料的那样正如我们所预料的那样.as引导非限制性定语从句引导非限制性定语从句指代整个主句内容指代整个主句内容，从句可置于，从句可置于句首，句中或句尾，但句首，句中或句尾，但由由which引导的非限制性定语从句引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句后只能置于主句后。1.Aseveryoneknows,Chinaisabeautifulcountrywithalonghistory.每个人都知道，中国是一个有着悠久历史的美丽国家。每个人都知道，中国是一个有着悠久历史的美丽国家。2.Theearth,asweknow,movesroundthesun.我们都知道，地球围着太阳转。我们都知道，地球围着太阳转。3.Tomworkshardandiswillingtohelpothers,as/whichweallknow.汤母工作努力，并且乐于助人，这一点我们都知道汤母工作努力，并且乐于助人，这一点我们都知道.as引导定语从句引导定语从句不是指代主句的整句话不是指代主句的整句话时，如果时，如果运用的是运用的是被动语态被动语态，be动词可省略动词可省略，即，即“as+过去分过去分词词”，但，但which没有这种用法。没有这种用法。Herepeatsthatheistellingthestoryasseenbyhimselfatthetime.Ihopealltheprecautionsagainstairpollution,assuggestedbythelocalgovernment,willbeseriouslyconsideredhere.特殊的关系代词but的用法but可被看作关系代词，引导定语从句，在句中作主语，在意义上相当于who/which/thatnot，即用在否定词或具有否定意义的词后，构成双重否定。1.Thereisnomotherbutlovesherchildren=Thereisnomotherwhodoesntloveherchildren.没有不爱自己孩子的母亲。2.ThereisnoruleinEnglishbuthasexceptions.=ThereisnoruleinEnglishthatdoesnothaveexceptions.英语中没有无例外的规则。.特殊的关系代词than的用法than作关系代词时，一般用在形式为比较级的复合句中，其结构为形容词比较级than从句，than在从句中作主语或宾语，相当于that，代表它前面的先行词。在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词单复数形式与先行词保持一致。1.Weoftenadvisehimnottodrinkmorewinethanisgoodforhishealth.(than在从句中作主语）我们经常劝他为了身体健康不要喝过量的酒。2.Hesmokedmorecigarettesthanhebought.(than在从句中作宾语）他吸的香烟比他买的要多。3.Hesmokedfewercigarettesthanwerenormallyavailable.(than在从句中作主语）他吸的香烟比他弄到的要少。.名词性从句 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句(Noun Clauses）名词从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语等.Point out the function of each noun in the following sentences:1.The world loves nature.2.Knowledge is power.3.We Chinese are peace-loving.subjectobjectpredicativesubjectsubjectsubjectappositionpredicative.名词性从句在功能上相当于名词名词性从句在功能上相当于名词主语主语 His job is important.What he does is important.表语表语This is his job.This is what he does every day.宾语宾语 I dont like his job.I dont like what he does every day.同位语同位语 I dont know about the man,Mr.White.I dont know about the fact that he is a teacher.名词性从句 noun clause 主语从句subject clause 宾语从句object clause 表语从句predicative clause 同位语从句appositive clause根据从句在主句中语法功能的不同分为根据从句在主句中语法功能的不同分为：.引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：连接词：连接词：that,whether,if（不充当从句的任何成分，that只在宾语从句中的某些情况下可省略，在其他从句中都不可省略）连接代词：连接代词：what,who,whom,whose,which连接副词：连接副词：when,where,how,why以及由它们加ever构成的词如：whatever,whomever,whenever,however还有所有带how的词组如：howoften,howmany,howfar,howmuch.主语从句主语从句在复合句中作主句的主语在复合句中作主句的主语.引导词有连词引导词有连词that that(thatthat 不可省不可省),whether,whether;代词有代词有who,what,whichwho,what,which;副副词词 when,where,how,whywhen,where,how,why 等等.如如:1.That he is a famous singer is known to us.2.When he will go to America is not yet fixed.It It 作形式主语作形式主语为了避免主语冗长,句子头重脚轻,经常用it作形式主语,主语从句放在后面作真正的主语，但主语从句的连接词没有变化。That he is a famous singer That he is a famous singer is known to us.is known to us.(It It is known to us is known to us that he is a famous that he is a famous singer.)singer.)When he will go to America When he will go to America is not yet fixed.is not yet fixed.(ItIt is not yet fixed is not yet fixed when he will go to when he will go to America.)America.).1.It+be+形容词 that从句It is necessary/important/obvious thate.g.:It is certain that she will come here tomorrow.2.It+be+-ed分词 that从句It is reported that 据报道It is known to us all that.众所周知It has been decided that 已经决定e.g.:It is said that Mr.Bill has arrived in Shanghai.it作形式主语的常见结构注意：以下结构中谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should)+do”：It is necessary(important,natural,strange,etc.)that It is suggested(requested,proposed,desired,ordered,etc.)thate.g.:Itisnecessarythatwe(should)getupearly.Itisrequestedthatwe(should)bequietinthehospital.3.It+be+名词 that从句It is common knowledge that 是常识It is a surprise that.令人惊奇的是It is a fact that 事实是It is no wonder that 难怪.e.g.:It is a pity that we cant go to Beijing with you.4.It+不及物动词 that从句It seems/appears that 似乎It happens that.碰巧It occurred to me that 我突然想起e.g.:It happened that I was out that day.1).主语从句一律用陈述句语序主语从句一律用陈述句语序,即主语在前即主语在前,谓语在后谓语在后.例例:误误:Whenwillhecomeisnotknown.2).连接词连接词that在主语从句中无实际意义在主语从句中无实际意义,但不能省略但不能省略.例例:误误:Hewillnotcometothemeetingthiseveningistrue.正正:Whenhewillcomeisnotknown.正正:Thathewillnotcometothemeetingthiseveningistrue.主语从句中语序与主语从句中语序与that的省略：的省略：注意注意.主语从句中的主语从句中的“主谓一致主谓一致”：3).主语从句通常被看作一个整体主语从句通常被看作一个整体,主句的谓语动词用单主句的谓语动词用单数形式数形式.That they will come _certain.4).What引导主语从句时引导主语从句时,主句谓语动词的单复数由表主句谓语动词的单复数由表语的单复数决定语的单复数决定.What he wants _these books.What he wants _some water.注意注意isareis.We believe(that)he is honest.We told him why we came back.Everyone knew what happened and that she was worried.宾语从句宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语在复合句中作主句的宾语.引导词有连词引导词有连词that(that 常常可省略可省略),whether,if;代词有代词有who,what,which;副副词词when,where,how,why等等.如如:.一、连接词（引导词）一、连接词（引导词）1.当宾语从句是陈述句时（包括肯定句和否定句），连接词由that引导，因为that在从句中不作任何成分，也没有任何具体意思，因此在口语或非正式文体中常省略vLinTaofeels(that)hisownteamisevenbetter.vShesays(that)shewonttakepartinthesportsmeetingnextSunday.vJimthought(that)thetrainwaslikeabigmovingparty.宾语从句中的连接词宾语从句中的连接词thatthat在以下三种情况下不能省在以下三种情况下不能省略：略：（1 1）当）当that that 从句与另一名词性从句并列作宾语时，从句与另一名词性从句并列作宾语时，第第2 2个个thatthat不能省；不能省；He said He said(that)(that)he would go there the next day he would go there the next day andand that that his family wouldnt go there.his family wouldnt go there.（2 2）当）当thatthat作介词宾语时，作介词宾语时，thatthat不可省掉不可省掉The reason lies The reason lies inin thatthat she works harder than she works harder than the others do.the others do.（3 3）用）用itit做形式宾语的宾语从句做形式宾语的宾语从句I thinkI think it it necessary necessary thatthat you should read you should read English aloud.English aloud.在主句为动词be加某些形容词（如sorry,sure,afraid,glad等）作表语时，后面所跟的省略that的从句也可算是宾语从句vIm sorry(that)I dont know.vWere sure(that)our team will win.vIm afraid(that)he wont pass the exam.2.当宾语从句是一般疑问句时，由连词whether或if引导（口语中常用if），因为if/whether翻译成：“是否”，具有一定的意义，所以不能省略vLily wanted to know if/whether her grandma liked the handbag.vLets see if/whether we can find out some information about that city.vShe asked me if/whether she could borrow these books.whetherwhether与与ifif的辨用的辨用表“是否”时，在下列情况下用whether。1.主语从句、表语从句中e.g.:Whether she will come is still a question.The question is whether she will come.2.Whether置于句首，不能换成if:e.g.:Whether this is true,I cant say.3.介词后的宾语从句:e.g.:I worry about whether I hurt her feeling.whetherwhether与