剑桥初级语法-整理笔记.docx

现在时
3、现在进行时：I am doing
以下动词不可用于现在进行时：
like
love
want
know
understand
remember
depend
prefer
hate
need
mean
believe
forget

4、现在进行时的疑问式：Are you doing?
5、一般现在时：I do/work/like等
一般现在时用来表示一般性的事实、有时或经常发生的事情：I like big cities.
Always/never/often/usually/sometimes常与一般现在时连用：I never eat breakfast.
6、一般现在时的否定式：I don’t/he doesn’t + 动词原形
I don’t have a bath every day.
【every day 表每天，作状语; everyday 表每天的，形容词】
7、一般现在时的疑问式：Do you…?

Do/does
主语
动词原形

Do
you
work
on Sundays

Do
your friends
live
near here

Does
Anne
play
tennis
Where
do
Your friends
live

How often
do
you
wash
your hair
What
does
This word
mean

How much
does
it
cost
to fly to Rome
*What do you do? 表示“你是做什么工作的？”
8、have/have got
（1）
have=have got
has=has got
Don’t have=haven’t got
Doesn’t have=hasn’t got
Do you have=have you got
Does he have=has he got
（2）have 表“吃、喝、拿”时，不能用have got代替
have
have breakfast/lunch/dinner
have a meal/a pizza/a sandwich
have a cup of coffee
have sth to eat/drink
（3）下列短语中，要用have
have
have a bath/a shower
have a rest/a holiday/a party
have a nice time/a good trip/fun
have a walk/a swim/a game
have a dream/an accident
have a baby
have a look

15、现在完成时
（1）have done
（2）just/already/yet
Just表“刚才”：we’ve just arrived.
Already表“已经”（在预料之前）：they’ve already arrived. （=before you expected）
Yet表“直到现在”（用于否定句和疑问句中）：they haven’t arrived yet.
（3）现在完成时与ever（用于疑问句中）/never连用：Have you ever played golf？
（4）gone表“去而未归”：she has gone to China.
Been表“去而已归”：he has been to China.
（5）How long have you…?
She has been in Ireland since Monday/for three days.
一般现在时
现在完成时
Dan and Kate are married.
They have been married for four years.
Are you married?
How long have you been married?
现在进行时
现在完成进行时
I’m learning English.
How long have you been learning English?
25、what are you doing tomorrow?
I am doing something tomorrow 表示“我已经安排好明天要做某事/我计划明天做某事”
I am going to do something.同上（be going to 与 will 的区别）
注意现在进行时通常指人；一般现在时通常指物，比如时间表之类的
：用一般现在时表示时间表、节目单、火车与公共汽车时刻表等：The train arrives at 7.30.注意英文时间的写法

27、will/shall
（1） I shall =I will、we shall=we will ：
I shall be late tomorrow. = I will be late tomorrow.
在构成将来时的时候，不可将shall与you/they/it/he/she等非第一人称连用：
Tom will be late. (而不能 Tom shall be late.)
（2）I’ll …表“提议或决定做某事”:I’ll phone you tomorrow.
I think I’ll/I don’t think I’ll…表“决定做某事”：I think I’ll go to bed early tonight.
（3）Shall I…/Shall we…? 表“你认为…好吗？”

28、might=may

29、can/could：could为过去式

30、must/mustn’t/don’t need to
（1）表示过去时，用had to而不用must：We had to walk home last night.
（2）don’t need to = don’t have to

31、should
（1）I think…should/I don’t think….should/do you think…should?
（2）ought to =should

32、I have to
（1）表过去时，用had to
（2）表示认为有必要做某事或提出个人看法时，must或have to都可以
不是表个人看法时，只能用have to：
Eg: You can’t park your car here for nothing. You have to pay. （非个人看法）
It’s a fantastic film. You must see it./You have to see it.

33、I used to/I didn’t used to/did you use to…？

38、there has been/there have been
一般过去时
现在完成时
There was an accident last night.
Look! There’s been an accident.
When we arrived at the theatre, there was a long queue outside.
This road is very dangerous. There have been many accidents.
Why are those policemen outside the bank?
There’s been/there was a robbery.

41、反义疑问句
Have you?/are you?/don’t you? 表“对某事感兴趣或感到惊奇”：
——I’ve bought a new car.
——Oh, have you?
记住：前否后肯，前肯后否
It’s a nice day, isn’t it?
That isn’t your car, is it?

42、too/either so am I/neither do I
（1）
句尾
too（肯定）
I’m happy too.
either（否定）
I’m not happy either.
I’ m happy.
So am I
(so was he/so do I/so would I)
I’m not

I’m not happy
Neither am I
(可用nor代替neither)
I am

（2）both+复数名词
either/neither单数名词，谓语动词用单数
both
（of）
the…
either
neither
of
these/those…
my/your/Paul’s…

44、疑问句
（1）is it…?/have you…?/do they…?why isn’t…?/why don’t…?
（2）who saw you?/who did you see?
（3）以特殊疑问词开头的句子，介词位于句尾：where are you from?
（4）what’s it likeLike是介词不是动词
?/what are they like? 表询问某事物的情况——新旧、好坏、大小等
（5）疑问词
what
What+名词
What time…/what size
不加名词
What’s your name?
which
Which+名词这里的名词用单数形式
（物/人）
Which train did you catch?
不加名词时，不指代人
Which is biggest?
how
How+形容词/副词
How tall are you?

How deep/how heavy/how high/how big…
What （范围更广）
Which（选择较少）
What’s the capital of Argentina?
Which colour do you prefer, pink or yellow?

52、不定式与-ing形式
动词+不定式
want
plan
decide
try
+to…(to work/to do/to be)
hope
expect
offer
forget
need
promise
refuse
learn

动词+-ing
enjoy
stop
suggest
+-ing(doing/working)
mind
finish

动词+-ing或不定式

like
love
start
continue
+-ing/to…
prefer
hate
begin

55、
go to
go to work
go to school
go to university
go to hospital
go to prison
go to bed
go to sleep
go to church
go to the bank/the theatre/the airport
go home
go to the doctor/dentist
(be)at work
(be)at school
(be)at university
(be)in hospital
(be)in prison
(be)in bed

(be)in/at church

(be)at home

go on
go on holiday
go on a trip
go on a tour
go on an excursion
go on a cruise
go on a strike

go for
go for a walk
go for a run
go for a swim
go for a drink
go for meal

go(going/went/gone)
shopping
swimming
fishing
sailing
skiing
jogging

56、
get + 名词（收到/买到/找到某物）
get a job/get a letter
get + 交通工具
get a bus
get a train
get a taxi
get + 形容词（变得..）
get hungry
get cold
get tired
get to + 地点 （到达）
get to work
get to NY
(get here/get home)
get的短语
get in a car上自己的车用in，坐公共汽车那种公共交通工具用on

get out of a car
get on a bus
get off a bus
get married（结婚）
get dressed（穿衣）
get lost（迷路）

57、do 与 make
do
do an exam
do a test
do a course
do homework
do housework
do somebody a favour
do an exercise

do the shopping
do the washing 洗衣服
do the washing-up 洗碗
do the ironing 熨烫
do the cooking

make
make a mistake
make an appointment
make a phone call
make a list
make a noise
make a bed
make a film 拍电影
take a photograph 拍照

66、名词
在英语中，下列词语以复数出现：
scissors glasses trousers jeans shorts tights pyjamas people police
以下名词通常不可数
advice bread furniture hair information news weather work

a bottle of water
a cartonn.尤指装食品或液体的)硬纸盒;塑料盒;硬纸盒（或塑料盒）所装物品;纸板盒
vt.用盒包装
of milk
a bar of chocolate/ a box of chocolates
a piece of cheese
a bottle of perfume
a piece of music
a bowl of rice
a cup of coffee
a game of tennis

73、the的用法
the sun the moon the world the sky the sea the country
the police the fire brigade the army
the top the end the middle the left
the piano the guitar the trumpet
the radio
the Internet
注意：
1. television/TV 不用the ：I watch TV a lot. 但是 can you turn off the TV(=the TV set)
2. breakfast/lunch/dinner等不加the
3. next/last + week/month/year/summer等不加the
4. 球类名词前不加the
5. 学科名词前不加the

the…（地名）

1.地域名称前一般不用the
France/Japan/Peru
2.与国家、岛屿、山脉等名称的复数形式连用
the Alps/the Philippines/the Netherlands/the Canary Islands
3.洋、海、江、河的名称前用the
the Atlantic/the Amazon/the Nile/the Black sea
4.街道、广场等名称前不用the
lives in Newton Street/Highfield Road/Times Square
5.机场、车站、大学、城堡等重要建筑物不用the
Kennedy Airport/London Zoo/Victoria Station
6.宾馆、影院、剧院、博物馆的名称前要用the
the Regent Hotel/the National Theatre/the Science Museum
7.表方位时用the
the north/south/east/west of…

77、not + any/no/more
（1）not + any=no….=not a
（2）no…通常用于have（got）与there is/are之后
（3）动词否定形式+any =动词肯定形式+no
（4）no之后接名词、none可单独使用
None表示“无”；no-one表示“没人
nobody = not + anybody
no-one =not + anyone
nothing = not + anything

80、every/all
（1）every +单数名词，谓语动词用单数
（2）everywhere 是副词
all
most
some
any
no
+
cities
children
books
money

all
(of)
the…
this/that…
these/those…
my/your…
most
some
any
none
of

83、a lot/ much/many/(a)little/(a)few
（1）a lot of + 可数/不可数，也可不跟名词
（2）much+不可数，用于否定句与疑问句，也可不跟名词
（3）many+复数
（4）
a little+不可数 表“有一点但不多”
a few+复数 表“有一点但是不多”
little+不可数 表“几乎没有”
few+复数 表“几乎没有”

88、a bit older/ much older
A bit older than….
A bit more difficult than…
Much better than…
Much more expensive than…
89、not as…as
Not as much as….
Not as many as…
The same as….

90、the oldest/ the most expensive
可用最高级+I’ve ever…./ you’ve ever….等：
The film was very bad. I think it’s the worst film I’ve ever seen.
What is the most unusual thing you’ve ever done?

91、enough/too
enough for sb/sth
enough to do sth
enough for sb/sth to do sth
too…for sb/sth
too…to do sth
too…for sb to do sth

93、词序
（1）地点状语位于时间状语之前：we went to a party last night.
（2）always/never/often等词用于动词之前，be动词之后，两个动词之间：
always often ever rarely also already all
usually sometimes never seldom just still both

e.g. I always drink coffee in the morning.
I am always tired.
I will always remember you. / I can never find my keys.
96、give/ lend/pass/send/show/buy/get
give sth to sb
give sb sth
注意：当某物为代词it或them时，用第一种结构比较好：I gave it to my father.

98、when
（1）当以when开头时，两部分用逗号隔开：When I went out, it was raining.
（2）一般现在时用于when之后表示将来：
Lisa will be in Mexico when Sarah is in New York.
When I get home this evening, I’m going to have a shower.
（3）before/while/after/until的用法类似：
Please close the window before you go out.
I’ll wait here until you come back.

99、if
（1）if之后常用一般现在时：
If you see Ann tomorrow, can you ask her to call me?
What shall we do if it rains?
（2）if I/you/he/she/they/it had……I/you/he would….
if I/it/he/she was…或if I/it/he/she were….(这里的动词都是过去式)
If
I
you
it
they
…
had/knew/lived/went…
didn’t have/didn’t know…
were…
could…
I
you
it
they
…
would(n’t)
could(n’t)
buy…
be…
have…
go….

在这种句子里，句意表示事实上这个假设不成立：
If I had the money, I would buy a fast car.事实上我没有钱买车。
I wouldn’t go out if I were you.事实上我不是你。
（3）比较
if I have/ if it is
·I must go and see Helen. If I have time, I will go today. (=maybe I’ll have time, so maybe I’ll go)
·I’ll help you if I can.(=maybe I can help you)
if I had/if it was
·I must go and see Helen. If I had time, I would go today. (=I don’t have time today, so I will not go)
·I’d help you if I could, but I can’t.

103、at/on/in
（1）
at（时间点）
8 o’clock
10.30
midnight
on（星期、日期、节日）
Sunday/Monday…
25 April/6 June
New Year’s Day
in（月份、年份、季节）
April/June
2003/1998
summer/spring

（2）固定搭配
at the weekend
at night
at Christmas
at the end of
at the moment
in the morning
in the afternoon
in the evening

in five minutes
on Monday morning
on Tuesday afternoon
注意：this、last、next、every等前不用介词，如next year

106、in/at/on
(1)
in
in a room
in a shop
in the water
in Brazil
in the field
at
at the bus stop
at the door
at the traffic lights
at her desk
at the top/bottom/end of…
(at the age of 21/at 50kilometres an hour/at 100 degrees)
on
on a shelf
on a plate
on a balcony
on the floor
on a wall
on a door
on the ceiling
on a horse/bicycle/motorbike
on foot
on holiday
on television
on the phone
on time
on fire
(2)
in
in bed
in hospital
in the sky
in the world’
in a newspaper
in a car
in the middle of…
at
at home
at work/school
at university/at college
at the station/airport
at Jane’s house
at the doctor’s
at the hairdresser’s
at a concert
at a party
at a football match
on
on a bus/train/plane
on the ground floor/first floor
on the way (to…)/on the way home
备注：in或at可用于建筑物（宾馆、餐馆前）：We stayed at a nice hotel. / We stayed in a nice hotel.
with 可用 a man with a beard/ a woman with glasses/a house with a big garden等结构
112、动词短语
（1）
afraid of…

angry with sb
angry about sth

different from…
=different to…
fed up with…（厌烦）
full of…
good at…
interested in…
married to…

nice/kind of sb to…
be nice/kind to sb

sorry about…
sorry for/about doing sth
be/feel sorry for sb

（2）
look at…
listen to…
ask (sb) for…
belong to…
happen to…
speak/talk to sb about sth
thank sb for…
think about…/think of…
wait for…
write to sb

look for…(寻找)
look after…(照顾)
depend on

注意：phone/call sb
（3）
get in a car
get on the bus
go away
ran away/run off
drive away/drive off
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