初中英语语法-八种时态详解与练习.doc

初中英语语法:八种时态详解与练习

一． 概念：
英语中表示不同时间发生的动作或存在的状态，需用不同的动词形式表示， 这种不同的动词形式称为时态。
二． 种类：（基本时态）
一般现在时 一般过去时 现在进行时 过去进行时
一般将来时 过去将来时 现在完成时 过去完成时

一般现在时
一、概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。
二、常搭配的时间状语：
always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month„), once a week,
on Sundays, etc.
三、基本结构
①be动词（is,am,are）；②行为动词(主语是第三人称单数时谓语动词要加s或es外)
否定形式：①am/is/are+not;②此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't，同时还原行为动词。
一般疑问句：①把be动词放于句首；②用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。例句：
　　I go to school at 6 every morning. 每天早上我七点去上学。
　　Summer follows spring. 春天之后是夏天。
　　I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school. 我在小学就学过地球是围绕太阳转的。
　　Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
四、基本用法：
　　1) 描述当前时间内经常出现、反复发生的动作或存在的状态。
　　在这种情景中，句子常带有表示频率的时间状语：always , everyday , often , once a week (month , year , etc.) , sometimes , seldom , usually等等，以表示句中的动作或状态是习惯性的、经常性的。例如：
　　They raise ducks as a sideline .他们以养鸭为副业。
　　She doesn't often write to her family, only once a month. 她不常给家里写信，仅一月一封而已。
　　I cycle to work every day .我每天骑自行车上班。
　　It seldom rains here .这儿很少下雨。
　　2）仅为了描述状态、性质、特征、能力等等。
　　这里的目的是为了"描述现阶段的动作或状态"，其重点"不是强调动作发生的时间、或进行的状态"。例如：
　　He can speak five foreign languages .他能说五种外语。
　　That is a beautiful city .那是座美丽的城市。
　　Changjiang River is one of the longest rivers in the world. 长江是世界上最长河流之一。
　　She majors in music .她主修音乐。
　　All my family love football .我全家人都喜欢足球。（强调每个家人）
　　My sister is always ready to help others . 我妹妹总是乐于助人。
　　3) 陈述客观事实、客观真理。
　　顾名思义，客观的情况是"没有时间概念"的；也"不会在意动作进行的状态"。例如：
　　The earth goes around the sun .地球绕着太阳转。
　　Ten minus two is eight.十减二等于八。
　　Light travels faster than sound .光的速度比声音的速度快。
　　The United States lies by the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. 美国位于太平洋西岸。
　　4) 根据英文语法规定，当主句的谓语动词是一般将来时，那么时间或条件状语从句的谓语动词只能用一般现在时来表示将来要发生的动作。例如：
　　I'll tell him the news when he comes back. 他回来时，我将告诉他这个消息。
　　If you take the job , they will talk with you in greater details.
　　如果你接受这份工作，他们将和你谈谈细节。
用于一般现在时的副词，除了上面提到的一些表示频率的词以外，常见的还有：now, today , nowadays等等。

练习题：
用动词的适当形式填空：
1.Why__________Tom absent today ? ( be )
　　2.Mike________(go)to school at seven in the morning.
　　3.My mother________(like) ______(go) shopping.
　　4.I can ________(draw) many beautiful pictures.
　　5.Does he_________(like)_________(jump) ? 　
　　6.The students___________(speak) English in class.
　　7.The student_________(speak) Chinese after class.
　　8. Let's____________and play football . ( go )
　　9. He_____________ like swimming . ( not )
　　10. __________your sister study English at school ? No , she__________ . ( do )
用所给动词的适当形式填空：
　　1．I ______________(write) to you as soon as I _______(get) to London.
　　2. He doesn't feel well and ____________(not eat) any food this morning.
　　3. He ______ not _______(see) me come in, for he ___________(read) something with great interest.
　　4. Don't make a niose. Grandpa __________(sleep).
　　5. It ________(take) me two hours to finish my homework last night.
　　6. What ______ your mother _______(do) at eight yesterday evening? She _______(wash) clothes.
　　7. _______ it _________ (rain) when school was over yesterday?
8 The teacher told us the earth __________ (move) round the sun.
单项选择：
1.The students will go to the Summer Palace if it _____ tomorrow.
A.don't rain B. doesn't rain C. won't rain
3. The picture _______ nice.
A.looks B.is looked C.look D.is looking
　　4. She ______ down and soon fell asleep. A. live B. lain C. laid D. lay
　 6. We shall go to Shanghai on business before you _____ back next week.
　　A. wil come B. came C. would come D. come
　　7. Don't smoke until the plane ______ off. A.takes B.took C.was taken D.is take
　　8. I saw her ____ the room this morning. A.to enter B. entered C. enter D. enters
　　11. He told us ______ at eight. A. working B. to work C. work D. worked
　　12. You'd better ______ at home and ______ your homework.
　　A. to stay, do B. stay, do C. to stay, to do D. stay, to do
　　14. Uncle Wang knows _______ a washing machine.
　　A. how to make B. to make C. how making D. what to make
　　15. Jim decided _______ Polly to Ling Feng when he was back to England.
　　A. to leave B. left C. leaving D. leave
　4）改句子
　　1. We have four lessons.（否定句）
　　2.I have many books. （改为否定句）
　　3.Gao Shan's sister likes playing table tennis （改为否定句）
　　4.She lives in a small town near New York. （改为一般疑问句）
　　5.I watch TV every day. （改为一般疑问句）
　　6.David has got a goal. （改为一般疑问句）
　　7.We have four lessons.（否定句）
8.Tom does his homework at home. 否定句: 一般疑问句: 划线提问
　　9.I usually play football on Friday afternoon. 否定句: 一般疑问句: 划线提问

一般过去时
一、概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。
二、常搭配的时间状语：
ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month„), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.
三、 基本结构：
①be动词的过去式（was/were）；
②行为动词的过去式（即在动词原形后加ed，不规则变化的动词除外）
否定形式：①was/were+not;②在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。
一般疑问句：①was或were放于句首；②用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。
一般过去时用谓语动词的过去式构成，即在动词原形后加ed，不规则变化的特殊动词除外。例句：
He was here just now. 他刚才还在这里。
What did you do yesterday? 你昨天做了什么事？
We often played together when we were children. 我们小时候常在一起玩。
He used to smoke a lot, but he doesn’t now. 他过去经常抽烟，但现在不抽了。
四、基本用法
主要是用来描述在过去某个时候发生的动作或存在的状态。它也可以用来表示在过去某段时间里经常发生的习惯性动作。这一点在表达意义上与一般现在时相同，只是所在的时间区域不同而已。由于它的主要作用如此，所以在使用一般过去时的句子里常常有一个意义较具体的过去时间状语。这也是它与现在完成时的最大区别之一。
常和一般过去时连用的过去时间状语有：last night (week ,month , year , century , etc.) , yesterday , the day before yesterday , yesterday morning ( afternoon , evening ) , in 1999 , two hours ago ( one week ago , tree years ago , …)等等。
　　使用一般过去时，在某种意义上说就是要强调动作或状态发生或存在于过去的某个时候。"过去"的时间概念有两层意思：一是指"现在某个时间"以前的时间；二是指"说话、写文章的那个时间点"以前的时间，在这个意义上，"现在的那个时间点"是很小很小的，甚至于小到无法量化的程度。例如：
　　He got his driving license last month. 他上个月拿到了驾照。
　　--Where's Jim? 吉姆在哪里？
--He just went out.他刚刚出去。

练习:
写出下列动词的过去式
　is/am_________ fly_______ plant________ are ________ drink_________
　play_______ go________ make ________ do/does_________ worry________
eat__________ draw________put ______ throw________ pass_______
用be动词的适当形式填空
1. The little dog _____ two years old this year.
2. She _______ happy yesterday.
　　3. They _______ glad to see each other last month.
　　4. Today _____ the second of June. Yesterday ______ the first of June. It _____ Children's Day. All the students ______ very excited.
句型变换：
　　1 There was a car in front of the house just now.
　　否定句：__________________________________________________________
　　一般疑问句：__________________________________________________________
　　肯定回答：__________________________________________________________
　　否定回答：__________________________________________________________
　　2 They played football in the playground.
　　否定句：__________________________________________________________
　　一般疑问句：__________________________________________________________
　　肯定回答：__________________________________________________________
否定回答：__________________________________________________________
用所给动词的适当形式填空：
　　1. I ______ (watch) a cartoon on Saturday.
　　2. Her father _______ (read) a newspaper last night.
　　3. It ____ (be) the 2nd of November yesterday. Mr White ___ (go) to his office by car.
　　4. ______ you _______ (visit) your relatives last Spring Festival?
　　5. Gao Shan ________ (put) the book on his head a moment ago.
6. Don't ______ the house. Mum _______ it yesterday. (clean)
　　7. What _________ she _________ (find) in the garden last morning?
　　She _________ (find) a beautiful butterfly.
　　8. What _________ you ______ just now? I _______ some housework. (do)
　　9 We all _________ (have) a good time last night.
10. She likes _________ newspapers, but she _________ a book yesterday. (read)
　　11. He ___________ football now, but they _______ basketball just now. (play)
句型转换：　
　1、Lucy did her homework at home.
　　（改否定句）Lucy ___________ ___________ her homework at home.
　　2、He found some meat in the fridge（冰箱）.（变一般疑问句)
　　___________ he __________ ___________ meat in the fridge?
　　3、She stayed there for a week.（对划线部分提问）
　　__________ ___________ __________ she __________ there?
　　4、There was some orange in the cup.（变一般疑问句)
　　_________ there ___________ orange in the cup?
中译英：
　　1. 我过了一个忙碌但却刺激的周末。
　　I _________ _________ __________ __________ exciting weekend.
　　2 Jenny喜欢看书。昨晚她看了一本英语书。
　　Jenny likes _________ __________. She _________ an English book last night.
　　3. Emma每天都看电视。可是昨天他没有看。
Emma __________ TV every day. But he _________ ___________ yesterday.
4. 上周六他们做什么了？他们做作业和购物了。
　　What ________ they _________ _________ Saturday?
They _________ __________ homework and _________ __________.

一般将来时
一、概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。
二、时间状语：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year„),soon, in a few minutes, by„,the
day after tomorrow, 等。
三、基本结构
①am/is/are/going to + do；②will/shall + do.
否定形式：①was/were + not; ②在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。
一般疑问句：①be放于句首；②will/shall提到句首。
如： Telephone me this evening. I’ll be at home. 今晚给我打电话，我会在家。
　　I’ll (shall/will) do a better job next time. 下次我要干得好些。
　　The car won’t start. 车开不了啦。
　　Oil and water will not mix. 油和水没法混在一起。
四、基本用法：
　主要用来描述将要发生的动作或存在于未来的情况。这里所说的“将来时间”是指“说话、写文章那一刻以后的时间”。它的表示方法主要有如下几种：
　　1）shall / will + 动词原形这种表示方法是说，动作在现在或目前还未发生，要在将来的某个时间内发生；它没有主观性，是“纯粹的将来动作”。例如：
　　I shall / will not be free tomorrow .我明天没空。
　　He will arrive here this evening .他今晚抵达这里。
　　2) be( am / is / are ) + going +不定式
　　这种表示方法主要是说明 A）“说话人的意图、打算”；B）“某种可能性”。例如：
　　A) He is going to spend his holidays in London . 他打算在伦敦度假。
　　Who is going to speak first? 谁先发言？
　　B) It is going to rain soon .马上要下雨了。
　　Is he going to collect any data for us? 他会帮我们收集资料吗？
　　If you go to New Zealand, you are going to like the place. 如果你去新西兰，你会喜欢上那个地方的。
　　3) be( am / is / are ) + 不定式表示方法描述两钟情况：
　　按计划安排要发生的动作，这个动作发生的时间一般不会很远； 要求或命令他人做某事。例如：
　　A) The new bridge is to open to traffic in three days. 新桥三天后通车。
　　The factory is to go into production before National Day. 这家工厂国庆节前投产。
　　B) You are not to bring any mobile communication means into the exam-room . 任何移动通讯工具都不得带入考场。
　　You are to stay home until your mother comes back. 你妈回来之前你不要出去。
　　4) 用一般现在时或现在进行时（限于某些动词）表示按计划安排要发生的事。主要强调“按计划安排要发生的事”。例如：
　　Do you get off at the next stop? 你下一站下车吗？
　　The plane takes off at 11:00 a.m. 那架飞机上午十一点起飞。
　　Mr. Reider is leaving for New York next week. 里德先生下周动身去纽约。
五、表示将来的五种常用非时态方式　　
　　1. “be+不定式”：表示命令、安排、倾向或必须、义务等。如：
　　She is to play Juliet. 她扮演朱丽叶。
　　You are to make the necessary changes. 你要做出必要的改变。
　　2. “be about to + 不定式”：表示即将发生的动作，有“即将”的意思，但不能和具体的时间状语连用。如：
　　The package is about to come unwrapped. 那个包快散开了。
　　3. “be going + 不定式”：表示按计划或安排打算去做某事，或表示有迹象表明要发生某事。如：
　　We are going to call her this evening. 我们打算今晚给她打电话。
　　My sister’s going to have a baby this summer. 我姐姐今年夏天要生孩子。
　　4. 用现在进行时表示将来：主要表示按规定或时间预计要发生的事。如：
　　The students are leaving on Sunday. 学生们星期日出发。
　　We’re having a party next week. 我们下星期将开一个晚会。
　　5. 用一般现在时表示将来：表示按规定或时间预计要发生的事。如：
　　We have a holiday tomorrow. 我们明天放假。
The train leaves at 10:04 this evening. 火车今晚10:04分开。

练习
一、单项选择
　　( ) 1. There __________ a meeting tomorrow afternoon.
　　 A. will be going to B. will going to be C. is going to be D. will go to be
　　( ) 2. Charlie ________ here next month.
　　A. isn't working B. doesn't working C. isn't going to working D. won't work
　　( ) 3. He ________ very busy this week, he ________ free next week.
　　 A. will be; is B. is; is C. will be; will be D. is; will be
　　( ) 4. ________ a concert next Saturday?
　　 A. There will be B. Will there be C. There can be D. There are
　　( ) 5. If they come, we ________ a meeting.
　　A. have B. will have C. had D. would have
　　( ) 6. He ________ to us as soon as he gets there.
　　A. writes B. has written C. will write D. wrote
　　( ) 7. He ________ in three days.
　 A. coming back B. came back C. will come back D. is going to coming back
　　( ) 8. If it ________ tomorrow, we'll go roller-skating.
　　A. isn't rain B. won't rain C. doesn't rain D. doesn't fine
　　( ) 9. The day after tomorrow they ________ a volleyball match.
　　A. will watching B. watches C. is watching D. are going to watch
　　( ) 10. He ________ there at ten tomorrow morning.
　　 A. will B. is C. will be D. be
　　( )11. - Let's go out to play football, shall we? - OK. I ________.
　　 A. will coming B. be going to come C. come D. am coming
　　( ) 12. It ________ us a long time to learn English well.
　　 A. takes B. will take C. spends D. will spend
　　( ) 13. The train ________ at 11.
　　 A. going to arrive B. will be arrive C. is going to D. is arriving
　　二、用动词的适当形式填空
　 1. I ______（leave）in a minute. I ______（finish）all my work before I ______ （leave）.
　　2. Mary's birthday is next Monday, her mother _____（give）her a present.
　3. -_____ you _____（be）here this Saturday?
　　 -No. I ______（visit）my teacher.
　　4. -______ I ______（get）you a copy of today's newspaper?
　　 -Thank you.
5. I am afraid there ______（be）a meeting this afternoon. I can't join you.

过去将来时
一、 概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。
二、 常搭配的时间状语：the next day(morning, year„),the following month(week„),etc.
三、 基本结构：
①was/were going to + do；②would/should + do; ③was/were to was/were about to+do
否定形式：①was/were/not + going to + do;②would/should + not + do.
一般疑问句：①was或were放于句首；②would/should 提到句首。
例句：I knew you would agree. 我知道你会同意的。
I said I would arrange everything. 我说我来安排一切。
四、基本用法
表示过去的某时以后将要发生的动作。但这个"将来"时间绝不会延伸到“现在”；而仅限于“过去时间区域内”。由此可以看出，含这个时态的句子常带一个表示“过去某个时间点”的状语。这个状语或是一个短语，或是一个句子。这个时态常用于：
A）宾语从句或间接引语中；
B）表示过去习惯性的动作；
C）表示过去情况中的“愿望”、“倾向”，多用于否定句。例如：
　　A) When I thought about it , I wondered what their reaction would be . 当我考虑这件事时，我想知道他们的反应是什么。
　　She told me that she would go on trip to Europe the next day. 她告诉我，她第二天要去欧洲旅行。
　　He didn't expect that we would all be there. 他没料到我们会全在那儿。
　　B) During that period , he would do morning-exercises every day. 在那段时间，他每天早锻炼。
　　Whenever he had time, he would help his mother with some housework. 无论他什么时间有空,他总是帮他妈妈干点家务活。
　　C) No matter how difficult the work was , he would keep on doing it until he accomplished it . 不管工作有多难，他总会坚持不懈地把它干完。
　　They knew that we would never permit such a thing. 他们知道我们绝不会允许发生这样的事。
　　Even after the lecture ended, the audience would not leave . 甚至在讲座结束之后，听众仍不肯离去。

练习：
I. 选择填空
　　1. Li Ming said he _____happy if Brian_____to China next month.
　　A. as; come B. was; would come C. would be; came D. will be; come
　　2. We were not sure whether they ______ more vegetables.
　　A. are going to grow B. were going to grow
　　C. will grow