初中英语写作技巧.doc

英语写作技巧

(一）初中英语写作要领。
书面表达，首先要抓住所给的提示，然后运用所学词汇、语法及句型，避繁就简，简明表达要讲的内容。
　　那么，如何才能做好英语写作题呢?这里介绍五个要诀以供参考。
　　1. 紧扣中心;
　　2. 意思连贯;
　　3. 富于变化;
　　4. 注意时态;
　　5. 不“生造”句子。
　　书面表达是一项能够充分考查学生语言综合运用能力的题型，一般来说，书面表达采取情景作文和控制作文两种形式。情景作文多为看图填词、看图写话、看图作文等形式，后者指根据所给条件进行写作的形式。
　　以上两种书面表达形式，都不同于自由写作，都不允许同学们随意发挥，更不许逐词逐句地翻译提示，而是要求考生抓住信息大意，用自己所学的、熟悉的语言进行表达。所以，无论哪一种书面表达形式，都要求做到以下几点：
　　1. 紧扣题目，准确、全面地表达出要点中规定的全部信息和内容，不得遗漏;
　　2. 表达正确，意思连贯，过渡自然;
　　3. 格式正确，书写规范，标点正确，字数符合要求。
　　做好“书面表达”这道题，应该从以下几方面入手：
　　一、 充分准备，打好基础
　　为了提高书面表达水平，平时应加强阅读，应背诵一些句型、段落、甚至短文。只要读得多，背得多，就能出口成章，下笔成文。此外，还要了解英文写作方面的基础知识，掌握常用文体的写作方法。其实，用英文写信、记日记等都是学生力所能及且行之有效的练习写作的好方法。
　　二、 仔细审题，明确要求
　　对题目所提供的信息要认真分析，明确要求，做到心中有数。要对所提供的信息加以分析、整理，使之更加具体化、条理化，为开始动笔做好准备工作，还要搞清题目的要求，以便根据不同的题材、体裁，写出不同格式，风格各异的文章。此外，还要注意人称、时态、地点等信息，避免出错。
　　三、 抓住重点，寻求思路
　　根据题目所提供的信息，草拟提纲，寻求逻辑次序，确定如何下手。否则，语无伦次的文章将不会被人接受，也不可能得到高分。
　　四、 遣词造句，表达规范
　　用词要适当，不可逐句把提示汉译英，亦不可生拼硬凑，不要硬拿英语单词到中文句子里去对号，否则写出中文式英语，闹出笑话。一般来讲，写作时，应尽量选出你有把握的词，尽量使用短句(简单句)。如果有的单词不会写，有的思想不会用英语表达，你可以设法绕开，最好找一个同义词、同义句，或近义词、词组短语来代替。要正确使用关联词，如 and，or，but，so，because，since 等，以便行文自然流畅。除此之外，写作时还要注意时态、语态的各种句式的交替作用，使文章显得得体，表达流畅。
　　五、 修改润色，锦上添花
　　作文写完之后，应注意检查修改，修改时先从全局修改。首先要检查主题是否明确，表达方式是否恰当，接下来检查所写内容是否切题，该交待的内容是否交待了，最后检查所用时态、人称是否符合要求，最后是否一致。
　　局部修改，也就是段落、句子水平上的修改。作局部修改时，要检查段落是否完整，句子表达是否准确，语法、拼写、标点、移行、大小写等方面是否有误。
　　另外，值得一提的是，考生修改时，一定要注意文章长短(词数)是否达到了要求。为了便于辨认，修改好后，还要认真誊写一遍，英语誊写的基本要点如下:
　　1. 四周应留空。
　　2. 标题应写在第一行的中央。文章与标题间空 2-3 行，除介词、连词、冠词外，标题中每一个实词的第一个字母均应大写，但如果第一个单词是介词、连词等，这个词的第一个字母仍应大写。
　　3. 段与段之间一般不空行，但每段第一行应缩进 4-5 个字母所占的位置。
　　4. 书写工整、规范，卷面整洁，词间距要一致，尽量避免移行。
　　5. 要删掉一个词时，用一条粗横线划掉，不要用括号括起来。
　　誊写完后，还应仔细校阅 1-2 遍。校阅要逐词逐句进行，注意检查语法、拼写、标点、大小写等方面的错误。校阅是自检的最后一关，应严肃认真的进行，尽可能地消灭一切差错，增强文章的效果。
经过以上工作，最后呈现在评卷老师面前的应该是一份干干净净、整整齐齐、主题突出、语言流畅、用词恰当的作文。

（二）初中英语写作中常见的十二种句型。带下划线的句子要求背诵。
    句型(一)
　　such+名词性词组+that…
　　So+形容词/副词+that…——如此……以致……
　　例如：(1)She is such a good teacher that we all love her.她是一个好老师，我们都爱她。
　　(2)It was such a hot day that they didn’t go out for a walk as usual.这么热的天气，他们没有像往常一样去散步。
　　注意点：
　　1.such+a+形容词+名词+that…，可以改写成：so+形容词+a+名词+that…，例句(1)可以改写成：She is so good a teacher that we all love her.
　　2.在such+形容词+名词复数或不可数名词+that…结构中，形容词如果是many/few或much/little时，用so不用such，即：so+many/few+可数名词复数+that…，so+much/little+不可数名词+that…
　　(1)There are so many people in the room that I can’t get in.房间里人太多，我进不去。
　　(2)The man has so much money that he can buy a car.那人很有钱，他能买一辆小汽车。
　句型(二)
　　There be…，either…or…，neither…nor…，not only…but also…
　　例如：(1)There is a pen and two pencils in his pencil-box.他的铅笔盒里有一支钢笔和两支铅笔。
　　(2)Not only you but also I have been to the Great Wall.你和我都没有去过长城。
　　(3)Either you or I am leaving for Shanghai.要么你去上海，要么我去上海。
　　(4)Neither you nor he is right. 你和他都不对。
　　(5)Both Jack and Tim are English. Jack和Tim是英国人。
　　注意点：
　　当这几个句型连接主语时，谓语动词的人称和数要考虑“就近原则”，对比both…and… 来记忆，both…and…连接主语时视为复数。
　句型(三)
　　Enough+名词+to do…——有足够的……做某事
　　形容词/副词+enough+to do …——足够……做某事
　　例如：(1)There is enough room to hold these people to have a meeting.有足够的地方容下这些人开会。
　　(2)The boy is strong enough to carry the heavy box.这个男孩力气够大，能搬动这只箱子。
　　注意点：
　　enough做副词修饰形容词或副词时，放在所修饰词的后面，句子可以用so…that…句型改写。例句(2)可以改写为：The boy is so strong that he can carry the heavy box.这个男孩力气很大，能搬动这只箱子。
　句型(四)
　　too+形容词/副词+to do…——太……以致不能……
　　例如：(1)I was too excited to say a word.我激动得一个字也说不出来。
　　(2)Tom is too short to reach the apple. Tom太矮了，拿不到那个苹果。
　　注意点：
　　这是一个否定句型，不能在不定式前加 not，可以用so…that…结构改写，例如例句(1)可以改写成：I was so excited that I couldn't say a word.
    句型(五)
　　So that …——以便/以致……
　　例如：(1)They studied hard so that they could pass the exam.他们学习很努力，为了能通过考试。
　　(2)They started early so that they caught the early bus.他们起得很早，结果赶上了早班车。
　　注意点：
　　在例句(1)中,是引导目的状语；在例句(2)中，是引导结果状语。一般来讲，从句中含有情态动词的，为目的状语。无情态动词的，为结果状语。
　句型(六)
　　祈使句+then/or/and+陈述句
　　例如：(1)Work hard,and/then/and then you will live a happy life.努力工作，你就会过上幸福生活。
　　(2)Hurry up, or we will be late for school.　快点，否则我们上学就迟到了。
　　注意点：
　　以上句型都可以用条件状语从句来改写。例句(2)可以改写成：If we don’t hurry up,we’ll be late for school.
　句型(七)
　　(1)It’s time for sth.是干某事的时间了。
　　It’s time (for sb) to do sth.该干某事了。
　　It’s time that sb did sth.该干某事了。
　　例如：(1) It’s time for the meeting.该开会了。
　　(2)It’s time for us to go to school.我们该上学了。
　　(3)It’s high time that you went to bed.你该上床休息了（虚拟语气）。
　　注意点：
　　在句型(3)中，可以在time前加rush、 high等修饰词，这个句型是虚拟语气的一种，含有“稍迟一点”的含义。而(2)则是“正是干某事的时候”。
　句型(八)
　　(1)It takes sb. Some time to do sth.干某事花某人一些时间
　　(2)sb. spend some time on sth./(in) doing sth.某人花时间在某事上/花时间干某事
　　(3)spend some money on sth./(in) doing sth.花钱在某物上/花钱干某事
　　(4)sth. cost sb. Some money——某事花某人一些钱
　　(5)pay some money for sth.为某事(物)付钱
　　例如：(1)It took me two hours to write the letter.写这封信花了我两小时的时间。
　　(2)He spends half an hour (in) reading English every morning.他每天早上花半小时读英语。
　　(3)He spends one hour on the housework every day.他每天花一小时做家务。
　　(4)The bike cost me 298 yuan.这辆自行车花了我298元。
　　(5)I spent 298 yuan on the bike.我买这辆自行车花了298 元。
　　(6)I paid 298 yuan for the bike.我花了298元买这辆自行车。
　　注意点：cost主语一般为物；spend、pay主语一般为人。例(1)中it 用做形式主语，动词不定式为真正主语。
    句型(九)
(1)Why not do…?为什么不干某事？
　　(2)Let’s do …让我们干某事吧。
　　(3)Shall we do …?我们干某事好吗？
　　(4)Would you like something/to do sth.…?你想要什么吗？你想要干…吗？
　　(5)Will you please do …?请你干某事好吗？
　　(6)What (How) about doing…?干某事怎么样？
　　例如：(1)Why not go and ask our teacher?Good idea!Let’s go.为什么不去问问老师？好主意！走吧！
　　(2)Shall we go out for a walk?No, let’s go to the zoo.我们去散步怎么样？不，我们去动物园吧。
　　(3)Will you please fetch some chalks for me?请你给我拿些粉笔，好吗？
　　(4)What about singing an English song? Wonderful!唱首英语歌曲怎么样？好极了！
(5) How about going to the park? 去公园怎么样？
　　注意点：这些句型都是表示“建议”的句子，可视为同义句。
　句型(十)
　　(1)Let’s go out for a walk,shall we?让我们出去散步，好吗？
　　(2)Read the book carefully,will you?认真读书，好吗？
　　注意点：在这两个句型中，(2)所代表的祈使句，一般用will you构成反意疑问句。在(1)中Let’s表示包括“我”在内，用shall we，但若是let us，表示不包括“我”在内，则用will you。
　　例如：Let us clean the class room,will you?我们把教室打扫一下，好吗？
　句型(十一)
　　So+be/助动词/情态动词+主语——也……
　　Neither/Nor+be/助动词/情态动词+主语——也不……
　　例如：(1)He can sing a lot of English songs,so can she.他会唱很多英语歌曲，她也是。
　　(2)She speaks English very well,so do I.她英语说得好，我也是。
　　(3)Li Lei hasn't read this book,neither has Lin Feng.李蕾没看过这本书，林风也没看过。
　　注意点：这两个句型都表示和前面所陈述的内容相同，用倒装句。要注意和 “so+主语+be/助动词/情态动词——确实是”相区别，试对比一下例(2)：
　　A：She speaks English very well.她英语说得很好。
　　B：so she does.确实是这样。
　句型(十二)
I don't think his answer is right.我认为他的答案不对。
　　例如：(1)I can't believe she is right.我相信她是不对的。
　　(2)You don't think they will come tomorrow, do you?你认为他们明天不会来，是吗？
　　注意点：Think、believe、suppose 等接宾语从句时，表示否定时否定主句。变为反意疑问句时，若主语是第一人称，简短问句与宾语从句的主谓语保持一致，若主句主语是其他人称，与主句主谓语保持一致。例(1)变为反意疑问句应为：I can’t believe she is right, is she?

（三）经典初中英语写作范文欣赏。
1、Great changes in my hometown
More than twenty years ago, my hometown was just a small , old and poor town. Most of people were farmers. There were few factories. The people didn't have enough food to eat and wore old clothes. They had a hard life .
Great changes have taken place in the past twenty years . The people have found a lot of ways of making money . Now there are many tall buildings . They are very beautiful . Roads are wide and clean . People can take buses or drive their own cars to go to work . Many people have cell phones and personal computers. People’s living conditions have improved a lot . Thanks to the government’s efforts . my hometown is becoming more and more beautiful .
2、Save the earth
How to protect the environment has become one of the biggest problems in the world .
It’s our duty to protect our environment . No matter where we live , we should do something to keep our neighborhood clean and tidy . We can collect waste paper or other waste things for recycling. We should plant more trees and we should prevent those factories from pouring waste water into rivers, lakes and fields. We shouldn’t leave rubbish everywhere and spit in public places . We mustn't pick the flowers or step on the grass in public. If everyone tries his best to protect the environment , the world will become much more beautiful and our life will be better and better .
3、Improve our environment
Good environment can make people feel happy. To improve the environment means to qualify our life . What should we do to improve our environment ?
We should plant more trees . And we should prevent those factories from pouring waste water into rivers , lakes and fields . Whenever we see litter on the ground , we should pick it up and throw it into a dustbin . Don’t spit in public places . Don’t draw on public walls . It’s our duty to keep our earth clean and tidy .
4、Make our world more beautiful !
Protecting the environment is becoming more and more important to humans . It’s our duty to take care of the nature around us . Animals and plants are our best friends ., and we should share the world with them . We shouldn't kill wild animals , and we must protect forests because they are animals’ home . We must plant more trees and grass , they can make the world greener . The more beautiful the world is, the happier lives we will have . Let’s do our best to make the world beautiful.
5、Keep our school clean
We are studying in this school. It is our duty to keep it clean and tidy. It is not good to spit in public places, such as in the library, in the class. We shouldn't leave rubbish here and there. Don’t draw pictures on the wall, they influence the look of our school . We should keep the classroom clean and tidy. And we should do some cleaning often. If everyone tries his best to do something useful for our school, I’m sure our school will be more beautiful .
6、My country life
I like to live in the countryside. I live in a small village. There is a river near it. Lots of trees are around my house. I can see a lot of farms and birds. There is less noise. The air here is cleaner and fresher. There are fewer cars. I read aloud early in the morning. When it is getting dark, the moon is bright in the sky. It’s very quiet . What a nice place I live in !
7、How to learn English well
As we know , English has become an international language. It is more popular than any other language in China . English is widely spoken in the world and it is the most useful language around the world . But how to learn it well ?
The best way is to use it all the time . If we can talk in English , think in English we can learn it well . At school , we should learn to hear , speak, read and write carefully . We should spend enough time in practicing English . If we keep on working hard at English , we will be able to be good at it one day .
8、How I learn English
Hello, everyone. It is my honor to talk with all of you about how to learn English well . I like English very much . I always preview and master the main idea of the lesson before class. In class , I listen carefully , speak loudly and write carefully and take notes if necessary . After class , I do my homework carefully . I watch English movies and listen to English songs . I have booked an English newspaper . It’s Times English Post , I can learn a lot from it . I am not afraid of remembering the new words because I master many good methods . I hope you work hard at English and make progress every day . That’s all .
9、How I improved my English
When I began to learn English, I was poor at it. I was quite worried at that time. Later I 1istened to the teacher attentively in class, and made notes carefully. If I had any question, I asked my English teacher or my classmates for help. Every morning I read the English texts aloud and listened to the English tapes. In the evening, after finishing my homework, I always read some English and magazines.
Now I am one of the best students at English in my class.
10、The importance of English
English is the most widely spoken in the world. It’s spoken by most people in the USA, Great Britain, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. It's also very widely used as a foreign language in many other countries of the world. It's widely used for business between different countries. More than three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English, too. It is really a bridge to so much knowledge . English is used by travellers and business people around the world. It's one of the world's most important languages as it is so widely used. That's why more and more people in China are interested in learning English.
English is so useful that we must learn it well . Now let’s work hard at it and see who learns it faster and better in our class .
3、通过活动，使学生养成博览群书的好习惯。
B比率分析法和比较分析法不能测算出各因素的影响程度。√
C采用约当产量比例法，分配原材料费用与分配加工费用所用的完工率都是一致的。Ｘ
C采用直接分配法分配辅助生产费用时，应考虑各辅助生产车间之间相互提供产品或劳务的情况。错
C产品的实际生产成本包括废品损失和停工损失。√
C成本报表是对外报告的会计报表。×
C成本分析的首要程序是发现问题、分析原因。×
C成本会计的对象是指成本核算。×
C成本计算的辅助方法一般应与基本方法结合使用而不单独使用。√
C成本计算方法中的最基本的方法是分步法。X
D当车间生产多种产品时，“废品损失”、“停工损失”的借方余额，月末均直接记入该产品的产品成本
中。×
D定额法是为了简化成本计算而采用的一种成本计算方法。×
F“废品损失”账户月末没有余额。√
F废品损失是指在生产过程中发现和入库后发现的不可修复废品的生产成本和可修复废品的修复费用。Ｘ
F分步法的一个重要特点是各步骤之间要进行成本结转。(√)
G各月末在产品数量变化不大的产品，可不计算月末在产品成本。错
G工资费用就是成本项目。(×)
G归集在基本生产车间的制造费用最后均应分配计入产品成本中。对
J计算计时工资费用，应以考勤记录中的工作时间记录为依据。(√)
J简化的分批法就是不计算在产品成本的分批法。(×)
J简化分批法是不分批计算在产品成本的方法。对
J加班加点工资既可能是直接计人费用，又可能是间接计人费用。√
J接生产工艺过程的特点，工业企业的生产可分为大量生产、成批生产和单件生产三种，X
K可修复废品是指技术上可以修复使用的废品。错
K可修复废品是指经过修理可以使用，而不管修复费用在经济上是否合算的废品。Ｘ
P品种法只适用于大量大批的单步骤生产的企业。×
Q企业的制造费用一定要通过“制造费用”科目核算。Ｘ
Q企业职工的医药费、医务部门、职工浴室等部门职工的工资，均应通过“应付工资”科目核算。Ｘ
S生产车间耗用的材料，全部计入“直接材料”成本项目。Ｘ
S适应生产特点和管理要求，采用适当的成本计算方法，是成本核算的基础工作。(×)
W完工产品费用等于月初在产品费用加本月生产费用减月末在产品费用。对
Y“预提费用”可能出现借方余额，其性质属于资产，实际上是待摊费用。对
Y引起资产和负债同时减少的支出是费用性支出。X
Y以应付票据去偿付购买材料的费用，是成本性支出。X
Y原材料分工序一次投入与原材料在每道工序陆续投入，其完工率的计算方法是完全一致的。Ｘ
Y运用连环替代法进行分析，即使随意改变各构成因素的替换顺序，各因素的影响结果加总后仍等于指标的总差异，因此更换各因索替换顺序，不会影响分析的结果。(×)
Z在产品品种规格繁多的情况下，应该采用分类法计算产品成本。对
Z直接生产费用就是直接计人费用。X
Z逐步结转分步法也称为计列半成品分步法。√

A按年度计划分配率分配制造费用，“制造费用”账户月末(可能有月末余额/可能有借方余额/可能有贷方余额/可能无月末余额)。
A按年度计划分配率分配制造费用的方法适用于(季节性生产企业)