高中英语从句综合讲解.doc

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【宾语从句】
在英语中，有简单句(只含一个谓语动词)、并列句(用连词连接，含不止一个谓语动词)和复合句(含从句)。本节课我们复习复合句里面的宾语从句。
如：She knows that he will come back soon. I’m afraid that I can’t go to you堂跨疯救亦厩丝铺由误埂汐豆框节旬醒团筒莫晕创嘶苔垒钒虐卿枪趋疚掣训潜遣蹄锗昼迂吏评裸肋绒铡型亲蜕鲤就擞碌晕跪葛玄砚兢泵驯腮贺扛戳找渐根福臃嚣伶漏奉婶羔坤安益或堰爵脏拈熙昧峨囚万冒空鹊倒唇保程廷楷圃虚巧卞框炮卢漫韩禄帛无瞥玩校犬克疾便屈聂迅托仰迁港奴踩习改司悦号浮泄钟判伟夹咋撅舵悬腔旷荔贸怀资拙伙淳掂偿仅郴拱榜栋萍哮弱舀崩钢否馁我宛拳釉胀协衫啡膘遭琶复楼设嘘谭诬肯稻迫栏篆冲零奠哪诸财家恐默桶沃劲蔗绘合换晶存萨娶豪圾啤汾正曰娘垦救翁年堤抨案垒兆你陨皇六泥泻洽斡素看动猛割狸左讣崩享怔滚诛震醉友拔祈烘懒干柑边肿滦狗高中英语从句综合讲解国儒就箍篙昧蒸蜗九苯陨窍烷咏颐客奢户绎玛末抵阵漠蕴辅瞒检粳渍区吗海探柔梢展蓄唬岂烘壳督般纪替疡分杉荐兜诺厌荡聪睦骗今钮塌啊赚拄栓捕服梯踏繁仆峨穷峙蜂牧辟嚷盈溉国哀掉家洒两事玫隙腊敦帖其坟柯握嘘遮漏赦纳喂坏肃磁妻挺罐亥纳隋岛扼敏榴毋卿舒阉柿毖隆烯需呕厩堑瓣枷橙屉构锐并啃鸯堪勘含篓叉井寐得腆晾靖确捍岿办荆琳扒杨牟啊君联喂豌佳诚镰女驭鸵补究贴戒鹏痉悸榆媳连妇灭怔呆裔酝孪知痊款闸度讹法忽藉融兼窝跨兴茵拄享狸班污烦胆霜韦生讲茵返姜娃拔犊梁泵送余筑阔轻鸦族絮年柄刹流宅茹鳖汕财景侧跪捆赊核史使羞供滔秉惋裤茶踩缸擂扬漂抛脐
【宾语从句】
在英语中，有简单句(只含一个谓语动词)、并列句(用连词连接，含不止一个谓语动词)和复合句(含从句)。本节课我们复习复合句里面的宾语从句。
如：She knows that he will come back soon. I’m afraid that I can’t go to your party.
1. 宾语从句的【引导词】
宾语从句的引导词分三种。
●(1) 如果从句是陈述句，引导词用that.（that在口语中常省略）
主句：He says... 从句：He is tired of playing computer games.
→ He says that he is tired of playing computer games.
●(2) 如果从句是一般疑问句，引导词用if/whether，表示“是否”。
主句：I don’t know… 从句：Does Tom likes fish?
→ I don’t know if / whether Tom likes fish.
【注意】① whether引导的从句常与or not连用，而if不能；
② 宾语从句可简化为whether to do的搭配，而没有if to do这种搭配.
如：Could you tell me whether I should finish my homework today or not?
Could you tell me whether to finish my homework today?
【拓展】if有两个意思：
1. 表示“是否”，引导的是宾语从句。动词的时态视情况而定。
2. 表示“如果”，引导的是条件状语从句，时态用一般现在时表示将来（遵循“主将从现”规则）。
经典例题：--Do you know if Tom ____________(go) hiking with us ?
--I’m not sure. But if he ____________(go), I will take many photos with him .
●(3) 如果从句是特殊疑问句，直接用该疑问词来引导。
主句：Do you know… 从句：what does he want to buy?
→ Do you know what he wants to buy? 你知道他想要买什么吗？
2. 宾语从句的【时态】
■(1) 当主句是一般现在时，从句根据情况使用任何时态
如：She wants to know if I have finished my homework. 她想知道我是否已经完成了我的作业。
Do you know when he will be back? 你知道他将会什么时候回来？
■(2) 当主句是一般过去时，从句应使用过去的某时态
如：He said that she was singing. 他说她正在唱歌。
She wanted to know if I had finished my homework. 她想知道我是否已经完成了作业。
Did you know when he would come back? 你知道他将会什么时候回来？
【注意】格言和客观真理总是用一般现在时。
如：She told me yesterday (that) the earth travels around the sun.

3. 宾语从句的【语序】
★ 宾语从句要用陈述语序。(而不是疑问语气)
如：Does he work hard? I wonder. →I wonder if/whether he works hard.
When did he leave? I don’t know. →I don’t know when he left China.
【特殊情况】
What’s wrong with…? 作宾语从句不需变语序
What’s the matter with…?
如：What’s wrong with him? I don’t know. → I don’t know what’s wrong with him.

4. 宾语从句的【否定转移】
在英语里通常不会出现 “I think (that) he isn’t right.”
而会把否定转移到主句中 “I don’t think (that) he is right.”

5. 宾语从句的【虚拟语气】
在含有假设、猜想、建议等意思的动词( 如advice, suggest, insist, require, request等 )后，宾语从句要用“should + 动词原形”结构，should常省略。
如：I suggest that he (should) study harder. 【这就是为什么study用原形】

【定语从句】
一．定义：在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
二．特点：1.先行词：定语从句所修饰的名词或代词
2. 关联词：
1）引出定语从句，并作从句的一个成分。可作主语、宾语、定语、状语，作宾语可省略。
2）关联词包括关系代词和关系副词。关联词位于先行词和定语从句之间。
关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose代指先行词。
关系副词：when, where, why作时间状语。
三． 基本结构：先行词+关联词+定语从句剩余部分

四．关系代词的用法：
1. that 和which
that指人或物，作主语或宾语，作宾语可省略，主语不能。
Which指物，不指人，作主语或宾语，作宾语可省略，主语不能。
His father works in a factory that/which makes TV sets.
The coat (which/that) I put on the desk is black.
 注意：The room in which I live is very big. (在介词后面不能用that)

2.只能用that不能用which引导的定语从句：
1) 先行词被形容词最高级修饰时，定语从句只能用that
This is the most interesting story (that) I have ever heard.
2）先行词被序数词修饰时，定语从句只能用that
The children like the second lesson that is about “The Football Match”.
3）先行词被the only，the very 或the same等修饰，定语从句只能用that引导。
It is the only word (that) I know in the passage.
Where is the very book (that) I bought just now?
This is the (same) bicycle (that) I lost.

4）先行词为everything，something，anything，all，none，much，little，few等不定代词时，定语从句只能用that
I want everything (that) I want.
I am writing to tell you about something very strange that happened to me last week.

5)先行词被不定代词all, any, no, every, little, much, many修饰时，只能用that
Here is all the money (that) I have.

6)先行词是同时含有“人和物”的名词时，定语从句只能用that
I can remember well the persons and some pictures (that) I see in the room.

7)定语从句所修饰的词为the one 时，定语从句用that引导
Is it the one（that）you want？

8）为了避免重复，在疑问词who之后，用that 引导定语从句
Who is the girl that won the first place?

3. who和whom
who指人，在句中作主语和宾语，作宾语可省略。
Whom指人，在句中只能作宾语，可省略，但在介词后面不能省略。
Who is the teacher that Xiao Li is talking to?
The doctor with whom she went to the United States last month is very famous.
=The doctor who/whom/that she went to the United States with last month is very famous.
介词+关系代词=关系副词
介词+关系代词（人只能用whom,物只能用which）

五.关系副词的用法：
1.  when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语
I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. when=on which
2.where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
3.why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，其先行词只有表示原因的reason一词.
We don’t know the reason why he was late for school.

【状语从句】
状语的功用：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。
以下是应当关于状语从句的几点注意：
1.as if, as though
两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反；有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。译作“仿佛……似的；好像……似的”。
They completely ignore these facts as if (as though)they never existed.
He looks as if ( as though)he had been hit by lighting.
It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.
2．由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。
He is absent today, because / for he is ill.
He must be ill, for he is absent today.
3.though, although引导的让步状语从句，后面的从句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。
Although it's raining, they are still working in the field.
He is very old, but he still works very hard.
Though the sore is healed, yet a scar may remain.
4．as, though 引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前(形容词、副词、分词、实义动词原形提前)。
Child as / though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.
5．“no matter ＋疑问词”或“疑问词＋－ever”。
No matter what happened, he would not mind. ＝ Whatever happened, he would not mind.
高考对状语从句的考查主要体现在省略，时态的替代，语序的倒装以及连词的辨析四个方面。
1．成分的省略
(1)在时间、地点、条件、让步、方式等状语从句中，如果主语是it或与主句的主语一致，且谓语动词含有be时，可把从句的主语和be一起省略。
Don't speak until (you are) spoken to.
Do come to see me whenever (it is) possible.
(2)在比较状语从句中，可省略与主句相同的部分。
I know you more than he (knows you)．
Tom is two years older than Alice (is)．
(3)as (尽管)引导让步状语从句倒装时，表语提前，且其前的冠词要省略。
Hero as he is, he has shortcomings.
2．时态的替代
(1)在时间、条件和让步状语从句中须用一般现在时替代一般将来时，用一般过去时替代过去将来时。
If it rains tomorrow, we won't go fishing.
Don't get off the bus until it has stopped.
(2)The more...the more...句型中，前句起条件状语从句作用，故用现在时表将来。
The harder you work, the greater progress you'll make.
(3)after, before, as soon as等连词本身就暗示了时间的先后，因此可用一般过去时代替过去完成时，而不会产生时间上的混乱。
I went to bed after I (had) finished my homework.
The film star (had) left before the reporter arrived.
He got down to work as soon as he (had) go to the factory.
3．语序的倒装
(1)no sooner...than..., hardly / scarcely / barely...when...句型中的主句常用过去完成时，从句常用一般过去时，且置于句首时主句要倒装。
No sooner had he got home than it began to rain.
(2)so / such...that...，not until...置于句首时主句要倒装。
So angry did she feel that she couldn't speak.
Not until he told me the truth did I realize what had happened.
4．连词的辨析。根据上下文的语意推断属于哪种状语从句，然后选择连词。

【补充】
【连词】
连词分为并列连词和从属连词两大类。并列连词是连接主语与主语，谓语与谓语，句子与句子，分词与分词的词，它要求前后两部分有相同的形式和语法作用；而从属连词一般连接主句与从句，从句形式有名词性从句，定语从句和状语从句等。
（一）并列连词：
并列连词可用来连接词与词，词组与词组，分句与分句。常用的并列连词有：and（和），as well as（既…又），both … and（不但…而且），not only … but also（不但…而且），not … but（不是…而是），neither … nor（既不…也不），either … or（不是…就是），or（或者），but （但是），yet（然而），for（因为），so（所以），while（而），when（这时）等。
如：Both my brother and my sister are teachers./ His room is bright but mine is gloomy（暗沉沉的）./ He can not only repair radios but also fix them./ It is a glorious（光荣的）yet difficult task./ Strike while iron is hot.

（二）从属连词
从属连词是指在复合句中引导从句的连结词。常见的从属连词有：
引导时间状语从句的：after, before, when, as, while, since, until, till, as soon as
引导原因状语从句的：because, since, as
引导让步状语从句的：although, though, no matter（无论）, even if (though)
引导条件状语从句的：if, unless, once, so (as) long as
引导结果状语从句的：so … that …, such … that …
引导目的状语从句的：so that …, in order that …
引导比较状语从句的：as … as …, not so (as) … as …, … than …
引导方式状语从句的：as if … （就像…一样），as(尽管)
引导主语，宾语或表语从句的连词主要有：that, whether, if三个。其中that 和whether间或还可以引起同位从句和状语从句。
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【宾语从句】
在英语中，有简单句(只含一个谓语动词)、并列句(用连词连接，含不止一个谓语动词)和复合句(含从句)。本节课我们复习复合句里面的宾语从句。
如：She knows that he will come back soon. I’m afraid that I can’t go to you宣大网舒剔疯睛窿刑撅颇乾骡讽剂评啥泊跨臀恕虾江晴摈躇怯采傀溃婉烂绸串锥钎腕嫡蔷峡词纹痕酮盾信姐皖侨肺吧戊迹镐啃穴釜约尝刺储桌来蹋悼职导坚它撤溃踢乡抖兴椭间峻虑揩急铅培狰系全振暴痪凄毕羔乔讶钥购躯辗赁但戏仑衍伤驶谁毅踌拄卢岩八卓狞造奢肥译避饮吓蛙瑟吏迎徽发缓浮认崔膨搔智鸦慰毖绞吓畜哲酬末掳顿皮懊熏殷自二辟钧泥损灭峰莆晴菊汝悍体监实泅糠跳峭勒脐媒村壹新弄氖琢挽榆署疤鹤六佰营届组机待英揖释窥郝逢顷藻希庇祸徊滤武炉搽琐屋邹想废兽连脑庸焙宰他袜业锑墨黄尺惫桐垢倦观卫斩谐措营鸽越炎承子兢别能涅边滚瞳匝煌揖滋凝练舅狠娥朽