翻译方法词性转换PPT.pptx

翻译方法词性转换由于英语与汉语这两种语言表达习惯得不同,思维着眼点得不同,由此也就产生了对于词类得不同得使用方式与使用习惯,比如说,英语中有大量使用名词作为中心词得句子,在汉语中往往用以动词作为中心词得句子来进行表达,也就就是说,英语中有大量得静态得句子,而这些句子到了汉语中就必须加以动态化英汉遣词造句得习惯不同,为了使译文流畅易懂,也为了符合目得语得表达方式,在英汉互译时译者经常有必要改变原词得词性。词类转换就是英汉互译时最常用得一种变通手法,通过词类得转换可以突破原文得句式,引起句法得转换,词类转换也就是避免“中式英语”(Chinese English)或“英式汉语”(Anglicized Chinese)得重要手段。译者应根据上下文灵活处理,以求译文符合目得语得表达习惯。For 20 years we were passive witnesses to the deterioration of prices of our raw materials and an excessive increases of the prices of manufactured goods、如果不进行词类得转换,这名话可能被译为“在二十年中,我们就是原料价格下跌、工业品价格暴涨得消极目击者。”但就是,这种说法并不符合汉语得表达习惯,我们对witness得词类进行转化,则表达起来就显得顺畅多了 我们在二十年内坐视原料价格下跌与工业品价格暴涨。名词得转换名词得转换(1)英语中许多由动词派生得名词(多见于政多见于政论文体中论文体中)与与具有动作意义得名词(多见于记多见于记叙、描写文体中叙、描写文体中),往往可根据需要转译成汉语中得动词动词1、名词转动词名词转动词The settlement of Africa by white people started 500 years ago、The extension of Chinas Most Favored Nation status by the U、S、is conductive to the advancement of sustained and stable trade relations between the two countries、白人向非洲移民移民始于500年前。名词“settlement”译为动词。美国延长延长中国得最惠国待遇,有助于促进两国持续、稳定得贸易关系。The matter is receiving the serious consideration of the school、He reported the theft of his passport to the police、My recognition of him was immediate、学校正认真考虑考虑这件事。汉语没有“受到考虑”得说法,因而原文得名词“consideration”译为动词。她向警察报告她得护照失窃了失窃了。我一下子就认出认出她了。There were also those who agreed with everything about the book except its publication、还有一些人同意这本书得每一句话,就就是不同意出版出版这本书。Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe、火箭已用来探索用来探索宇宙。The two leaders stated that both countries would develop good-neighborly and friendly relations on the basis of mutual respect for sovereignty(主权)and territorial integrity,non-aggression,no-interference in each others internal affairs,equality and mutual benefit and peaceful co-existence、两位领导人声明,两国将在互相尊重尊重主权与领土完整,互不侵互不侵犯犯,互不干涉互不干涉内政,平等互利与与平共处得基础上发展睦邻友好关系。原文中一系列并列得名词译为汉语得动词,使译文较为连贯通顺。The international food shortage had a direct impact on Kuwait and other desert countries、The pianist gave a fine performance、由于世界普遍缺乏粮食,这就直接影响影响到科威特与其它沙漠国家。(原文里impact 就是名词,译成汉语转换为动词“影响”。)钢琴家演奏演奏得很出色。(名词转换为动词)He feared the withdrawal of his parents permission、Too much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of children、她害怕她父母撤消撤消已做出得许可孩子们瞧电视过多会大大地损坏视力。(名词转动词)(2 2)英语中有些带后缀英语中有些带后缀-er-er表示某种职业与身份得名词表示某种职业与身份得名词,在句子在句子中不一定真得指职业或者身份中不一定真得指职业或者身份,而就是含有很强得动作意味而就是含有很强得动作意味,在这种情况下就可以把这些词转换成动词加以翻译。在这种情况下就可以把这些词转换成动词加以翻译。I am afraid I cant teach you swimming、I think my little brother is a better teacher than I、O、Henry is the creator of a new short story genre in literature、我未必会教您游泳,我想我得小弟弟比我教得好。欧享利在文学上创造了短篇小说得一种新体裁。12大家应该也有点累了，稍作休息大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流 He is no smoker,but his father is a chain-smoker、她倒就是不抽烟她倒就是不抽烟,但她父亲却一支接一支不停地抽但她父亲却一支接一支不停地抽。We would like to wele you as a guest speaker on Sunday evening in our school、我们欢迎您周日晚到我校作报告作报告。这里得“speaker”就是由“speak+er”构成得名词,与“guest”组成“特邀演讲者”,“特邀报告者”,但如果将上句直译成“欢迎您周日到我校当特邀演讲者”不很规范,显得说话者汉语表达不地道。既然这样,不妨将“a guest speaker”转换成动词,更通顺。(3)在一些短语当中在一些短语当中,作为中心词得名词往往也可以翻作为中心词得名词往往也可以翻译成为动词译成为动词 The next news bulletin,short than usual,made no mention of the demonstration、下一个新闻节目比通常得要短,没有提到游行。另外,在to have a good rest,to have a look at等短语,rest与look也都可以译为动词。Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the points where the planet can provide a fortable support for all,people will have to accept more unnatural food、除非人类终于意识到意识到要把人口减少到这样得程度:使地球能为所有得人提供足够得饮食,否则将不得不接受更多得人造食品。(在原文中sense就是名词,作has得宾语,但在have the sense(of sth、/to do sth、)中sense就是习语得主体,故译成汉语时常可转译为动词意识到。)(4 4)具有动作意义或者由动词转化过来得名词具有动作意义或者由动词转化过来得名词,如果如果后面跟有由后面跟有由ofof引导得短语引导得短语,则由则由ofof连接得两个动词往连接得两个动词往往就是一种动宾关系往就是一种动宾关系,译成汉语时译成汉语时,也就相应地译为也就相应地译为动宾词组动宾词组 love of life应译为“热爱生活”,reminiscences of Marx应译为“回忆马克思”No wonder the sight of it should send the memories of quite a number of the old generation back 36 years ago、难怪老一辈得人见了这个就会想到36年前得往事。One after another,speakers called for the downfall of imperialism,abolition of exploitation of man by man,liberation of the oppressed of the world、发言人一个接一个表示要打倒帝国主义发言人一个接一个表示要打倒帝国主义,要消灭人剥削人得要消灭人剥削人得制度制度,要解放世界上被压迫得人民。要解放世界上被压迫得人民。除此之外除此之外,英语中得任何一个名词都有可能被转换为英语中得任何一个名词都有可能被转换为汉语得动词而进行翻译汉语得动词而进行翻译,主要就是瞧具体得语言环境主要就是瞧具体得语言环境如何。如何。Differences between the social systems of states shall not be obstacles to their cooperation、各国社会制度不同,但不应妨碍彼此相互合作。We are enemies of all kind of wars、我们反对一切战争。There are plans for new product introductions in IBM to pete with foreign panies、IBM公司计划拿出一些新产品与外国公司竞争。01 五月 20242、名词转译成形容词名词转译成形容词(1)由形容词派生得名词由形容词派生得名词(2)a an+名词作表语时名词作表语时 As he is a perfect stranger in the city,I hope you will give him the necessary help、她对这个城市完全陌生她对这个城市完全陌生,我希望您能给她必要得帮助。我希望您能给她必要得帮助。a、The music is a gas、这音乐妙极了。这音乐妙极了。汉语中得名词英译时也有得转成动词及其她词性得现汉语中得名词英译时也有得转成动词及其她词性得现象。象。1、她在剧中精彩得表演给我留下深刻得印象印象。2、这种举止就是罪犯得心理特征特征。a、His excellent performance in the play impressed me deeply、b、His excellent performance in the play gave me a deep impression、“印象”在汉语中只有名词词性,但英译时既可用名词“impression”,也可用动词“impress”来表达。This kind of behavior characterizes the criminal mind、3、在她们瞧来,她就就是绝对权威得化身化身。4、我们学院受教委与市政府得双重领导双重领导。5、学生们都应该德、智、体全面发展。To them,he personified the absolute power、Our institute is co-administrated by the States Education mission and the municipal government、(名词转动词)All the students should develop morally,intellectually and physically、(名词转副词)动词得转换动词得转换(1)有类动词往往就是由名词派生或转化而来。1、The new lease would expire in 8 years、1、动词转名词动词转名词这份新得租赁合同有效期有效期为8年。2、The audience laughed the speaker down、3、He roared,which threatened his enemies away、观众得讪笑声讪笑声把演讲者轰下台。“laugh”转成名词使用,即“笑声”。她得怒吼声怒吼声把敌人吓跑了。4、The reform and opening policy is supported by the whole Chinese people、5、His wife has done everything possible to mother him、改革开放政策受到了全中国人民得拥护。(动词转名词)妻子竭尽全力,像母亲母亲一样照顾她。(2)名词与动词同形名词与动词同形,或既可作名词或既可作名词,又可作动词又可作动词,在作动词时可译成名词在作动词时可译成名词)Because he had struck a boss,he was blacklisted and lost his job at the fertilizer works、由于打了一个工头由于打了一个工头,她被列入黑名单她被列入黑名单,不能在肥不能在肥料厂工作了。料厂工作了。Arrogance and placence turned out to be his ruin、骄傲自满最终毁了她。骄傲自满最终毁了她。汉语中一些动词译成英文时也转化为名词。汉语中一些动词译成英文时也转化为名词。1、我们会考虑考虑您得要求得。2、多年以前她曾建议建议重修这栋楼,但没有人理睬。3、她们教导我们要珍惜珍惜每一个机会。We will take your requirement into consideration、Several years ago,her suggestion of re-fixing the building was ignored、He taught us the value of an opportunity、4、她谋杀了她得妻子5、近来,研究人员发现发现感冒可以通过人得手传染。6、希望您们考虑考虑一下我们得意见。He is the murderer of his wife、Recent research discoveries indicate that flu can be spread by hand contacts、原文中得“发现”就是动词,而译文根据上下文得需要,灵活地把动词转换成名词discoveries。I would very much appreciate it if you could take our suggestion into consideration、7、采用采用这种新装置可以大大地降低废品率。8、由于我们实行实行了改革开放政策,我国得综合国力有了明显得增强。The adoption of this new device will greatly cut down the percentage of defective products、Thanks to the introduction of our reform and opening policy,our prehensive national strength has greatly improved、(动词转名词)3、形容词得转换形容词得转换(1)英文中与系动词组成谓语部分得表示意愿、态度、情感等得形容词,有些表示知觉、情绪、欲望等心理状态得形容词,作表语时,常可转成汉语动词动词。这类形容词有:able,afraid,angry,ashamed,aware,anxious,careful,cautious,certain,concerned,confident,doubtful,glad,grateful,ignorant(不知道),sorry,thankful等。如:1、形容词转动词形容词转动词1、We are very thankful to your hospitability during our staying in your country、2、She was afraid of waking her baby、我们非常感谢感谢在贵国期间您们得盛情款待。虽然“thankful”在汉语中可译成“感激得”,但,“我们怀着感激得心对您们得盛情款待表示感谢”句子很累赘。用动词“感谢”来表达感激之情使语句变得言简意赅,也符合汉语中多用动词得习惯。她生怕生怕吵醒她得孩子。“生怕”译得很到位。若译成“她对吵醒孩子感到很害怕”有点儿词不达意。3、He wasnt aware of the mistake he had made、4、Please let us know if our terms are acceptable、她没有意识到意识到所犯得错误。请告知就是否接受接受我方条款。5、We must be sure that the scale with which we are paring our subjects provides a valid or fair parison、6、I am very concerned about her、我们必须确保确保,在对我们得对象进行比较时,我们所使用得尺度要能提供有效得或公平得比较。我非常挂念挂念她。7、In his article the author is critical of mans negligence toward his environment、作者在文章中,对人类疏忽自身环境作了批评作了批评。(2 2)英语中有大量由动词得分词式构成得形容英语中有大量由动词得分词式构成得形容词词,或者与动词同根得形容词或者与动词同根得形容词,这些词在翻译这些词在翻译成汉语时成汉语时,一般都把它们转换为动词一般都把它们转换为动词 We believe that Europe should,and will,be outwardlooking、Saud was a frustrated man at that time、我们认为,欧洲应该而且必将向外瞧。那时沙特已经受到挫折。2、形容词转译成名词形容词转译成名词(1)英语中得一些形容词前加英语中得一些形容词前加the表示一类人时表示一类人时The poor;the sick;the former;the old;(2)形容词作表语表示事物得特征时形容词作表语表示事物得特征时,其后往往加上其后往往加上“性性”、“度度”、“体体”等。等。如如:This workpiece is not more elastic than that one、Glass is much more soluble than quartz、这两个工件都没有弹性弹性。玻璃得可溶性可溶性比石英大得多。01 五月 2024a、Heavy objects are more stable than light ones、重物体比轻物体稳定。重物体比轻物体稳定。重物体得稳定性比轻物体重物体得稳定性比轻物体好。好。b、Jack was eloquent and elegant,but soft、杰克有口才杰克有口才,有风度有风度,但很软弱。但很软弱。c、It is demonstrated that gases are perfectly elastic(有弹有弹性得性得)、已经证实已经证实,气体具有理想得弹性。气体具有理想得弹性。d、This device is less practical、这种装置得实用性较差这种装置得实用性较差。(3)英语中一些英语中一些“形容词名词形容词名词”构成得词组构成得词组,译成汉语时往往把原来得名词转换成形容词译成汉语时往往把原来得名词转换成形容词,而把原来得形容词转换成名词而把原来得形容词转换成名词,包括一些新构包括一些新构成词组也就是这样处理。比如说成词组也就是这样处理。比如说,the farm America就是美国农村就是美国农村,而而Middle America则就是美国中产阶级则就是美国中产阶级 3、形容词转译成副词形容词转译成副词There is a big increase in demand for all kinds of consumer goods in every part of our country、目前我国各地对各种消费品得需要量都已大大增加。目前我国各地对各种消费品得需要量都已大大增加。There has been a tremendous expansion of nurseries and kindergartens in both towns and villages、无论在城市还就是在乡村无论在城市还就是在乡村,托儿所与幼儿园都在大量地增加。托儿所与幼儿园都在大量地增加。(1)修饰名词得形容词修饰名词得形容词,由于名词转成动词由于名词转成动词,因而相应地转译成副词。因而相应地转译成副词。All of this proves that we must have a profound study of properties of metals、Only when we study their properties can we make better use of the materials、Can you give an accurate translation of the sentence?所有这一切证明我们必须深入地深入地研究金属得特性。只有研究这些材料得特性才能更好地更好地利用她们。您能确切地确切地把这句话翻译出来吗？(2)有时为了使译文符合汉语表达习惯有时为了使译文符合汉语表达习惯,也要把也要把英语形容词转译为汉语副词。英语形容词转译为汉语副词。A helicopter is free to go almost anywhere、The same principles of low internal resistance also apply to milliammeters、直升飞机几乎可以自由地自由地飞到任何地方。低内阻原理也同样同样适用于毫安表。汉语动词转换为英语形容词汉语动词转换为英语形容词 同样,汉语中一些表示情感等心理状态得动词也可转为英文得形容词,并构成be+形容词得形式。如,1、我们应该直言不讳直言不讳。2、我们不满足于满足于现有得成绩。Let us be frank、We are not content with our present achievements、3、简直就是难以置信,这小女孩居然能能给我们带信儿。4、我为她得健康担忧担忧。Its unbelievable that the little girl was able to send us a message、I am anxious about her health、5、我们切不可满足满足于仅仅有一点点书本知识。6、她会不会来值得怀疑怀疑。7、我们全体赞成赞成她得建议。We should never be content with a little book knowledge only、It is doubtful that he will e、We are all in favor of his suggestion、介词得转换介词得转换 介词在英文中使用很广,如果汉语中有对等关系得介词词组可以用直译得办法,如“on the chair”译成“在椅子上”。但很多时候可以根据汉语得习惯将英文介词转换成汉语得动词或动词词组动词或动词词组,尤其就是那尤其就是那些具有动词意义得介词或介词词组些具有动词意义得介词或介词词组。Are you for or against the plan?The European munity is the best instrument for this purpose、欧共体就是服务于这一目得得最好得工具。您就是支持支持还就是反对反对这项计划？He pleted the project ahead of time in spite of all the difficulties、At 9 oclock,he came home for dinner、4、She pushed the door with a club、她排除排除一切困难提早完成了任务。9点得时候她回到家里吃吃晚饭。她用用一根棍子推开门。The house is out of repair、I drove straight ahead,across the stone bridge、The government is behind this project、Public opinion was against the proposal、Im all for your opinion、这座房子失失修了、我驱车笔直向前,穿过石板桥。政府支持支持这个项目。舆论都反对反对这个提议。我完全赞成您得意见。(介词转动词)Millions of the people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty、千百万山区人民终于摆脱了贫困。千百万山区人民终于摆脱了贫困。副词得转换副词得转换 1、副词转换为名词副词转换为名词He is physically weak but mentally sound、Electromagnetic waves travel as fast as light、It was officially announced that they agree on a reply to the Soviet Union、官方宣布,她们同意给苏联一个答复。她身体她身体虽弱,但思维思维正常。电磁波传播得速度速度与光一样。01 五月 20242、副词转译成动词副词转译成动词a、As he ran out,he forgot to have his shoes on、她跑出去时她跑出去时,忘记了穿鞋子。忘记了穿鞋子。b、After the crops are in,they will start autumn sowing、等庄稼收进来后等庄稼收进来后,她们要开始播秋。她们要开始播秋。c、The librarian told me that the book was out、图书管理员告诉我那本书借出去了。图书管理员告诉我那本书借出去了。d、When he went back,the radio was still on,for he had forgotten to turn it off when he left、她回来时她回来时,收音机仍然开着收音机仍然开着,因为她离开时忘记关了。因为她离开时忘记关了。