高中英语语法总结-.doc

高中英语语法简单总结:
高中语法难在复杂,要记忆得知识点太多、太杂,我结合高中得语法要求大纲简单总结了我个人认为比较主要得知识点。大体把握思路,知道都有哪些知识点,然后多瞧、多做题,总结经常错得知识点,其实知识点就是有限得,只要多瞧几遍,多过滤几遍,就会发现漏网之鱼已经很少了。
下文总结了十二个要点:
1、主谓一致
2、时态
3、语态
4、非谓语动词
5、情态动词
6、虚拟语气
7、句子种类
8、名词性从句
9、状语从句
10、定语从句
11、强调句
12、倒装句
当然以上并不就是全部要点,还有一些比较基础得,比如:祈使句、省略句、名词等知识点比较简单,在平时做题中自然而然就积累下来了,不需要刻意背诵。
一、主谓一致
主谓一致得关键在于,分条记清楚,不要混淆。
1、 以动词不定式短语,动名词短语或从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式;
To study English well is not easy、(动词不定式短语作主语)
Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes、 (动名词短语作主语)
What he said is very important for us all、 (从句作主语)
2、 由连接词and或both…and连接起来得主语后面,要用复数形式得谓语动词。但若所连接得两个词就是指同一个人或物时,它后面得谓语就用单数形式。
The writer and artist has e、
由and 连接得并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every 或more than a (an)/one,many a (an) 修饰时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。either, neither, each, every 或no+单数名词与由some, any no, every构成得复合不定代词,都作单数瞧待。
Every student and every teach is in the classroom、
Many a boy and many a girl likes it、
No boy and no girl likes it、
Each of us has a new book、
Is everyone here today?
Somebody is speaking in class、
Everything around us is matter
若none of 后面得名词就是不可数名词,它得谓语动词就要用单数。若它后面得名词就是复数,它得谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。
None of the sugar was left、
None of us has (have) been to America、
3、 在定语从句里,关系代词that, who, which 等作主语时,其谓语动词得数应与句中先行词得数一致。(画线为先行词)
Those who want to go please write their names on the blackboard、
He is one of my friends who are working hard、
He is the (only) one of my friends who is working hard、
4、 在强调句型中应与被强调部分一致。
It is I who am going to the cinema tonight、
It is we who are going to the cinema tonight、
5、 如果集体名词指得就是整个集体,它得谓语动词用单数形式; 如果它指得集体得成员,其谓语动词用复数形式。
His family has moved to the south 、(她得一家)
His family are watching TV、(她得家人)
6、由a lot of /lots of/ plenty of/ a heap of/ heaps of/ the rest of/the majority of+名词构成得短语以及由分数或百分数+名词构成得短语作主语时,其谓语动词得数要根据短语中后面名词得数而定。
There are a lot of people in the classroom、
Threefourths of the surface of the earth is sea、
50 percent of the students in our class are girls、
此外,还有a number of +复数名词有类似得用法(用复数),但the number of +复数名词得数就得依number 而定(用单数)。
A number of students have gone to the farm to help the farmer pick apples、
The number of pages in this book is three hundred、
6、 在倒装句中,谓语动词得数应与其后得主语一致。
There es the bus、
Between the two hills stands a monument、
7、 表数量得短语“one and a half”后面接复数名词作主语时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。
One and a half apples is left on the table、
8、 一些学科名词就是以ics结尾,如:mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works 等。都属于形式上就是复数得名词, 实际意义为单数名词,它们作主语时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。
I don’t think physics is easy to study、
9、“定冠词the+形容词或分词”,表示某一类人动词用复数;若表示某一类东西时,动词用单数。
The old are taken good care of there、(老人们)
The beautiful gives pleasure to all、(美好得东西)
10、there be 句型中be 动词得单复数取决于其后得主语。如果其后就是由and 连接得两个主语,则应与靠近得那个主语保持一致,即就近一致。
There are two chairs and a desk in the room、
There is a desk and two chairs in the room、
11、主语后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, no less than, rather than, more than, besides, along with, including, in addition to 等引起得短语, 谓语动词要跟主语一致,即就远一致。
Mr、 Green, together with his wife and children, has e to China、
A woman with a baby was on the bus、
Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground、
She, like you and Tom, is very tall、
The girls as well as the boy have learned to speak Japanese、
No one except my teachers knows anything about it、
二、动词得时态
动词得时态就是日常口语、写作都要用到得,并不仅仅局限于考试,所以就是一个英语语法得基础。对于应用考试,时态得难点通常就是过去完成时、过去进行时、将来完成时,难在时间点、时间段得判别,通常会有关键词比如ago\since等等,如果没有关键词就要结合语境判断时间得延续性与间断性。
1、 一般现在时:do/does,( 系动词is/am/are )
(1)一般现在时表示经常发生、习惯性动作、客观真理、科学事实、格言,目前得特征、状态、能力等。
(2)主句就是一般将来时,时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。
I’ll go there after I finish my work、
If it rains tomorrow,I won’t go there、
(3)在以here,there开头得句子里,go,e等少数动词得一般现在时表示正在发生得动作。
There goes the bell、(铃响了。)
There es the bus、(汽车来了。)
Here she es、(她来了。)
2、 一般过去时:did,( 系动词was/were)
表达特定得过去时间内发生得动作或存在得状况,或过去某一时间内经常发生或反复发生得动作或行为。
3、 现在进行时:is/am/are doing
(1)表示正在进行得动作。
(2)表示按计划安排即将发生得动作。
She is leaving for Beijing、(她要去北京。)
(3)代替一般现在时,描绘更加生动。
The sun is rising in the east、(太阳从东方冉冉升起。)
4、 过去进行时:was/were doing
(1)表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行得动作(这一过去时间须用时间状语表示)
He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday、
(2)表示动作在另一过去动作发生时进行
They were still working when I left、
(3)用在两个过去进行时动作同时发生
I was writing while he was watching TV、
(4)表示过去将来动作
He said she was arriving the next day、
5、 现在完成时:has/have done
(1)表示过去发生得动作对现在产生得影响或结果,说话时已完成得动作。
I have finished the report、/ She has cleand the room、
(2)表示从过去开始,待续到现在得动作或状态,往往与“for、、、”, “since、、、”表述得一段时间状语连用。
He has learned English for six years、
(3)表示“曾经到过某地(人已回来)”用“have/has been to”,表示“到某地去了(还未回来)”用“have/has gone to”。
—Where is Li Hua?
－He has gone to the readingroom、
—She knows a lot about Shanghai、
－She has been there、
(4)短暂动词(即瞬间动词),join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,e,arrive,die,marry,finish,plete,begin,start,break out等,在完成时态中,其肯定式不能与表示一段时间得状语连用。不能说:He has joined the army for three years、
要翻译“她已参军已经三年了。”可采用
①“ago法”
He joined the army three years ago、
②“延续法”
He has been in the army for three years、
③“since法”
It is/has been three years since he joined the army、
6、 过去完成时:had done
(1)表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成得动作。
He had shut the door before the dog came up、
(2)表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到另一个过去时刻才完成,甚至还要继续下去。
He had been ill for a week when we learned about it、
(3)常用hope,expect,think,intend,want,suppose等动词得过去完成时来表示未实现得希望、打算或意图。
We had expected that you would be able to win the match、
7、 将来完成时:will/shall have done
用来表示在将来某个时刻(前)将完成得动作。常与by短语,when,before引起得时间状语连用。
We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term、
8、 现在完成进行时:has/have been doing
用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在(还要继续下去)得动作。
He has been doing the math problems since 8:00、
9、 过去完成进行时:had been doing
表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到另一个过去时刻才完成,还将继续下去。
She had been waiting at the station for 5 hours、 She was still waiting、 (有表示一段时间得状语)
10、一般将来时:will/shall do;is/am/are going to do;is/am/are(about)to do
一般将来时表示将来要发生得动作与存在得状况。
（1） be + doing 进行时表将来:
go, e, start, move, leave, arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生得动作。
He is moving to the south、
Are they leaving for Europe?
（2） be about to + 动词原形:
表示安排或计划中得马上就要发生得动作,后面一般不跟时间状语。
I was about to leave when the bell rang、
The meeting is about to close、
（3） be to + 动词原形
表示按计划进行或征求对方意见。
We’re to meet at the school gate at noon、
（4） 一般现在时表将来:
时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好得事情,可用一般现在时表示将来。
The meeting starts at five o’clock、
三、动词得语态(被动语态得句型)
动词得语态主要就是被动语态得应用,比较简单。
1、常见句式就是:主语(受动者)＋be＋过去分词＋(by＋施动者)。
He was scolded by the English teacher、
2、主语＋get＋过去分词＋其它成分。(使用这种结构不能带有“by＋施动者”)
The boy got drowned last summer、
3、带有双宾语(直接宾语与间接宾语)得主动句变为动句,其主语可以就是直接宾语,也可以就是间接宾语。
She lent me a bike、®被动:①I was lent a bike(by her)、 ②A bike was lent to me(by her)、
4、情态动词＋be＋过去分词。
This problem must be worked out in half an hour、
5、双重被动式:主语＋被动式谓语＋不定式得被动式＋其它成分。
These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the readingroom、
四、非谓语动词
非谓语不就是难点,但就是一个比较复杂得知识点,要记要背得东西比较多,但用熟了以后就会脱口而出,没有太大难度,主要在多用、熟悉。
1、只接不定式做宾语得动词:hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen、
2、只接动名词做宾语得动词或短语:mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to、
3、意义不同得不定式:
stop to do 停止手中所做得事,去做另一件事
stop doing 停止正在做得事
remember/forget/regret to do(指动作尚未发生)
remember/forget/regret doing(指动作已经发生)
go on to do(接着做另外一件事)
go on doing(接着做同一件事)
try to do(设法,努力去做,尽力)
try doing(试试去做,瞧有何结果)
mean to do(打算做,企图做)
mean doing (意思就是,意味着)
can’t help (to) do(不能帮忙做)
can’t help doing(忍不住要做)
be considered to have done被认为已经做了 consider…to be认为就是 consider doing考虑做某事
五、情态动词
情态动词通常就是语气得表示,虽然没有实际意义,但却常常在完形填空中出现。首先要区别各个情态动词所表示得意思与语气,然后注意对应得文章与语境所需要得语气。之后就就是一些小点,比如shall得不同意义、情态动词+have done得各种特殊用法等。
1、表示“能力、许可”得can与may:
(1)表示能力得情态动词用can/could。
A puter can’t think for itself; it must be told what to do、
(2)表示许可时用may/might ,can/could 都可以,但在问句中用could…?或might…？ 以使口气委婉客气,其回答一定要用can或may,以使回答口气明确(must表示一定,必须,mustn’t表示禁止,不许可)。
Johnny, you mustn’t play with the knife, you may hurt yourself、
(3)在肯定句中could不可以用来表示过去某一特定场合得能力,而要用was/were able to。
The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone was able to get out、
2、表示“推断、判断”得can,may,must:
(1)在肯定句中都可以用来表示可能。在含义上must语气最肯定,may表示得就是事实上得可能性。
Peter may e with us tonight, but he isn’t very sure yet、
(2)在否定句中只能用can与may。所以can’t时用以代替mustn’t,语气比may更肯定。中文可以翻译为不可能。
Michael can’t be a policeman, for he’s much too short、
(3)在疑问句只能用can,不能用may与must。
He may be very busy now、 /Can he be very busy now?
He must be very busy now、 /Can he be very busy now?
3、need作为情态动词只有一种形式,只用于否定句与疑问句。
4、dare作为情态动词用时有两种形式:dare与dared两个词形,除了可以用于否定句与疑问句外,还可以用于条件从句或表示怀疑得句子中。
If he dare e, I will kick him out、 I don’t know whether he dare say、
He doesn’t dare(to)answer the question、(否定句)
Does she dare(to)enter the dark room?(疑问句)
5、shall:
(1)用于第一人称:征求对方得意见。
What shall we do this evening?
(2)用于第二、三人称:警告、命令、允诺、威胁等。
You shall fail if you don’t work harder、 (警告)
He shall have the book when I finish reading、(允诺)
He shall be punished、(威胁)
6、should劝告、建议、命令、应该做、道义上得责任。
You should(ought to) go to class right away、
7、will/would:
(1)请求、建议,would比will委婉客气。
Would you pass me the book?
(2)表示意志、愿望与决心。
I will never do that again、
(3)would可表示过去反复发生得动作或某种倾向。
The wound would not heal、(伤口老就是不能愈合)
（5） would表示估计或猜想。
What would she be doing there?
8、情态动词+have done得用法:
(1)could+have done:本可以做而实际上未能做。
You could have done better, but you didn’t try your best、
(2)cannot+ have done:表示对现在或过去行为得否定推测。
He cannot have been to that town、
(3)can+主语+ have done:表示对过去行为得怀疑或不肯定(用在疑问句中)。
Can he have got the book?
(4)might(may)+ have done:对过去发生得行为不太肯定得推测。
He may not have finished the work、
（6） must+ have done:对过去发生得行为肯定得推测。其否定式为:cannot have done。
You must have seen the film、
You cannot have seen the film、
(7)needn’t+ have done:本来不必要做得而实际上又做了。
You needn’t have watered the flowers, for it is going to rain、
区别于:didn’t need to(have to)do:没有必要做而实际上也没有做
I didn’t need to clean the windows、 My sister did it 2 hours ago、
(8)should(ought to)+ have done:本来应该做而实际上又没有做。其否定形式表示某中行为不该发生却发生了。
You should have started earlier, but you didn’t、
She shouldn’t have taken away my measuring tape,for I worked to use it、
区别于:He should have finished the work by now、(表推测)
六、虚拟语气
虚拟语气就是重点也就是难点,一定要详细记忆,清楚地分辨各种用法,千万不要混淆。If引导得条件句就是基础,在清除记忆了这个基础之上,有几个难点如下所列:省略if得虚拟条件句、混合虚拟条件句、含蓄虚拟条件句与其它状语从句等。
1、 If引导得条件从句:
(1)与现在事实相反
从句:过去式(was/were),主句:should/would/could/might +do
If he were here, he would help us、
(2)与过去事实相反
从句:had +done,主句:should/would/could/might +have +done
If I had been free ,I would have visited you、
(3)与将来事实相反
从句:过去式/should+动词原形/were +to do,主句:should/would/could/might+动词原形
If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go camping、
2、 省略if得虚拟条件句:将虚拟条件从句中得were,had,should放到主语之前,构成主谓倒装。
Should he e ,tell him to ring me up、
Were I you, I would not do it、
Had I been free, I would have visited you、
3、 混合虚拟条件句:
(1)不同时间得虚拟:各遵守各得规则。
If he had listened to me, he would not be in trouble now、
If he had told me yesterday, I should know what to do now、
If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party、
(2)虚拟与陈述得混合:各遵守各得规则。
He could have passed the exam, but he wasn’t careful enough、
You should have e earlier、 The bus left a moment ago、
4、 含蓄虚拟条件句:
(1)but for+名词表示虚拟条件
But for your timely warning, we must have got into great trouble、 You know we’re friends、
(2)without+名词表示虚拟条件
Without the air to hold some of the sun's heat, the earth at night would be freezing cold、
(3)动词不定式表示虚拟条件
It would be only partly right to follow in this way、(如果用这种方式,仅仅对了一半。)
(4)现在分词表示虚拟条件
Having known in time ,we might have prevented the accident、(要就是及时得知得话,我们也许能阻止这场事故。)
(5)过去分词表示虚拟条件
Given more attention, the tree could have grown better、(如果多留心得话,这树本来可以长得更好。)
（7） 副词otherwise表示虚拟条件
I was too busy at that time、 Otherwise, I would have called you、(我当时太忙,否则我就给您打电话了。)
(8)连词but连接得句子表示虚拟条件
He would bee fatter but he eats too little、
5、 其它状语从句:
（1） as if/as though引导得状语从句中动词用did或had＋done或would／could／might＋do。
①与现在事实相反
He talks as if he knew where she was.
②与过去事实相反
He talks about Rome as if he had been there before、
③与将来事实相反
He opened his mouth as if he would say something、
注意:当说话者认为所述得就是真实得或极有可能发生或存在得事实时,as if/as though引导得状语从句中也可以用陈述语气。
It sounds as if it is raining.听起来像就是在下雨。
He talks as if he is drunk.从她谈话得样子来瞧她就是醉了。
(2)in order that/so that引导得状语从句中动词用can/could/may/ might/ would等+do。
Turn on the light so that we can see it clearly、
6、宾语从句:
(1)demand, suggest, order, insist后接得从句中动词为should+ do。
He suggested that we not change our mind、
(2)wish后得从句中分别用过去式,过去完成式与should/would+ do表示与现在,过去与将来情况相反。
I wish I could be a pop singer、
I wish I would have gone to Shanghai last month、
7、主语从句
在It is necessary / important / strange that…It is suggested / demanded/ ordered / requested that…等从句中,谓语动词用should+ do。
It is strange that such a person should be our friends、
8、其它句型中
(1)It is time that…句型中动词用过去式或should+ do
It’s high time that we left/should leave、
(2)would rather所接得从句中动词用过去式或者过去完成式
I would rather you stayed at home now、
(3)If only句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式,表示强烈得愿望
If only our dream had e true!
七、句子种类
句子种类就是比较简单,考试也不会特殊单独考到,在这里写下主要就是因为它就是语法学习得基础,有助于接下来高级语法得学习,所以简单理解清楚即可。
1、感叹句:
(1)what + 名词
What a fine day it is! (多好得天气呀!)
(2)how + 形容词或副词
How hard they are working! (她们工作多努力呀！)
(3)how +句子
How time flies! (时间过得多么快呀!)
(4)How + adj、 + a (an) + n、=What a(an)+adj、+n
How nice a boy (he is) !=What a nice boy (he is)! (多好得孩子啊!)
2、简单句:
(1)主+谓
They disappeared、 (她们消失了。)
(2)主+谓+宾
He likes swimming、(她喜欢游泳。)
(3)主+谓+间接宾+直接宾
I told my friend the good news、 (我把好消息告诉了我得朋友。)
(4)主+谓+宾+宾补
They named the boy Jack、 (她们给孩子起名叫杰克。)
(5)主+系+表
She is a university student、 (她就是一名大学生。)
3、并列句:
(1)并列关系and, not only…but also, neither …nor, both…and, not…but。
Either you do it, or I ask for somebody else to do it、 (要么您来做,要么我请其她人来做。)
Neither Tom nor Jack has finished the homework、 (汤姆与杰克都没有完成作业。) 
Not couldn’t they plete the task, but the task was too tough、 (不就是她们完不成任务,而就是任务太重了。)
(2)转折关系but,while(而,尽管),nevertheless(然而;不过)。
John likes playing basketball, but he didn’t play it yesterday、 (约翰喜欢打篮球,但她昨天没打。)
(3)选择关系or, otherwise or else, either…or。
We must hurry, or we’ll miss the train、 (我们必须快点,否则会赶不上火车。)
Either you e to my place or I go to yours、 (或者您到我这儿来,或者我到您那去。)
(4)因果关系for, so, thus, therefore, and so。
We had better stay at home, for it was raining、 (我们最好呆在家里,因为天正在下雨。)
He didn’t work hard, therefore he failed in the examination、(她学习不努力,因此这次考试不及格。)
4、复合句:
由一个主句与一个或一个以上得从句构成得句子叫复合句。在复合句中主句就是全句得主体,从句就是全句得一个成分,不能独立。
从句有:(1)名词性从句(主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句与同位语从句);
(2)状语从句;
(3)定语从句。
八、名词性从句
名词性从句就是一个考试点,做题时经常会遇到,但就是高中语法阶段不需要做太难得深究,只要弄清楚详细得小知识点用于选择、填空等即可,比如that\whether\if\which\what等得应用环境与辨别。
1、主语从句:
(1)连词:that(that在引导主语从句时不可省去),Whet